Bio 4 – Final Study Guide
Chapter 1 – Introduction: Biology - What is the scientific method? What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory and a law?
Science does what to possibilities? What is evolution? Why is creationism not taught in science classes? What are the seven
properties of life? What is the smallest unit of life? Know the two different hierarchies in biology.
Chapter 2 – Chemistry: Context of Life - Know the following terms: matter, element, molecule, and compound. Know the parts of
an atom. Where are they each located? What charge do they have? What is their mass? Know how to read a periodic table. What is
CHNOPS? What is an atomic number mean? Mass number? What are isotopes? How are radioactive isotopes used? How do you
make an atom “happy”? Know how many electrons can go into each orbital? What are the different types of bonding? Which are
weak? Which are strong?
Chapter 3 – Water - What are the seven properties of water given in class? What causes water to have all these properties? What is
a solute? Solvent? Solution? What is hydrophobic? Hydrophilic? What is an acid? Base? Buffer? What is acid precipitation? What
causes it? What types of damage does it do? What is ozone depletion? What causes it? What does it do?
Chapter 4 & 5 - The Molecules of Life - Know why molecular shape is important. Know the different isomers formed by carbon.
What is a monomer? Polymer? What is dehydration synthesis? Hydrolysis? Know the different functional groups discussed in class.
Know the four macromolecules discussed in class. What is a monosaccharide? Disaccharide? PolysaccharideWhat do all lipids have in
common? What are the functions of lipids? What is a saturated fat? Unsaturated fat? What are anabolic steroids? What do they
mimic? What damage can be caused by long term abuse? What is a protein made of? What types of bonds are formed? Know the
structure of proteins? What are the functions of proteins? What are nucleic acids? What are they made of? What are their functions?
Chapter 6 – An Introduction to Metabolism - What is energy? What does the word metabolism mean? What are catabolic and
anabolic pathways? What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy? What are the laws of thermodynamics? Know
Gibbs Equation. What is ATP? What are endergonic and exergonic reactions? What is equilibrium? What is an enzyme? What do
they actually do? What is activation energy? What is an active site? Substrate? What are coenzymes? Cofactors? What is an induced
fit? What is enzyme inhibition? What are allosteric sites?
Chapter 7 – The Cell - What is the cell theory? What limits cell size? What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells? What are the two theories on how eukaryotic cells evolved? Know the following organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm,
rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles/vesicles, mitochondrion, chloroplast, cytoskeleton,
cilia, flagella, cell walls, intercellular junctions, plasmodesmata. What is the endomembrane system?
Chapter 8 – Membrane Structure and Function - What are the four main components of a membrane and what are their functions?
What are integral proteins? Peripheral proteins? What are glycoproteins? Glycolipids? Know the following definitions: diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, concentration gradient, solution, solvent, solute, osmolality (hyperosmotic, isosmotic,
hypoosmotic). Know what happens to plant and animal cells when they gain and lose water (crenate, turgid, etc). What is endocytosis
(phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated)? Exocytosis?
Chapter 11 – Cell Communication - What is a signal-transduction pathway? What are the three stages of cell signaling? What are
the local and distant cell communications in animals? What are the type of cellular responses to signals?
Chapter 10 – Photosynthesis - Know the photosynthesis equation. Know the structure of chloroplasts. Know the following
structures: mesophyll, stomata, thylakoids, pigments, chlorophyll, carotenoids, photons, electromagnetic spectrum, light wavelengths
absorbed by pigments, grana, stroma. Know the light dependent reactions. Where do they occur? What is involved? Know the basic
structure of a photosystem? What is photophosphorylation? What is the Calvin Cycle? What are C 3, C4 and CAM Plants? What is
PEP carboxylase? Rubisco? Photorespiration? What is the green house effect? What are the causes? What are the ecological effects
of global warming? What can we do?
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration – Know the Cellular respiration equation? Aerobic vs. anaerobic? What is fermentation? When
does it occur? Know the steps of cellular respiration: Glycolysis, Transition phase, Krebs cycle, and chemiosmosis and the electron
transport chain. Know where they occur? Know the structure of mitochondria. Know how many ATP, NADH, and FADH 2 are
produced. Know the sugars involved? What is substrate level phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylation? How many ATP are
produced by prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
Chapter 16 – The Molecular Basis of Inheritance - What is DNA? Know the history of the search for the genetic material: Griffith
(transformation), Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod, Hershey-Chase (bacteriophages), Chargaff, Watson and Crick, Rosalind Franklin,
Meselson-Stahl. What is the structure of DNA? What is the semiconservative model? Know how DNA replicates. Know the
following terms: semiconservative, origin of replication, replication fork, complimentary strands. Know the enzymes involved: DNA
polymerases, primase, helicase, topoisomerase, single-strand binding protein, DNA ligase. Know the difference between the leading
and lagging strand and how they are built. What is proofreading? (mismatch repair, excision repair). What are telomeres and
telomerase?
Chapter 17 – From Gene to Protein - Know the process of protein synthesis. What is transcription? What is translation? What is a
triplet code (codon)? What is RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA? Know the genetic pathway: DNA to RNA to Amino Acids. Where does
transcription occur? Know the following structures: promoter, transcription factors, transcription initiation complex, TATA box.
Know how mRNA is modified before leaving the nucleus. What are introns? Exons? What is translation? What is the structure of
transfer RNA? What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase? Know the steps in building a polypeptide: initiation, elongation, termination, A
site, P site, E site, release factor, translocation, gene mutations, mutagens, effects of substitution, deletion, addition (insertion).
Chapter 44 – Controlling the Internal Environment - What is thermoregulation? What are the four physical processes for heat gain
or loss? Know the terms: ectotherms, endotherms, homeotherms, poikilotherms. What is vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, countercurrent heat exchanger, heat-shock proteins, torpor, hibernation, aestivation. What is osmoregulation? How do animals deal with
nitrogenous wastes? What is an osmoconformer? Osmoregulator? Know the comparison between marine and freshwater fish
Chapter 12 & 13 – Mitosis and Meiosis
Know the difference between a genome and a gene pool. Know the cell cycle and all the stages. What is binary fission? Know the
phases of mitosis and meiosis (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interkinesis). Know how they are different from
each other. Know the following structures: centromeres, asters, spindle fibers, cell plate, metaphase plate, cleavage furrow,
kinetochores, chiasma, tetrad, chromatin, chromosome, chromatids, homologous chromosomes. What is haploid vs. diploid? What is
crossing over? What is independent assortment? What controls cell division? What is MPF? Cyclin? Cdc2? What is cancer? Know
the different types of sexual and asexual reproduction talked about in class (binary fission, regeneration, fragmentation, budding,
hermaphrodites, parthenogenesis). What are the four sources of sexual variation? What is an autosome? Sex chromosome? What is
fertilization? What is a zygote? What is a karyotype? Compare and contrast mitosis with the first division of meiosis. At what
points during meiosis does the potential for genetic variation occur?
Chapter 14 & 15 – Mendelian Genetics & Inheritance - Who is Mendel? What is a trait? Gene? Know the following terms:
dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, monohybrid, dihybrid, allele, genotype, phenotype, testcross, incomplete dominance,
codominance, multiple alleles,, ABO blood groups, Rh factor, amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling, ultrasound. What are the
differences between a recessively inherited and a dominantly inherited disease? Be able to work a genetic problem with the correct
genotypic and phenotypic ratios (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, sex influenced, incomplete dominance, and blood types). What is
nondisjunction? Aneuploidy?
Chapter 19-21 – DNA Technology - What is a tumor? What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor? What is
metastasis? What are oncogenes and faulty tumor-suppressor proteins?
Chapter 23 – Population Genetics - What is the smallest unit that can evolve? Why? What is a species? Population? What is
microevolution? Know the Hardy-Weinberg equation and how it is used. What are the 5 assumptions? What are the 5 agents of
microevolution? (genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder’s effect, gene flow, adaptive evolution, Darwinian fitness, female choice)
What are the three types of natural selection? (know graphs and how the environment filters out individuals for each) What is sexual
dimorphism? What are the 4 reasons evolution doesn’t make perfect organisms?
Chapter 46 & 47 – Animal Reproduction and Development - What are gametes? Zygote? Know the male and female parts
discussed in class along with their functions. Know the menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle. Summarize the reproductive cycle of
the human female. Be sure to include the gonadotropins, the ovarian hormone levels, the ovarian cycle and the phases. Know the
different types of contraceptives and sterilization processes discussed in class. Know the human embryology discussed in class (egg,
morula, blastula, blastomeres, blastocoel, blastopore, blastocyst, archenteron, chorion, amnion, allantois, yolk sac, gastrulation,
embryo, fetus). What is an ultrasound? Amniocentesis? Chorionic villi sampling?
Chapter 22 & 23 – Evolution - What is evolution? What is the difference between micro and macroevolution? Who is Darwin?
Where did he travel? What did he discover? What was the name of the ship? What was the name of his book? What is speciation?
Who is Plato? Cuvier? Catastrophism? Hutton? Gradualism? Lyell? Uniformitarianism? Lamarck? Inheritance of acquired traits?
What were the two basic concepts from Darwin’s book? What are the three types of natural selection and know which individuals the
environment chooses against (graphs). What is the smallest unit that can evolve? Why? Who was Malthus? What are the 5
statements and three conclusions summing up Darwin’s theory (written by Mayr)? What are the 5 pieces of evidence for evolution?
What is the smallest unit of evolution? Why? How do populations evolve? Know the Hardy Weinberg theory and the five
assumptions. Why can’t natural selection fashion a perfect organism?
Chapter 24 – The Origin of Species - What are the five concepts for what a species is? What are the prezygotic and postzygotic
isolating mechanisms? What is allopatric and sympatric speciation? What is adaptive radiation? What is punctuated equilibrium?
What is gradualism?
Chapter 50 – Ecology - What is ecology? What are the biotic and abiotic factors discussed in class? What is a population? Species?
Community? Ecosystem? Biosphere? Niche? Habitat? Biome?
Chap 52 – Population Ecology - What is a population? What is density? What are density dependent and density independent
factors? What is dispersion? What are the three types of dispersion patterns? Which is the most common? What are the two types of
population growth models? What is carrying capacity? What are the two types of opportunistic life histories? What are the
characteristics for each? Which is better adapted for an unstable environment? Where do humans fit in? What is ZPG? How can this
be achieved? What is the best way to stop many of our environmental problems today?
Chapter 53 & 54 – Community Ecology - What is a community? What is an ecosystem? What are the trophic levels discussed in
class. What is an energy pyramid? What is the 10% rule? What is competition (both intraspecific and interspecific)? What is a
niche? What is the competitive exclusion principle? What is a predator? What is a prey? Coevolution? Mimicry (batesian and
mullerian)? What is a keystone species? What is the keystone predator for this area? What is a symbiotic relationship?
(commensalism, mutualism, competition, predation) What is character displacement? Resource partitioning? What is disturbance
and how does it affect community structure? What is succession? What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
What is island biogeography and how does this affect thinking about continents? What is species richness and how is it affected by
island size and distance?
Chapter 55 – Conservation Biology
What are the three levels of diversity and how are they being lost today? What are the four major threats to biodiversity today? What
is extinction? What are the three types of extinction? What is the distribution of biodiversity on the planet? In the U.S.? How should
natural reserves be preserved today? Movie - Know the ideas discussed in the movie with David Suzuki? Explain what was
important about the following subjects: His daughter and the visit to the zoo, local vs. global views (girl in the well, poison in grapes,
and the trapped whales), the bacteria and the test tubes, the current economy and why he thinks it’s a perversion (Japan vs. Canada)
and what we should do about military spending.