Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
LEVEL 3 DIPLOMA IN AROMATHERAPY
MODULE 10
KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY FOR
COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Module 3
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK
Name: …………………………………………………………
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Write a sentence describing each of the functions of the skeleton:
Function
Description
Protection
Movement
Strength &
support
Manufacture of
blood cells
Mineral reservoir
Attachment
List the bones that make up each division of the skeleton:
Axial
Appendicular
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
The Axial Skeleton
Complete the diagram using the labels below:
Lacrimal
Parietal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Hyoid
Nasal
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Temporal
Ethmoid
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
List the two functions of the skull:
1.
2.
Complete the diagram using the labels below:
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Nasal
Vomer
Palatine
Mandible
Frontal
The hyoid bone is part of the appendicular skeleton. True or false?
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.....................
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
The Sternum and Ribcage
Complete the diagram using the labels below:
Sternum
Manubrium
False ribs
Floating ribs
True ribs
List the two functions of the ribcage:
1.
2.
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Add the numbers to the following table:
How many pairs of ribs are there?
How many true ribs are there?
How many false ribs are there?
How many floating ribs are there?
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
The Spine
Complete the diagram of the spine using the labels below. State how many
vertebrae make up each section:
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
List the functions of the spine:
1.
2.
3.
The Appendicular Skeleton
Complete the chart for the shoulder girdle:
Name of the bones
How many?
Functions
Complete the chart for the pelvic girdle:
Name of the bones
How many?
Functions
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Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Use the diagram in your handout to help you label the missing structures. You may
also use the labels below:
Skull
Sternum
Clavicle
Vertebral column
Scapula
Fibula
Ribs
Humerus
Femur
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Patella
Tarsals
Pelvic girdle
Ulna
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Radius
Tibia
Phalanges
Carpals
Metacarpals
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Long Bone
Use the diagram in your handout to help you label the missing structures. You may
also use the labels below:
Compact Bone
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Cancellous Bone
Periostium
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Bones and Arches of the Foot
There are 26 bones of the foot. How many make up the following:
Ankle bones (tarsals): ……………..
Metatarsals: ………………………...
Phalanges: …………………………
What are the two main functions of the feet?
1.
2.
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Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
The connections of ligaments and tendons form three arches. Name the three main
arches of the feet:
1.
2.
3.
What are the four functions of the arches?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bones of the Hand
There are 27 bones of the hand. How many make up the following?
Wrist bones (carpals): …..…………..
Metacarpals: ……………………..
Phalanges: ……………………….
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Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Types of Bones
There are five different types of bones (defined by their shape). Complete the
following chart:
Type of Bone
Function
Where is it found in the
body?
They allow movement; the levers
of the body.
Strong and compact, where little
movement is required.
Protective bones with broad, flat
surfaces for muscle attachment.
Bones that do not fit into the
above categories but have a
specific structure.
Bones found within tendons.
Bone composition
Bone is a hard, living connective tissue. What are bones made of?
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
What are the names of the bone cells and give their functions?
Cell Name
Function
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Fill in the gaps of the following narrative using the following words to help you:
Oxygen
Nutrients
Ossification
Remodelling
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Breaking down
Collagen fibres
Calcium
Tendons
Phosphorus
Periostium
Muscles
Ligaments
Bone is living tissue, dependent on a good supply of ……………………. and
……………………… .
The forming of bone is called ………………………….. and occurs throughout
life starting when an embryo is 8 weeks old and is not fully completed until the 21 st
year of life. The replacing of bone tissue is called …………………………………. .
Bone tissue fibres are made of ………………………………………… which gives
bone its strength without making it hard and brittle. Bone making cells are called
……………………………. .
As bone grows they become trapped in the structure and become ………………
They are nourished by interstitial fluid.
…………………………………. bone.
Osteoclasts are responsible for
They prepare the bone so that osteoblasts
can start secreting ……………………. ………………………, which provide the
framework for new bone formation. The hormones …………………………… and
……………………………… activate the release of the two minerals …..........………..
and ………………………..
which bind to the new collagen framework to create
new bone tissue.
The outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone is called …………………
This provides attachment for ………………………, …………………………….. and
…………………………………………. and is concerned with growth and repair of
bones.
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
There are three types of bone. Complete the table below:
Type of
Bone
Where is it found?
Compact
Bone
Cancellous
Bone
Bone
Marrow
Structure
Composed of osteons
with a central canal
surrounded by a series
of expanding rings. The
spaces between the
layers are filled with
interstitial fluid to nourish
the osteocytes.
Lighter in weight than
compact bone. Looks
like honeycomb, has a
web like arrangement of
spaces filled with red
bone marrow separated
by small trabeculae.
Blood vessels bring
oxygen and nutrients.
Fills the spaces between
spongy bone structure.
Has an abundant blood
supply.
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Function
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Fractures and healing of bones
There are six types of fractures:
simple, compound, complicated, comminuted, impacted and greenstick.
Put the correct fracture against the matching description:
The bones do not protrude through the skin.
The broken bone damages tissue and/or organs around
it.
An incomplete fracture that bends the bone (children
only).
A bone broken in several places.
The bone ends protrude through the skin.
A broken bone where one end is driven into the other.
Name three factors that may delay fracture healing:
1.
2.
3.
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Put the stages of bone healing in the correct order (1-5):
Over the next few weeks, the callus matures and the cartilage is gradually
replaced with new bone.
Acute inflammation develops. Macrophages engulf and digest the haematoma
and small fragments of bone, fibroblasts migrate to the site and assist in tissue
repair. Granulation tissue and new capillaries develop.
A haematoma forms between the ends of the bone and in surrounding tissue.
In time, the bone heals completely with the callus tissue completely replaced with
mature compact bone. Often the bone is thicker and stronger at the repair site
than it was originally.
New bone forms as large numbers of osteoblasts secrete spongy bone, which
helps the broken bone ends to mend, and is protected by an outer layer of bone
and cartilage (called callus).
There are three types of joints. Complete the table below:
Type of joint
Structure
Function
Fixed/fibrous
joints
To maintain stability
and strength. No
movement.
Slightly
moveable/
cartilaginous
joints
Slightly moveable,
moves by compression
of cartilage. Cartilage
also acts as a shock
absorber.
Freely moveable/
synovial joints
Provides a range of
movement that the
body requires. The
capsule lubricates the
joint and the fluid
supplies nutrients and
takes away waste.
Contains white blood
cells.
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Location in the
body
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Here is a diagram of a synovial joint. Use the diagram in your handout to help you
label the missing structures. You can also use the labels below:
Bone
Capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Match up / link the correct joint with the correct example:
Saddle
Hip and shoulder
Gliding
Elbow, knee, ankle and wrist
Hinge
Radius, ulna, atlas and axis
Ball & Socket
Joint at the base of the thumb
Pivot
Joints between the metacarpals and
carpals of the hand, metatarsals and
phalanges of the feet
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Christina Lyne Ltd©2014
Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Ligaments of the wrist, knee, elbow and ankle
Ligaments join ………………………. to ………………………….. .
Their main function is to ……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Ligaments contain ………………..…….. and ……………………………… fibres.
Name two ligaments for each joint and a function:
Ankle
Knee
Pelvis
Ligament
Function
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (ABC)
Ligament
Function
1.
1.
2.
2.
Shoulder 1.
1.
2.
2.
Wrist
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