UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
Maiduguri, Nigeria
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING
ARTS
ARA 101A/ISL 106:
BASIC ARABIC
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
UNIT: 2
ii
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
Published
UNIT: 2
2007 ©
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any
form, by mimeograph or any other means without prior permission in
writing from the University of Maiduguri.
This text forms part of the learning package for the academic
programme of the Centre for Distance Learning, University of
Maiduguri.
Further enquiries should be directed to the:
Coordinator
Centre for Distance Learning
University of Maiduguri
P. M. B. 1069
Maiduguri, Nigeria.
This text is being published by the authority of the Senate, University of
Maiduguri, Maiduguri – Nigeria.
ISBN:
978-8133-62-2
iii
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
PREFACE
This study unit has been prepared for learners so that they can do
most of the study on their own. The structure of the study unit is
different from that of conventional textbook. The course writers have
made efforts to make the study material rich enough but learners need
to do some extra reading for further enrichment of the knowledge
required.
The learners are expected to make best use of library facilities and
where feasible, use the Internet. References are provided to guide the
selection of reading materials required.
The University expresses its profound gratitude to our course writers
and editors for making this possible. Their efforts will no doubt help
in improving access to University education.
Professor J. D. Amin
Vice-Chancellor
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
HOW TO STUDY THE UNIT
You are welcome to this study Unit. The unit is arranged to
simplify your study. In each topic of the unit, we have introduction,
objectives, in-text, summary and self-assessment exercise.
The study unit should be 6-8 hours to complete. Tutors will be
available at designated contact centers for tutorial. The center expects
you to plan your work well. Should you wish to read further you could
supplement the study with more information from the list of
references and suggested readings available in the study unit.
PRACTICE EXERCISES/TESTS
1. Self-Assessment Exercises (SAES)
This is provided at the end of each topic. The exercise can help
you to assess whether or not you have actually studied and understood
the topic. Solutions to the exercises are provided at the end of the
study unit for you to assess yourself.
2. Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)
This is provided at the end of the study Unit. It is a form of
examination type questions for you to answer and send to the center.
You are expected to work on your own in responding to the
assignments. The TMA forms part of your continuous assessment
(C.A.) scores, which will be marked and returned to you. In addition,
you will also write an end of Semester Examination, which will be
added to your TMA scores.
Finally, the center wishes you success as you go through the
different units of your study.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Arabic is an extremely rich language, which requires, many
years of study to master.
However, it is also very simple to
learn, if a student should try to obtain better foundation and
steel framework of his own interest to proceed.
More ever, the main purpose of this approach is to explain to
the students of this level, in a simple manner that if a student
should endeavour to restrict the material contents in this work
to the bare minimum, it will actually serve him as a steppingstone to a deeper study of Arabic language.
This unit of study will simply treat the following topics, the
Arabic alphabets, word classes, genders, the definite and
indefinite articles and personal pronouns
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
ARA 101A/ISL 106:
UNIT: 2
BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 0
T A B L E O F C O N T E N TS
PAGES
PREFACE
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HOW TO STUDY THE UNIT
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INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
TOPIC
1.
THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
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WORD CLASSES -
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3.
GENDER
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4.
THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE
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ARTICLES 5:
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THE PERSONAL PRONOUN -
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SOLUTION TO EXERCISES
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
T O P I C 1:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
1.0
TOPIC:
THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
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1.1
INTRODUCTION -
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1.2
OBJECTIVES
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1.3
IN-TEXT
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1.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ARABIC ALPHABETS
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1.3.2 VOWELS
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1.3.3 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS
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1.3.4 DOUBLED CONSONANT
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1.3.5 ACCENT
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1.4
SUMMARY -
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1.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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1.6
REFERENCE
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1.7
SUGGESTED READING
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
1.0 TOPIC:
UNIT: 2
THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This lesson will only concentrate on the study of the Arabic
alphabets, the consonants, the vowels and the accents.
1.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Enable the students know, the Arabic alphabets.
ii.
Enable them to learn, how to pronounce them
clearly.
iii. Make them differentiate, the consonant from the
vowels.
iv.
Let them understand the accent and their uses.
1.3
IN-TEXT
1.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ARABIC ALPHABETS
It is good for a beginner of Arabic study to first of all
understand, the
Arabic alphabets, which consist of 29
letters. All of which are consonants with the exception of the
first letter alone.
Below are 29 letters with their names:
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
Name
Ba
Letter
Name
Alif
‫ب‬
‫ث‬
‫ح‬
‫د‬
‫ر‬
‫س‬
‫ص‬
‫ط‬
‫ع‬
Tha
Ha
Dal
Ra
Sin
Sad
Ta
Ayn
‫ف‬
‫ك‬
‫م‬
‫و‬
‫ي‬
Fa
KaF
Mim
Waw
Ya
UNIT: 2
Letter
‫ا‬
‫ت‬
‫ج‬
‫خ‬
‫ذ‬
‫ز‬
‫ش‬
‫ض‬
‫ظ‬
Ta
Jim
Kha
Dhal
Dhay
Shin
Dad
Dha
Ghayn
Qaf
Lam
Nun
Hamza
‫غ‬
‫ق‬
‫ل‬
‫ن‬
‫ء‬
After knowing the Arabic alphabets and their names, the
next thing to follow is to understand the rules and regulations
governing its writing. Generally writing Arabic starts from right
to left and most of these letters are bound to four conditions as
follows:
1.
Standing alone as indicated above, e.g ‫أ ب ت ث ج ح‬
2.
Joining to proceeding letter only, e.g
‫ــب‬
3.
‫ــت‬
‫ــث‬
‫ـج‬
‫ـح‬
Joining to proceeding and following
‫ـجع ـحع‬
‫ـثع‬
‫ــتع‬
‫ــبع‬
Joining to the following letter only
‫حس‬
‫بس جس‬
‫تس‬
‫ثس‬
1.3.2 THE VOWELS
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
There are only three vowel marks in Arabic language,
which are written directly above or below the consonants, they
follow. These vowels are:
S/No. NAME
1.
Fatha
SIGN
2.
3.
ُ
ُ
Dummah
Kassrah
َ
EXAMPLE
‫أ ب ت‬
‫أ ب ت‬
‫إ ب ت‬
These three vowels are shortened here but it can be
lengthened by the following unmarked letters. ‫ا‬, ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬and
these three letters are also called weak letters e.g. َ ‫ با‬ba ‫ بو‬bu
and ‫ بي‬. If you observe in certain common words a long á is
expressed by a small alif written above the consonant ‫( ذلك‬that),
‫ هللا‬Allahu, (God) ‫( لكن‬but) and etc. Where the consonant is not
followed by a vowel this is called sukun. Meaning resting e.g. ُ
‫ بب‬this sign when it falls on a weak consonant ‫ و‬and ‫ ي‬we thus
make two diphthongs composed of a short “a” followed by a
vowel less ‫ و‬or ‫ ي‬which pronunciation must be given full
consonant value e.g ‫ بَو‬baw and ‫ بَى‬bay.
1.3.3 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS
As we had already expressed in the previous lesson that, all
the Arabic alphabets are consonant with the exception of the
first letter only.
Therefore, the next thing to know after that, is how to
pronounce them, these letters are pronounced more or less as in
English language.
Moreover, a special word has to be said about some letters
e.g ‫ ح‬is an emphatic “h” pronounced with a strong and sustained
expulsion if the breath ‫ خ‬is just like “ch” in the scots “toch” or
the German “Ach” but with a more rasping, guttural sound ‫ ص‬is
an emphatic “s” pronounced with the teeth slightly apart,
pressing the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth and raising
the tongue to press also against the upper teeth and palate ‫ ض‬is
identified as an emphatic “d” ‫ ط‬an emphatic “t” pronounced with
tongue and teeth in the same position as for ‫ ظ ض‬an emphatic
“z” or sometime pronounced “th” with tongue and teeth in the
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
same position as for ‫ ص‬which it is often confused with ‫ ع‬،‫ ض‬is a
guttural stop pronounces with constriction of the laryux ‫غ‬
exactly the sound one makes while gargling ‫ ق‬this is a guttural
“k” pronounced from the back of the throat ‫ ء‬Hamza is the
glottal stop.
The above explained consonants are most of the time very
difficult for non Arab people to pronounce it correctly unless if
they preferably learnt it from Arabs.
1.3.4 DOUBLED CONSONANT
Whenever two identical consonants come together and not
separated by a vowel only one should be written with the mark ُ
above it. Such is called shadda – meaning strengthening, for
instance ‫ علم‬for ‫عللَ َم‬
َ while ‫ كذب‬for ‫ب‬
َ َ‫ َكذذ‬the same thing in ‫ب‬
َ ‫ ه ََّز‬for
‫ب‬
َ َ‫ َهزز‬And it is very important for the students to pronounce
such doubled consonants clearly other wise, the meaning might
be quite different.
Vowelless dental consonants are generally assimilated to a
following ‫ ت‬the first being written without any sign and the
ُّ
second receiving shadda. For example ‫قدت‬
quttu for ‫ قدت‬qudtu ..
The letter is not considered incorrect but in any case the correct
pronunciation of the consonants would about this assimilation.
A vowelless ‫ن‬. assimilated to a following ‫ = ل‬L either in
pronunciation or actually in written as the conjunction e.g َّ‫ أل‬for
‫ أن‬anal meaning that not, and for ‫ إن ل‬into which means if not or
otherwise.
However, the process of doubling the final vowel is known
as nunation for instance ‫كلب‬
= kalbun ‫ كلبا‬kalban ‫ كلب‬kalbin all
ٌ
for a dog.
1.3.5 ACCENT
The accent or stress is as important in Arabic language as
well as it is in English. If you divide a word into syllables you
can easily determine where the accent will fall. Arabic words are
divided into short and long syllables. A short or open syllable
consists of consonants and vowel. E.g. ‫ سمع جلس قرأ فتح ذكر‬. A
long or closed syllable consists of consonants with long vowel or
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
consonant, e.g. ‫ مقاتل‬a fighter, ‫ مكتوب‬a letter ‫ مسافر‬a traveler
‫ مدروس‬readable.
The accent is never on the last syllable of a word but falls
on the nearest long or closed syllable to the last e.g .‫ مقاتل‬, ‫ مكتوب‬.
1.4
SUMMARY
In this lesson we have already discussed on different issues
amount others are the identification of Arabic alphabets, the
conditions governing its written, the vowels, the pronunciation
of consonant of both the singular and the double consonants and
including accent.
1.5
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1. How many alphabets do you think are there in Arabic
language?
2. Can you mention fifteen of them?
3. Arabic language consists of both vowel and consonants.
Can you tell us, the exact number of each?
4.
Explain how to write Arabic letters.
5.
What are the conditions governing the Arabic writing
give three examples?
1.6
REFERENCES
David Cowan, (1956), Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge
University Press, London.
1.7
SUGGESTED READING
Said Salah, (1982) Spoken Arabic.
‫ المكتبة الثقافية – بيروت‬- ‫ معلم القراءة الجزء األول‬،‫عطية محمد‬
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 2:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
2.0
TOPIC:
WORD CLASS
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2.1
INTRODUCTION -
2.2
OBJECTIVES
2.3
IN-TEXT
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2.3.1 NOUN
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2.3.2 VERB -
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2.3.3 ADJECTIVE
2.3.4 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
2.4
SUMMARY
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2.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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2.6
REFERENCE
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2.7
SUGGESTED READING
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
2.0
TOPIC: WORD CLASSES
2.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
In this topic, some topics of Arabic grammar will be
discussed on, this will be mainly on word classes like the
noun, verb, adjective and demonstrative pronoun.
2.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Describe the word classes or the parts of speech
like the noun, verb, adjective and demonstrative
pronoun.
ii.
Identify the differences between them, so as to
know how to use them properly in their own
expressions.
2.3
IN-TEXT
2.3.1 NOUN
A noun is simply defined as the name of a person, place,
animal or thing. This definition does not differ from the Arabic
ones. But we know that, there are different kinds of nouns.
These are:
1.
2.
3.
Common Noun
‫أسماء األدوات واآللت‬
eg. ‫ طاولة‬A table, ‫ مدرسة‬a school, ‫ مسطرة‬a ruler, ‫ طفل‬a
baby, ‫ كلب‬a dog, ‫ حقيبة‬a school bag. Etc.
Proper Noun
‫أسماء األشخاص‬
e.g ‫ محمد‬Muhammad ‫ فاطمة‬Fatimah, ‫ ادم‬Adam, ‫مريم‬
Maryam- ‫ يعقوب‬Yakubu.. etc.
Abstract Noun
e.g ‫حياة‬
life, ‫ تفكير‬thoughtfulness, ‫ شك‬doubt ‫نجاح‬
success, ‫ سعادة‬happiness. Etc.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
4.
UNIT: 2
Collective Noun
e.g ‫ مشاهدون‬audience,‫جماعة‬. congregation, ‫ نادى‬a club,
‫ فريق‬a team, ‫ شركة‬a company and etc.
2.3.2 VERB
A verb is known as those words, which indicate or tell what
a noun or pronoun does. In Arabic is called ‫ فعل‬fi’lun. There are
three kinds of verbs, which are commonly known in Arabic as
follows.
1.
Past Tense is the expression of the past action or
state of being such a tense expresses immediate past
action. Comparatively in Arabic expression about the
past action ‫ فعل ماضى‬e.g. He did, ‫ فع َل‬he heard ‫ سم َع‬she
heard ‫ سمعت‬two of them ‫ سمعا‬heard ‫ سمعوا‬more than
two of them heard‫ سمعتا‬two females heard.
2.
Present tense is the tense that expresses the current
and habitual action comparatively in Arabic is
differed ‫ فعل مضارع‬e.g. ‫ أذهب‬I am going, ‫ نذهب‬we are
going ‫ يذهب‬He is going, ‫ تذهب‬she is going, ‫ يذهبان‬two
males are going ‫ تذهبون‬you are going, more than two
males, or combined with females. ‫ تذهبين‬You are going
more than two females. You can notice that the origin
of present tense is formed from the past tense
whereby some letters were added to the beginning of
the past tense in order to change it to present tense.
These letters are ‫ا‬, ‫ي‬, ‫ ن‬and ‫ ت‬which are group in a
word ‫أنيت‬. So if you apply any of the four letters
above before the past tense definitely it will change it
to present tense as showed above.
3.
Future or Command is the tense that expresses the
future action but compare with Arabic there is
different of gender
‫فعل األمر‬
e.g. ‫ إذهب‬go for a male singular ‫ إذهبي‬for a female singular
‫ إذهبا‬for two males, ‫ إذهبا‬for two females only, ‫ إذهبوا‬For more
than two males or combined, ‫ إذهبن‬for more than two
females only.
2.3.3
ADJECTIVE:
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
Adjective is the word that describes a noun or give more
information about noun but in Arabic there is no grammatical
distinction between the noun and the adjective, where by any
adjective can be used as noun.
Adjective pattern is just like nominal patterns make their
plurals either according to the pattern for the sound plural or
according to the broken plural patterns.
Such can only be determined through practice in reading or
References to a good dictionary.
There are five major adjective patterns in Arabic language
as follows:
.‫فاعل‬. eg. ‫ ذاهب‬a passer, ‫ دارس‬a reader, ‫ سامع‬a listener,
‫ كاتب‬a writer.
2.
‫ فعيل‬e.g ‫ سعيد‬happy,‫ كريم‬generous, ‫ شريف‬noble ‫ غبي‬a
stupid.
3.
‫ فعالن‬: e.g. ‫ كسالن‬a lazy, ‫ عطشان‬a thirsty ‫ نعسان‬a sleepy,
‫ تعبان‬a tired.
4.
‫ فعول‬: e.g ‫ جهول‬very ignorant, ‫ كسول‬very lazy.
5.
‫ فعال‬: e.g ‫ أكال‬always eating, ‫ عداء‬always running.
Above are the adjectives used to qualify a noun or pronoun
in Arabic language. But adjective should be used in accordance
with the genders of noun and it is number of quantity. E.g. ‫ولد‬
1.
‫ نساء مجتهدات‬،‫ رجال مجتهدون‬،‫ بنت مجتهدة‬،‫مجتهد‬
2.3.4 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
A demonstrative pronoun, are those words used to indicate
the position of object pointing at, whether nearby or far away.
In this case we have to understand that, object may be singular
dual, plural, feminine or masculine.
1.
Singular forms of demonstrative pronoun, we used ‫ هذا‬to
indicate the nearby object whether sensible or insensible,
but it must be masculine gender. If it is feminine gender we
use ‫ هذه‬for a closer object of both sensible and insensible
nature e.g. ‫ هذه بنت‬this is a girl ‫ هذه مدرسة‬this is a school.
2.
Dual forms of demonstrative pronoun. Instead of ‫ هذا‬or ‫هذه‬,
we used ‫ هذان‬for dual near object whether sensible or
insensible but for males only. In the case of females we
used ‫ هتان‬for them.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
3.
UNIT: 2
Plural form of demonstrative pronoun. We have only one
demonstrative pronoun, which is generally used to indicate
the plural of both males and females respectively. If they
are close we used ‫ هؤلء‬it has no distinction between the
male and the female. But when the object is far away if
singular for both sensible and insensible nature ‫ ذلك‬is used
for feminine ‫ تلك‬is used if for dual masculine ‫ ذلكما‬is used
while for ‫ تلكما‬for feminine. However, ‫ أؤلئك‬is for general.
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
2.4
UNIT: 2
SUMMARY
In this lesson, we have focused on the word classes in
which we also treated many topics such as noun including its
kinds verb and its types adjective and it differences in Arabic
language and demonstrative pronoun.
2.5
2.6
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1.
There are four types of noun, list them, and give
examples of each in Arabic.
2.
Define what verb means in Arabic language? Then
state the kinds of verb in Arabic, and give some
examples under each of them.
3.
Adjectives are those words use to qualify either a
noun or pronoun. Mention its types and give
examples of each.
4.
Demonstrative pronoun is of many categories, state
them and give examples of each in Arabic.
REFERENCE
David Cowan, (1956), Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge
University Press, London.
2.7
SUGGESTED READING
New simplified Arabic Course for Junior Secondary School
book I Spectrum, Ibadan
‫ مبادئ القراءة سلسلة اللغة العربية للتالميذ الجزء الرابع – إبادان‬،‫سيد حمزة مالك الدكتور‬
‫ المكتبة الثقافية – بيروت‬- ‫ معلم القراءة الجزء األول‬،‫عطية محمد‬
. ‫علي الجازم وصاحبه النحو الواضح الجزء األول‬
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CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
3.0
TOPIC:
3.1
GENDER
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INTRODUCTION -
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3.2
OBJECTIVES
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3.3
IN-TEXT
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3.3.1 MASCULINE GENDER
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3.3.2 FEMININE GENDER -
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3.3.3 SINGULAR
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3.3.4 DUAL
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3.3.5 PLURAL -
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3.4
SUMMARY -
3.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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3.6
REFERENCE
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3.7
SUGGESTED READING
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15
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
3.0
TOPIC: GENDER
3.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
This lesson will treat different manners of gender,
especially the case of feminine and masculine, in addition to the
singular, dual and plural cases of gender.
3.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Identify the differences between the two
genders, masculine and feminine.
ii.
Outline singular, dual and plural forms.
iii. Elaborate on the proper use of the gender in
expressions.
3.3
IN-TEXT
3.3.1
THE MASCULINE
‫المذكر‬
When we talk of gender we refer to sex differentiation of
creatures. There are four forms of genders in English, they are
masculine, feminine, neutral and common gender. However, in
Arabic language, there are only two grammatical genders, which
are, masculine and feminine. Examples of the masculine e.g. ‫رجل‬
a man, ‫ فقير‬a poor man, ‫ بيت‬a house, ‫ ولد‬a boy ‫ كتاب‬a book ‫ تلميذ‬a
pupil, and ‫ مسافر‬a traveller. From the above mentioned, is
understood a masculine is an objective representing male
gender.
3.3.2 THE FEMININE
‫المؤنث‬
Generally feminine gender is originated formed from the
masculine gender by suffixing it with what is called Ta’un
marbudta ‫ة‬.
For instance, ‫ تلميذة‬a female pupil, ‫ مسافرة‬a female traveller,
‫ فقيرة‬a poor
woman, ‫ معلمة‬a female teacher.
Some feminine genders end without, ‫ ة‬and s. e.g
A pregnant ‫ حامل‬a desert ‫صحراء‬, while some classes of feminine
gender did not require distinctive ending e.g ‫ أم‬a mother, ‫ عريس‬a
bride, ‫ أخت‬a sister, ‫ عجوز‬an old woman, ‫ مرض ٌع‬a suckling mother
16
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
and etc. In addition to that we should know that there are also
‫ المؤنث اللفظية‬e.g. ‫ الحرب‬،‫ الشمس‬and ‫ المؤنث المعنوية‬e.g. ‫ اليد‬،‫الدار‬.
Therefore, you should also note that, some parts of the
body are considered as feminine gender e.g ‫ يد‬a hand, ‫ عين‬an eye,
‫ ُرجل‬a foot, ‫ أذن‬an ear and etc.
Apart from the parts of the body there are also some words
which are treated as feminine gender such as, ‫حرب‬
a war ٌ‫ بيت‬a
ٌ
house (not baytun), ‫أرض‬
earth, ‫نار‬
ٌ
ٌ a fire and ‫ ري ٌح‬and etc.
Some words are common genders they are used for both
genders. E.g ‫ طريق‬or ‫ طريقة‬for condition, ‫ حال‬or ‫ حالة‬or for way or
road. Although, we know that “Ta’un marbuta” is one of the
significance of female gender but there are some few names of
male ending with it, e.g. ‫ حمزة‬، ‫ طلحة‬،‫معاوية‬.
3.3.3
SINGULAR FORM OF GENDER
Both genders have singular forms e.g ‫ تلميذ‬for masculine a
male pupil, while ‫ تلميذة‬for feminine a female pupil, ‫ طالب‬a male
student while ‫ طالبة‬a female student, ‫ صبي‬for a male child, while
‫ صبية‬a female child. And etc.
3.3.4
DUAL FORM OF GENDER
Dual case is similar to that of the singular, the only
distinction between them is that we add to letters, ‫ ا‬and ‫ ن‬to the
masculine and feminine gender. E.g ‫ تلميذتان‬for two female pupils,
‫ تلميذان‬for two male pupils, ‫ طالبان‬for two male students, while
‫ طالبتان‬for two female student and etc.
3.3.5
PLURAL FORM OF GENDER
In the plural form of gender, the rules are different for
both the singular and dual cases because some nouns are having
broken form of plural e.g ‘‫ طالب‬،‫طالبان‬, ‫ طالب‬، and ‫تلميذ‬, ‫تلميذان‬, the
plural is ‫تالميذ‬, pupils. In the case of feminine gender examples
are ‫ تلميذة‬, ‫تلميذتان‬while plural is ‫ تلميذات‬and ‫طالبة‬, ‫ طالبتان‬plural form is
‫ طالبتان‬for female students.
17
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
As we are studying gender, we notice that generally,
feminine gender is also originates from the masculine gender.
The issues of singular, dual and the plural forms of gender are
also attached to the origin form of masculine.
3.4
SUMMARY
In this topic we discussed gender, its types and forms
3.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
1. Differentiate the masculine from feminine
gender?
2. List the distinction between the feminine and
masculine gender.
3. State two significances of dual form of
gender.
18
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
3.6
UNIT: 2
REFERENCES
David Cowan, (1956), Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge
University,
London.
3.7
SUGGESTED READING
New simplified Arabic Course for Junior Secondary School
book I Spectrum, Ibadan.
‫ مبادئ القراءة سلسلة اللغة العربية للتالميذ الجزء الرابع – إبادان‬،‫سيد حمزة مالك الدكتور‬
‫ المكتبة الثقافية – بيروت‬- ‫ معلم القراءة الجزء األول‬،‫عطية محمد‬
‫علي الجازم وصاحبه النحو الواضح الجزء األول‬
19
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
4.0
TOPC:
THE DEFINITE AND THE INDEFINITE
ARTICLES
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4.1
INTRODUCTION -
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4.2
OBJECTIVES
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4.3
IN-TEXT
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4.3.1
INDEFINITE
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4.3.2
DEFINITE -
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4.4
SUMMARY -
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4.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
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4.6
REFERENCE
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4.7
SUGGESTED READING
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20
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
4.0
TOPIC: THE DEFINITE AND THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES
4.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
This lesson will focus on the Definite and the indefinite
articles and its kinds in Arabic grammar.
4.1
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Define the definite and the indefinite word
articles in Arabic.
ii.
Distinguish between the definite and the
indefinite articles in Arabic.
4.3
IN-TEXT
4.3.1 THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES
In Arabic language, there is nothing known as indefinite
article. This is because, the definite article is for most cases,
numbers, and genders is ‫ أل‬al which is written prefixed to the
word it defines. The words with indefinite articles could only be
identify when they are free of these articles.
Whenever a noun or adjective is defined with definite
article it will lose its nunation with immediate effect eg. ‫كتاب‬
a
ٌ
book, ‫ الكتاب‬the book, ‫قل ٌم‬, a pen ‫ القلم‬the pen ‫ رج ٌل‬a man ‫ الرجل‬the
man etc.
We should understand that the article is something
different from the nunation, therefore, they are two distinct
things and they will never meet each other in a noun or
adjective.
4.3.2 THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
As it is indicated previously that in Arabic language, there
is nothing known as indefinite article but nunation. So, to Arabs
the noun or adjective can be either nunated or defined. These
are major ways of qualifying a noun or an adjective e.g ‫رج ٌل‬
21
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
nunated a man ‫ الرجل‬defined the man ٌ‫ بيت‬nunated ‫ البيت‬defined the
house all these are noun. Adjectives are ‫صغير‬
nunated ‫الصغير‬
ٌ
defined the small,‫ي‬
ٌ ‫ قو‬nunated a strong, ‫ القوي‬defined the strong,
etc.
4.4
SUMMARY
This topic concentrated on the definite and the indefinite
articles only.
4.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1.
Differentiate between the Definite and the indefinite
articles
2.
State the significance of definite and indefinite
articles
3.
How can you change indefinite noun to definite noun
in Arabic.
4.6
REFERENCE
David Cowan, (1956) Modern Literary Arabic Cambridge
University Press London
4.7
SUGGESTED READING
Adeoye Ajetunmobi, School Certificate (1973) Ogunsanya
Press Pub. badan.
New Simply Arabic Course for Junior Secondary school Book
II Spectrum, Ibadan.
22
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
5.0
TOPIC:
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN
5.1
INTRODUCTION -
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5.2
OBJECTIVES
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5.3
IN-TEXT
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5.3.1. FIRST PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN 5.3.2.
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SECOND PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN
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5.3.3.
THIRD PERSON PERSONAL PRONOUN -
5.4
SUMMARY -
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5.5
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES -
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5.6
REFERENCES
5.7
SUGGESTED READINGS
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23
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
5.0
TOPIC: THE PERSONAL PRONOUN
5.1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: 2
This topic will discuss on the personal pronoun of its
elements.
5.2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
i.
Describe the personal pronoun and its elements
ii.
Differentiate between the first person, second
person and third forms of personal pronoun in
Arabic
5.3
5.3.1
IN-TEXT
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN
When we talk about the personal pronoun, I think it is
necessary for us to understand the three conditions of
speaking, which are, the first person, second person and
third person.
These conditions are very important to this study,
because we use pronoun to replace a noun in its absence.
Now let us discuss on the three conditions one by one.
‫المتكلم‬
This has only two forms of both are singular and plural.
E.g singular we use ‫ أنا‬meaning I. While plural is ‫ نحن‬means
‘we’ for both feminine and masculine gender.
5.3.1.1 THE FIRST PERSON
5.3.1.2 THE SECOND PERSON
We have five pronoun under this category, which, are, ‫أنت‬
anta for you a male, while ‫ أنت‬for you a female a ‫ أنتما‬for
both of you, whether female or male alike ‫ أنتم‬for more than
two males or combine ‫أنتن‬, for more than two females only.
5.3.1.3 THE THIRD PERSON
24
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
We also have five personal pronouns that are representing
this form. These are, ‫ هو‬for a singular male meaning He,
while ‫ هي‬for a singular female she, ‫ هما‬this is use for both
male and females while ‫ هم‬is used for males when it is
females only ‫ هن‬is used.
All the personal pronouns are twelve in numbers as
follows:
‫ هن‬،‫ هم‬،‫ هما‬،‫ هي‬،‫ هو‬،‫ أنتن‬،‫ أنتم‬،‫ أنتما‬، ‫ أنت‬،‫أنت‬
َ ،‫ نحن‬،‫أنا‬
Two for the first person
=
‫ ضمير المتكلم أنا‬for singular
while ‫ نحن‬for plural
Five for the Second person:
= ‫ أنت‬،‫ ضمير المخاطب أنت‬for
the singular of both female and male then ‫ أنتما‬for dual of
both genders, ‫ انتم‬for male only or combined ‫ أنتمن‬is for
female only.
While the rest five are for the third person:
=
‫ضمير‬
،‫ هي‬،‫ الغائب هو‬for the singular of both male and female ،‫هما‬
for dual of both genders ‫ هم‬is for male only or combined ‫هن‬
use only for females.
We should understand that all personal pronouns are
categorized in two forms attached and detached personal
pronoun attached e.g. ،‫ هن‬،‫ هم‬،‫ هما‬detached e.g. ،‫ أنتما‬،‫ أنت‬،‫أنت‬
َ
‫ أنتم‬etc.
5.4
SUMMARY
This topic focussed on the personal pronoun and its
elements in general.
5.5 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
1.
2.
3.
5.6
State the condition of personal pronouns
What are the elements of personal pronouns?
How can you differentiate Personal pronouns?
REFERENCES
David Cowan, 1956, Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge
University Press, London.
5.7
SUGGESTED READINGS
25
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
Adeoye Ajetunmobi, School Certificate (1973) Ogunsnya
Press Pub, Ibadan.
Spectrum New simplified Arabic Course for Junior Secondary
School,
Book II.
26
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
TOPIC 1
1. Arabic language consists of 29 alphabets.
2. All of the Arabic letters are consonants, with
the exception of the first letter alone.
3. The Arabic vowels are:
Fatha َُ Dummah ُ and Kassrah ُ
4. The conditions governing the Arabic writing
are:
a. Starting from right to left.
b. Standing alone.
c. Joining to proceeding letter only.
d. Joining to proceeding and following
letter.
e. Joining to following letter only.
TOPIC 2
1.
Four kinds of noun are:
i.
Common – e.g
‫طاولة مدرسة طفل‬
ii. Proper e.g
‫محمد علي مريم فاطمة‬
iii. Abstract e.g
‫شجاعة حياة نجاح‬
iv. Collective e.g
‫شركة نادى فريق‬
2.
Verb in Arabic means: ‫الفعل‬
TOPIC 3
1.
The conditions governing Personal pronoun are:
i. First person e.g ‫أنا‬
‫نحن‬
ii. Second person e.g
‫أنتما أنتم أنتن أنت أنت‬
iii. Third person e.g
‫هو‬
‫هم هما هي‬
‫هن‬
27
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TOPIC 4
1.
Articles in Arabic is of two categories, which
are:
2.
Definite article
‫ال لنعريف‬
3.
Nunation for indication of an indefinite state of a
word
‫التنوين للتنكير‬
4.
The distinction between the feminine and
masculine genders are:
i.
ii.
Masculine gender is not ending with ‫ة‬
while feminine gender is ending with
it.
The feminine gender has many
symbol of ending such as one
mentioned above,
‫ ا ﻋ ي‬and other
special cases.
28
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
QUESTION ONE:
A.
B.
Write all Arabic alphabets with fatha sign on top.
Explain the distinction between letter ‫ ك‬and ‫ق‬
QUESTION TWO:
Verb is divided into how many forms?
Demonstrative pronoun also has how many forms?
QUESTION THREE:
A.
B.
C.
What gender are the following
‫عجوز عروس أخت‬
What gender do you think all parts of the body are?
Mention two common genders you know.
QUESTION FOUR:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
When ever a noun or an adjective loses its
nunation it will eventually obtain
Define these nunated nouns, ‫كتاب قل ٌم رج ٌل‬
ٌ
‫ المتكلم‬means ______
How many personal pronouns do we have?
Mention only six of them.
29
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri
ARA 101A/ISL 106 – BASIC ARABIC
UNIT: 2
TUTOR – MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1.
Complete the following with suitable Adjective.
........................‫أشجار‬
.......................‫مساحة‬
...........................‫بالد‬
.......................‫مصانع‬
.......................‫مدارس‬
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
2.
:‫أشر إلى األسماء اآلتية باسم إشارة مناسب للبعيد‬
:)‫ أولئك‬،‫ تلك‬،‫(ذلك‬
‫ طالب‬................. .1
‫ دراجة‬................. .2
‫ دراجات‬................. .3
‫ بنات‬................. .4
‫ مشجعون‬................. .5
3.
Translate the following into English:
‫السيارة‬
‫المكتبة‬
‫السوق‬
‫المدرسة‬
‫الكتاب‬
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30
CDL, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri