RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
RURAL PLANNING & CREDIT DEPARTMENT
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
INITIATIVES BY THIRUVANANTHAPURAM REGIONAL OFFICE OF RBI
1. Initiatives on Financial Inclusion
2. Initiatives on Financial Education and Financial Literacy activities
3. Empowered Committee on RRBs
4. Empowered Committee on SME
5. Photo Gallery of RBI Meetings
2
1. Initiatives on Financial Inclusion
The State of Kerala has achieved 100% Financial Inclusion and a declaration to this
effect was made in the SLBC meeting held on December 24, 2007 by the Honorable
Union Minister of State for Finance, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal. Leadership role taken by
RBI and the Convenor bank of SLBC (Canara Bank) to ensure coordinated efforts by
banks, Government agencies, District Administration, NGOs and others towards
achieving this goal was appreciated.
Meetings Convened by RBI
The RBI conducted three meetings for financial inclusion.
The first meeting was held on July 13, 2007 for briefing Lead District Managers and
banks regarding the process of achieving 100% financial inclusion in the State.
The second meeting was held on February 4, 2008 in which the private sector banks
were impressed upon the need of their active participation in the process of financial
inclusion and various other developmental programmes.
The third meeting was held on February 8, 2008 to advise the banks to sustain 100%
financial inclusion and to carry forward the process to the second stage for giving boost
to the campaign for financial literacy / financial education, opening more credit
counseling centres, liberal sanctioning of General Credit Card (GCC), popularizing the
concept of 'Money Lenders Free Villages' and taking the help of business facilitators /
business correspondents in this regard.
2. Financial Education and Literacy activities
a. Financial Education Cell
A Financial Education Cell has been opened in our office to consolidate and disseminate
the various efforts and initiatives taken by us as well as the banks in Kerala in financial
literacy. The Cell lays particular emphasis on financial reading material brought out in
Malayalam.
3
b. Translation of Summary of the Annual Report of
Reserve Bank of India for the year 2006-07 in Malayalam
A summary of the Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India for the year 2006-07 in
Malayalam was brought out by our office and it was released in a special function in
which senior bankers, members of the academic community as well as representatives
from the media, trade and industry participated. The event which came in for special
appreciation was widely covered by the media in the State.
c. Participation in International Book Fair at Kochi
Our office, in coordination with our Kochi Sub-Office, put up a stall in the DC
International Book Fair held at Kochi in February 2008. Several RBI publications,
including brochures brought out by our office in Malayalam, were displayed for the
benefit of the members of public. We were honoured by the visit of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam, former President of India, to our stall in the book fair. Our effort was well
appreciated by a large number of visitors to the stall.
d. Essay Competition for School Children
An essay competition among the school children of the State of Kerala and the Union
Territory of Lakshadweep was organized by the office to create awareness about
financial inclusion. There was overwhelming response from the students to this
competition. A befitting function was organized by our office for distributing prizes to the
winners of the essay competition. The details of this essay competition and the prize
winning essays are given separately.
e. Encouragement to banks for adoption of Money Lender Free Villages
To foster greater financial inclusion, some of the banks in the State have adopted some
villages as "Moneylender Free Villages". South Malabar Gramin Bank, North Malabar
Gramin Bank and South Indian Bank have adopted villages for the purpose.
f. Participation in Seminar
Rerserve Bank of India, Thiruvananthapuram participated in a recent seminar jointly
organized by NABARD and Organisation for Women Empowerment and Rural
4
Development (OWERD), in coordination with South Indian Bank, to discuss the role of
banks and the media in rural development.
3. Empowered Committee on RRBs
The Reserve Bank of India has constituted an 'Empowered Committee on Regional
Rural Banks' in September 2004 in its Regional Office at Thiruvananthapuram. Regional
Director of RBI is the Chairman of the Committee. Other members of the Committee are,
1. Chief General Manager, NABARD,
2. General Manager, Rural Planning & Credit Department
3. Chairmen of South Malabar Gramin Bank
4. Chairmen of North Malabar Gramin Bank,
5. Convenor, SLBC, Kerala
6. Director Agriculture Department, Government of Kerala
7. Controlling Officials of Sponsor Banks, viz., Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.
Purpose:
Initially, the Committee was set up to monitor the flow of credit to agriculture and allied
sectors by the Regional Rural Banks and achieve target of doubling the credit to
agriculture in three years. However, since September 2005, the committee has been
given more powers to deal with applications for opening of new branches by the RRBs,
merger, shifting of branches, make recommendations for grant / renewal of authorization
to open/maintain NRO/NRE Accounts in rupees, to accept FCNR deposits, Limited
Authroised Dealer Licence, opening of currency chest, etc.
Periodicity
At present, the committee meets at bi-monthly intervals. So far, the committee has met
25 times. The last meeting was held on May 09,2008.
Approvals
So far, the Empowered Committee has examined and recommended approval of 30
applications made by the two RRBs for opening of branches, 2 applications for opening
of Area Offices, one application for opening of an extension counter, one application
each for upgradation of extension counter and shifting of a branch out of which 12
5
approvals for opening of branches are pending with RRBs due to delay in finalizing the
premises by them. The Empowered Committee also examined and approved the
requests made by RRBs to open/maintain NRO/NRE Accounts in rupees and to accept
FCNR (B) deposits.
The 25th meeting reviewed the performance of both the RRBs with respect to credit to
agriculture /SME, lending under KCC and GCC, financial inclusion, scheme of adopting
villages by RRBs to make them money lender free, opening of new branches,
implementation of Government sponsored schemes like SGSY, SJSRY, launching of
Farmer’s clubs, setting up of Credit Counseling Centres, Financial Education and
Financial Literacy etc.
4. Empowered Committee on Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)
The Reserve Bank of India constituted an 'Empowered Committee on SME’ at the State
Level in September 2005 in its Regional Office at Thiruvananthapuram. Regional
Director of RBI is the Chairman of the Committee. Other members of the Committee are,
1. Director of Industries, Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of
Kerala.
2. General Manager, Rural Planning & Credit Department
3. Convenor, SLBC, Kerala
4. GM, SIDBI, Ernakulam
5. Senior Level officers from SBT, SBI, Federal Bank, ICICI Bank having
predominant share in SME financing in the state.
6. Senior level representatives from SME Associations in the state, viz., KSSIA
7. Senior level officer from Kerala State Financial Corporation
8. Senior level officer from Small Industries Development Corporation
9. Senior level officer from Chamber of Industries
Purpose:
To monitor at the State Level, the flow of credit to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
sector and ensure doubling of the credit in five years, that is, before March 31, 2010.
This committee is also to ensure rehabilitation of sick units in the sector. It will also coordinate with other banks / financial institutions and the state government in removing
bottlenecks if any to ensure smooth flow of credit to the sector.
6
Periodicity
At present, the committee meets at quarterly intervals. The first meeting of the
committee was held on September 27, 2005 in the Regional Office of Reserve Bank of
India, Trivandrum. So far, the committee has met seven times. The last meeting was
held on June 20, 2008.
Major Decisions:
The important decisions taken in the meeting are as follows :
1. SLBC may develop a Region Specific Plan of
Action for the State for ensuring
smooth flow of credit to SME sector in consultation with Department of Industries and
Commerce.
2. SLBC in consultation with the Directorate of Industries (DOIC) may convene a
meeting of borrowers of SME sector / SSI Association at State level to elicit their field
level problems.
3. SLBC may devise a format in consultation with local RPCD of RBI for capturing the
data from banks in respect of SME finance.
4. Quarterly SLBC meetings may discuss the progress in the flow of credit to SME
sector, as a regular agenda.
5. DOIC may impart training to new entrepreneurs in the SME sector.
6. SIDBI will give vide publicity to their CGTSI scheme.
7. District Level Committee may be formed at all the districts with GM, DIC as the
Chairman. Lead Bank Manager and LDO, RBI may associate with the committees
besides representatives from CII, KSSIA and major banks.
8. In the recent meeting held on June 20, 2008, Regional Director of RBI directed that
SLBC may make a review of doubling of credit to SME sector by comparing with the
figure of March 31, 2005.
9. Also, the banks may submit their self set targets / achievements to RBI for a review.
5. Photo Gallery of RBI Meetings -
**************************
7
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
RURAL PLANNING AND CREDIT DEPARTMENT
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Financial Inclusion – Essay competition conducted by Reserve Bank of India,
Thiruvananthapuram for the school children of the State of Kerala
and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep (UTL)
Reserve Bank of India ,Thiruvananthapuram had conducted an essay competition on
subjects related to Financial Inclusion for school children (divided into three groups)
belonging to Classes VI to XII in the State of Kerala and Union Territory of Lakshadweep
(UTL) with last date for receipt of essays as September 25, 2007. The details of the
competition are furnished in the table below:
Group
Subject for essay
Junior –
Class VI –
VIII
Middle –
Class IX –
X
What do you know
about banks and
bank accounts?
What are the
advantages of
having bank
accounts for the
common man?
What are the
various benefits
and facilities
available from
banks to their
customers?
Senior –
Class XI –
XII
No. of
words
not to
exceed
1st Prize
2nd Prize
3rd Prize
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Two
Consolation
Prizes
Rs.
500
5,000/-
3,500/-
2,000/-
500/- each
1000
7,500/-
5,500/-
3,500/-
500/- each
1500
10,000/-
7,500/-
5,000/-
500/- each
2. A total number of 1350 essays were received from school children of the State of
Kerala and Union Territory of Lakshadweep (UTL), of which, 618 were in English, 727 in
Malayalam and 5 in Hindi. While 1234 essays were received from the school children of
the State of Kerala, 116 were received from the school children of the Union Territory of
Lakshadweep (UTL). Maximum number of essays at 712 were received from students
of junior group followed by middle group at 360 and senior group at 278.
8
3. After a rigorous evaluation, 17 essays were selected for award of prizes. Of the 17
prize winners, five each belonged to senior and middle Group, while 7 belonged to junior
group including the 2 additional consolation prizes given in this group in view of the large
number of entries in this group.
4. The details of the prize winners are as under:
Catego
ry of
prize
First
SENIOR GROUP
Name of
Name of
student
School
Kum. Rekha
LSN Girls
T.P.
HSS,
Ottapalam
Secon
d
Kum.
Gayathri
Devi
SN Public
School,
Konni
Third
Kum. Kavitha
Krishnan
Carmel Girls
HSS,
Thiruvananthapuram
Consol
-ation
Prize
i) Kum. Divya
Vijoy Arora
Chinmaya
Vidyalaya,
Ernakulam
ii) Kum.
Greeshma
MerinJose
Kendriya
Vidyalaya
Pattom,
Thiruvanant
hapuram
MIDDLE GROUP
Name of
Name of School
student
Kum.
Govt. High
Beegum
School,Kandala,
Sumayya
Neyyattinkara
A.M.
Kum.
St.Thomas
Deepthi M.
Central School,
Thomas
Mukkolakal,
Thiruvananthapuram
Kum. Mythili
Sarvodaya
Surendran
Vidyalaya,
Nalanchira,
Thiruvananthapuram
i)Kum.
St. Thomas
Vaishnavi
Central School,
Nair
Mukkolakal,
Thiruvananthapu
ram
ii)Kum.
Amrutha
Aswathi G.
Vidyalayalam,
Punnol,
Thalassery,
Kannur
JUNIOR GROUP
Name of
Name of
student
School
Kum.
Govt. Sr.
Raisa K.P.
Basic School,
Agati, UTL
Kum.
Sreelaksh
mi B.
LSN Girls HSS,
Ottapalam
Kum. Divya
Bahuleyan
Sree Saradavilasom
HSS, Chirayinkeezh
i)Richie
Jac Tom
Govt. JBS
Centre,
Androth, UTL
ii)Kum.
Sruthi
Chandra
Mohan
Bhavan’s
Adarsha
Vidyalaya,
Kakkanad,
Kochi
Ramavilasom
HSS, Chokli,
Kannur
Sraswathy
Vidyalaya
Vattiyoorkavu
Thiruvananthap
uram
iii)Kum.
Roshima
P.P.
iv)Kum.Kru
ttika
Aggarwal
All the prize winners were given Certificate of Merit.
9
5. Cash awards, along with the Certificates of Merit, were distributed to the winners by
Shri S. Ramaswamy, Regional Director, Reserve Bank of India, Thiruvananthapuram, at
a function held on December 7, 2007.
6. The first prize essays in all three categories are placed below:
׳œ°¤Ü ½‹³Ô¸
‰²£¯¥°. µ¦¤°Ÿ. µ‰.ã°
‰ÿ¯Ÿ¸. VII
‹ªÉµ£ú¸. Ÿ±œ°¤Ü ¶¡Ÿ°‰¸ Ÿ¸‰³à
¿‹˜°, §Àš¼±ã¸.
“¡¯Ã²‰µ¨ÔÝ°¤²¹ ¡¯Ã¸
¿¾·Ê²‰µ¨ÔÝ°¤²¹ œ°ÄൾЦ°¤¯¹.”
¿¦¡°¾“§°Þ
㪰©Ô²Ý²‰¨¯Þ
œ°Ü£°˜£¯¤,
ð°˜°
µüÛ²Ò
§Àš¼±ã¸
Ÿ£³®Ä¨°Þ µãÈ, µ‰¯Å² š¼±ã¯¤ ¿‹Ì°¤Þ ל°Å² ª¨ÜÒ ’¯Ï (µµ¦Ÿ) ‡©¯¹
‰ÿ¯æ°Þ ã”°¾²Ò². ƒ· ‚©¸ü †Ÿ¸.†Å¸.×° µ§ ‚¨²‰à ª±“²ª±“¯Ð¥¹ ¡¯Ã¸
¿¾·Ê°µœ¾²¦°Å¸ ¿¦°¤²Ò˜°œ¸ ¶ªÊ° ŸÜ¶ª œ“Ì°¤°¥²Ò². ¡¯Ã²‰µ¨¾²¦°Å²¹
¿¾·Ê²‰µ¨¾²¦°Å²¹ ¿¦°¤¯Ì ’¯Ï ¿˜°µú ª°«š ª°ª¥Äà ¿¦°¤¯Ï ¶ªÊ°
¡¯Ô¯¶¤¯µ“¯Ô¹ ¡¯Ã°Þ ¶ã¯¤°. ¿¶Ô¯à ¿ª°µ“ „ʯ¤°¥²Ò ªÜ—Ô‰°È¯ÜÒ
¶ã¯è¦²‰à
‰Ê¸
†œ°¾¸
¡¯Ã°¶œ¾²¦°Å¦°¤¯Ï
×°ò¯Ÿ¤¯¤°.
¿ª°“µÌ
£¯¶œ×¶¥¯“¸ ª°ª¥Äà ¶‰È¦°Ç² £œæ°§¯¾°. ’¯Ï £œæ°§¯¾°¤ ª°ª¥Äà ˜¯µ©
¶üܾ²Ò².
ˆ¥² ¥¯×»Ì°µú Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ ª°‰Ÿœ¹ „Þ㯚œª²£¯¤° ¡œ¸›µÔÈ°¥°¾²Ò².
¥¯¬¸½“Ì°µú Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ ª°‰Ÿœ¹ ½ã›¯œ£¯¤²¹ ¿ª°“µÌ £¯œª ª°¢ª¶«¬°¶¤¤²¹
¿˜°µú ‰¯¥»À££¯¤ ª°œ°¶¤¯‹¶Ì¤²¹ ‚½«¤°Å°¥°¾²Ò². ƒ˜¸ ½ã¯ªÜÌ°‰£¯‰—
µ£Ã°Þ
ª»ø°‰à
ˆÝ¤¸¶¾¯
‰³È¯¤¸£¤¯¶¤¯
µü¦²˜²¹
ª§²˜²£¯¤
㧘¥¹
¡°Ÿ°œŸ²‰¨²¹ ª»ªŸ¯¤ Ÿ¹¥¹¢Ä¨²¹ ˜²“¶Äʘ²Ê¸. ¿˜°œ²¶ªÊ° ã§Ü¾²¹
¡¯Ã°µœ ‚½«¤°¶¾Ê° ª¥²Ò². ¿˜°œ¯Þ ¥¯×»Ì°µú Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ 㲶¥¯‹˜°¾¸
¿À±—¹ ½ãªÜÌ°¾²Ò ›œ‰¯¥» ð¯ãœÄ¨¯—¸ ¡¯Ã²‰à. ¡¯Ã¸ «¯Š‰à
¥¯×»Ì°µú
½‹¯£
½ã¶š«¹
„àµÔµ“
†ß¯
¶£Š§‰¨°§²¹
›¯¥¯¨¹
‰¯—²Ò².
¡¯Ã²‰¨²µ“ ½ãªÜÌœ¹ ƒ¶Ô¯à לĨ²µ“ Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ 㲶¥¯‹˜°¾¸ ª¨µ¥¤›°‰¹
½ã¯›¯œ»£Ü®°¾²Ò ˆÒ¯—¸.
«¯Ÿ¸½˜ Ÿ¯¶Ã˜°‰ ¥¹‹Ì¸ ª¨µ¥¤›°‰¹ 㲶¥¯‹˜° ½ã¯ã°Å ‰Ø»³È¦°¶ú¤²¹
ƒúܵœÝ°µú¤²¹ ½ãªÜÌœ ¶£Š§ †ß¯ ˆ¯ý±Ÿ¸ ˜§Ì°§²¹ ½ã¯ªÜÌ°‰£¯¾²Ò ƒ·
‰¯§ŒÈÌ°Þ ¡¯Ã°Þ œÙà ¶œ¥°È¸ †Ì¯µ˜ ¿ª°“µÌ ƒ“㯓²‰à œ“̲Ҙ°œ¸
Ÿ¯¶Ã˜°‰˜µ¤ ¿“°ð¯œ£¯¾°
½ãªÜÌ°¾²Ò 㧘¥¹ Ÿ¹ª°›¯œÄ¨²¹ ƒÒ¸
œ°§ª°§²Ê¸. „š¯®¥—Ì°œ¸ †œ°ª¤Ü ¡¯Ã°Â¸, µ“§° ¡¯Ã°Â¸, ƒúܵœÝ¸ ¡¯Ã°Â¸.
1
ƒÒ¸ ¥¯×»Ì°§²“œ±¨¹ œ£²¾² ü²Ý²¹ ª°ª°›˜¥¹ ¡¯Ã²‰à œ°§ª°§²Ê¸. ¿ª¤°Þ
½ã¯›¯œµÔȘ¸ ª¯—°×» ¡¯Ã²‰à, ‰¯Ü¬°‰ ¡¯Ã²‰à, Ÿ¼¶š«° ¡¯Ã²‰à, ½‹¯£±—
¡¯Ã²‰à, ½‰¤ ª°½‰°¤ ¡¯Ã²‰à, ª°‰Ÿœ ¡¯Ã²‰à, ¶‰½Ñ ¡¯Ã²‰à †Ò°ª¤¯—¸.
¶‰½Ñ ¡¯Ã¸ º- ˆ¥² ¥¯×»Ì¸ ˆ¥² ¶‰½Ñ ¡¯Ã¸ £¯½˜¶£ „ʯ‰³. ‚ ¥¯×»Ì°µ§ †ß¯
›œ‰¯¥» ð¯ãœÄ¶¨¤²¹ œ°¤½Ð°¾²Ò˜¸ ¿ª°“µÌ ¶‰½Ñ ¡¯Ã¯—¸. ƒ· ¶‰½Ñ
¡¯Ã°µú „“£ð¯ª‰¯«¹ ¶‰½Ñ ŸÜ¾¯¥°œ¯—¸. ‰¦ÏŸ° ¶œ¯È¸ ¿Å“°Å¸ ª°˜¥—¹
µüÛ¯œ²á
¿ª‰¯«¹
¶‰½Ñ
¡¯Ã°œ²
£¯½˜¶£¤²á³.
†Ò¯Þ
ƒ·
¡¯Ã°µú
½ãªÜÌœÄà §¯¢¹ ¶˜“¯œ²á˜ß †Ò˜¸ ƒ· ¡¯Ã°µú ˆ¥² ½ã¶˜»‰˜¤¯—¸. ƒ·
¡¯Ã²£¯¤°
ª»ø°¾¸
¶œ¥°È¸
ƒ“㯓¸
œ“̯Ï
‰©°¤°ß.
‹ªÜµ£ú²£¯¤²¹
£Ý¸
¡¯Ã²£¯¤°È¯—¸ ƒ· ¡¯Ã¸ ƒ“㯓²‰à œ“̲Ҙ¸.
ƒÐ»¤²µ“ ¶‰½Ñ¡¯Ã¸ ‘¢¯¥˜±¤ ¦°ŸÜª¸ ¡¯Ã¯—¸.’ ¢¯¥˜±¤ ¦°ŸÜª¸ ¡¯Ã°µú
‚𯜹 £²µµ¡¤°§¯—¸.
¿¾·Ê¸ º- ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸ ƒ“㯓²‰à ª¨µ¥ ü°È¶¤¯“²‰³“° †©²˜° ¶¥ŠµÔ“²Ì°
ª¤¸¾²Ò ¥±˜°¤¯—¸ ¿¾·Ê°Â¸. ‚›²œ°‰ ×±ª°˜Ì°Þ ¥¯×»Ì¯‰£¯œ¹ 㧘¥¹
¡°Ÿ°œŸ²‰à œ“̵ԓ²Ò ƒ· ‰¯§ŒÈ̸ ˆ¯¶¥¯ ð¯ãœÄ¨°§²¹ µµšœ¹š°œ¹
›¯¥¯¨¹ ¡°Ÿ°œŸ²‰à œ“Ò²µ‰¯Ê°¥°¾²Ò². ‡µ˜¯¥² ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸ Ÿ¹¥¢Ì°µú
§À»¹ §¯¢£¯—¶ß¯ ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸ Ÿ¹¥¹¢¹ ‚¥¹¢°¾²Ò˜°œ¸ ª¨µ¥ ½«Î¤²¹ Ÿ£¤ª²¹
Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰µÅ§ª²¹ ¶ªÊ° ª¥²¹. 㥰½«£«¯§°‰¨¯¤ ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸ Ÿ¹¥¹¢‰Ü ˆÝ¤¸¶¾¯
ã侮̶̯¶“¶¤¯ ‰³È²“²£ð˜¤°¶§¯ ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸ ð¯ãœÄà ‚¥¹¢°¾¯¦²Ê¸.
ƒÄµœ
‚¥¹¢°¾²Ò
¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸
Ÿ¹¥¹¢Ì°Þ
›¯¥¯¨¹
µµšœ¹š°œ
ƒ“㯓²‰à
„ʯ‰¯¦²Ê¸. ƒª ‰´˜»£¯¤° ¶¥ŠµÔ“²Ì° ª¤¸¾²Ò˜°µú ‚ª«»‰˜ ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸
Ÿ¹¥¹¢Ì°µú ‚¶¥¯‹»‰¥£¯¤ œ°§œ°ÞÔ°œ²¹ ª¨ÜŤ¸¾²¹ ¿˜»Ð¯¶ãÀ°˜£¯—¸.
¿˜°œ¯¤° ¡°Ÿ°œŸ¸ ¥³ã±‰¥—ª²¹ µã¯˜²ª¯¤ ¿“°ð¯œ ¿¾·Ê°Â²¹ ƒÒ¸
œ°§ª°§²Ê¸. ¿¾·Ê°Â¸ ½ã½‰°¤¤°Þ 㧘¥Ì°§¯¤²¹ ƒ“㯓²‰à œ“¾²Ò²Ê¸
„š¯®¥—Ì°œ¸ ˆ¥² ü°ß¦ ª»¯ã¯¥ ð¯ãœÌ°Þ ü°§ ƒ“㯓²‰à œ“¾²Ò²Ê¸.
¿˜¯¤˜¸ Ÿ¯›œÄà ª¯Ä²Ò², Ÿ¯›œÄà ª°Þ¾²Ò², ð¯ãœ¹ ª¯“‰¤¸¾¸
†“²¾²Ò², ¡¯Ã¸ ª¯¤¸ã †“²¾²Ò².
¡¯Ã°µú ½ã›¯œµÔÈ
ª¯Ä²Ò˜¸
ƒ“㯓¸ ‰“¹ ª¯Ä§²¹ ‰“¹ µ‰¯“²¾§²£¯—¸. ¡¯Ã¸ ‰“¹
œ°¶ÀãĨ°§³¶“¤²¹.
ª¯¤¸ã‰¨°§³¶“¤²£¯—¸.
(¶§¯ÉŸ¸)
(µ•¶Ô¯Ÿ°Ý¸Ÿ¸)
ª»ø°‰à¾²¹
‰“¹
µ‰¯“²¾²Ò˜¸
ð¯ãœÄྲ¹
ƒÄµœ
¡¯Ã²£¯¤° 㧘¥¹ ƒ“㯓²‰¨²£²Ê¸. ã—¹ œ°¶Àã°¾Þ, ã—¹ ˜°¥°µÅ“²¾Þ,
ª¯¤¸ãµ¤“²¾Þ, ª¯¤¸ã ˜°¥°µÅ“²¾Þ. ¿˜²¶ã¯µ§ ¡¯Ã¸ ª»ø°‰¨°Þ œ°Ò²¹ œ¯§¸
˜¥Ì°Þ ã—¹ Ÿ¼±‰¥°¾²Ò²Ê¸. „š¯®¥—Ì°œ¸ ŸØ¯š» œ°¶Àã¹ (¶Ÿª°¹‹¸ ¡¯Ã¸
¿¾·Ê¸) ˜¯Þ¾¯§°‰ œ°¶Àã¹ (㧰« ¥®°˜œ°¶Àã¹) (‰¦ú¸ •°¶Ô¯Ÿ°Ý¸Ÿ¸) ð°¥
2
œ°¶Àã¹ (ý°‰¸æ•¸ µ•¶Ô¯Ÿ°Ý¸Ÿ¸). ‚ªÜÌœ œ°¶Àã¹ (µ¦¾¦°¹‹¸ µ•¶Ô¯Ÿ°Ý¸Ÿ¸)
†ß¯
˜¥Ì°§²á
œ°¶ÀãÄྲ¹
ª»˜»Ÿ¸˜
˜¥Ì°§²á
Ÿª°¶«¬˜‰¨²¹
œ°¤£Ä¨²¹ „ʯ¤°¥°¾²¹.
ŸØ¯š» œ°¶Àã¹ (¶Ÿª°¹‹¸ ¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê¸) £¯Ÿª¥²£¯œ¾¯Ü¾²¹ Ÿ¯›¯¥—
לÄྲ¹ ƒ· œ°¶Àã¹ ˆ¥² ¿œ²½‹®£¯—¸. œÙ²µ“ ŸØ¯š»Ì°Þ £°Å¹ ª¥²Ò ˜²‰
ƒ·
¿¾·Ê°Þ
œ°¶Àã°¾¯¹
œ£²¾¸
‚ª«»¹
ª¥²¶Ø¯à
ã°Ïª§°¾¯œ²¹
Ÿ·‰¥»£²Ê¸. ƒ˜°œ¸ ¡¯Ã¸ µü¦°¤ 㧰« œÞ‰²Ò². ƒ˜¸ ˜²“IJҘ°œ²¶ªÊ° £°œ°£¹
¡¯§ÏŸ¸ „µÊ𧲹 ƒ¶Ô¯à 0 ¡¯§ÏŸ°§²¹ ƒ· ¿¾·Ê² ˜²“įª²Ò˜¯—¸.
„š¯®¥—£¯¤° µãϬω¯Ü¾²¹ ˆ¯¶¥¯ ‚¨²‰à¾²¹ £°œ°£¹ ¡¯§ÏŸ¸ ª»˜»¯Ÿ£²Ê¸.
’Ĩ²µ“ ¡¯Ã¸ ½‹¯£ ½ã¶š«Ì¯¤˜² µ‰¯Ê¸ £°œ°£¹ ¡¯§ÏŸ¸ ª¨µ¥ ‰²¦ª¯—¸.
‰©°Ç ªÜ¬¹ +2¤°µ§ ‰²È°‰à 0 (Ÿ±¶¦¯) ¡¯§ÏŸ°Þ ›¯¥¯¨¹ ¿¾·Ê²‰à
˜²“Ä°¤°È²Ê¸. ƒ· ¿¾·Ê²‰¨°Þ µü¾² £²¶Šœ¤¯—¸
ã—¹ ã°Ïª§°¾²Ò˜¸.
㧰« ¥®°˜ œ°¶Àã¹:- (‰¦ú¸ µ•¶Ô¯Ÿ°Ý¸Ÿ¸) ƒ· ¿¾·Ê¸ Ÿ¯›¯¥—¤¯¤°
‰Åª“¾¯¥²¹ 㧰« ª¯Ä¯Ì ‚¨²‰¨²¹ ˜²“Ä²Ò œ°¶À㣯—¸. ’Ĩ²µ“ š¼±ã°Þ
‰³“²˜§¯¤²¹
ƒ·
¿¾·Ê¯—¸
œ°§ª°§²á˜¸.‰¯¥—¹
90%
£²å±Ä¨²¹
㧰«
¶ªÊ¯Ì˜°œ¯Þ ƒ· ¿¾·Ê°§¯—¸ ã—¹ œ°¶Àã°¾²Ò˜¸.
ð°¥
œ°¶Àã¹:-
(ý°‰¸æ•¸
µ•¶Ô¯Ÿ°Ý¸Ÿ¸)
œ°õ°˜
‰¯§¯ª›°¾²á°Þ
˜°¥°µÅ“²¾²ª¯Ï Ÿ¯›°¾²Ò œ°¶Àãĵ¨ ð°¥ œ°¶Àã¹ †Ò² 㦤²Ò². ƒ˜¸ 15
š°ªŸ¹ £²˜Þ 10 ªÜ¬¹ ªµ¥ œ°¶Àã°¾¯¹. ˆ¯¶¥¯ ‰¯§¤¨ª°§²¹ ª°ª°› 㧰«
¡¯Ã²‰à œÞ‰²Ò². ƒ· œ°¶À㹠㧠¡¯Ã²‰¨°§²¹ 㧠œ¯£Ì°Þ ¿¦°¤µÔ“²Ò².
‰³“¯µ˜ ª°š³¥ ð§Ä¨°¶§¾¸ ã—¹ ¿¤¤¸¾²ª¯œ²á Ÿ¹ª°›¯œÄ¨²¹ ¡¯Ã°œ²Ê¸.
ª¯¤¸ã
(¶§¯É ¸Ÿ¸) º-
¡¯Ã²‰à
ª¯¤¸ã¯ãΘ°‰¨°§²µ“¤¯—¸.
¿¢°œÑœ±¤£¯—¸.
’Ĩ²µ“
š¼±ã²‰¯¥²µ“
‰“¹
š¼±ã°µ§
„ã×±ªœ£¯Ü‹£¯¤
µ‰¯“²¾²Ò˜¸
㧘¥¹
¡¯Ã²‰¨²µ“
¶Ÿªœ¹
£˜¸Ÿ»¡œ¸›œ¹,
µ˜Ä²‰´¬°,
‰³“¯µ˜ 㯪µÔÈ ×œÄà Ÿ¼¤¹ ‰µÊÌ°¤ ª¥²£¯œ £¯Ü‹£¯¤ ý°¬¸ ã°¾°à ‰Øœ°,
¿Ô¾Øœ°, ¶˜Ä¯ µ‰¯Ê²á ª°¢ªÄà £²˜§¯¤ µü¦²‰°“ ª»ªŸ¯¤Äà ˜²“Ä°
š¼±ã°µ§ ˆÈ²£°¾ ª±ÈÙ£¯Ü¾²¹ ¿¾·Ê°Ä¸ ˜²“Ä¯Ï ¿ªŸ¥¹ œÞ‰°¤˜²¹ ¡¯Ã°µú
ª°«¼Ÿœ±¤£¯¤ ¶Ÿªœ½ãªÜÌœª²¹ ¿¾·Ê²‰¨²µ“ ƒ¨ª²‰¨²£¯—¸..
‰³“¯µ˜ ’Ĩ²µ“ š¼±ã°§²á ü‰°¥° ª»ªŸ¯¤ Ÿ¹¥¹¢Äྲ¹ (†Ÿ¸.†Ÿ¸µ†)
µ˜Ä²‰´¬°
‰Ü¬‰Ü¾²¹
½®Ÿ¼‰¯§
ª¯¤¸ã‰¨²¹
š±ÜŒ
‰¯§
ª¯¤¸ã‰¨²¹
£˜¸Ÿ»µÌ¯©°§¯¨°‰à¾¸ £°˜£¯¤ 㧰« œ°¥¾°Þ œÞ‰²Ò ª¯¤¸ã‰¨²¹ š¼±ã°µ§
㲶¥¯‹£œ
ª°‰Ÿœ
½ãªÜÌœÄྸ
¡¯Ã°œ²á°µ§ ªÜ—ŸØ³Ü—£¯¤
ª¨µ¥¤›°‰¹
½ã›¯œ»£Ü®°¾²Ò².
㥟»Ä¨°Þ œ°Ò²¹ ª°š»¯¢»¯Ÿ ª¯¤¸ã‰à, ª±“¸
ª¤¸¾¯œ²á ª¯¤¸ã‰à, ª¯®œÄà ª¯Ä°¾¯œ²á ª¯¤¸ã‰à, ‹´¶®¯ã‰¥—Äà
3
ª¯Ä°¾¯œ²á ª¯¤¸ã‰à †Ò°ªµ¤¾²¦°Å²á ª°ª¥Äà §¢»£¯—¸. ƒÄµœ †ß¯
¶£Š§‰¨°µ§ ¡°Ÿ°œŸ²‰¯Ü¾²¹ Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ Ÿ¯£³®» ¥¹‹Ä¨°§²¹ ¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê¸
ª¨µ¥¤›°‰¹ ½ã¶¤¯×œµÔ“²Ò².
‹ªÉµ£ú°µú ל¶À£ ãΘ°‰à¾¸ ½ã¯›¯œ»¹ œÞ‰° Ÿ²‹££¯¤ œ“Ì°Ô°œ¸
½ã¶˜»‰°Å²¹ ½‹¯£ ½ã¶š«Ä¨°Þ ¡¯Ã²‰à ª®°¾²Ò ãø ¿¢°œÑœ±¤£¯—¸. ¢¯¥˜
‹ªÉµ£ú°µú 㲘°¤ ãΘ°¤œ²Ÿ¥°Å¸ Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯¥µœ ¡¯Ã°Â¸ ¶£Š§¤°¶§¾¸
µ‰¯Ê² ª¥²Ò˜°œ¸ ƒ·¤°µ“ 㥟¸ã¥ Ÿ®¯¤ Ÿ¹ŒÄà (†Ÿ¸ †Å¸. ×°) ŸÜ¶â
œ“Ì°¤˜œ²Ÿ¥°Å¸ ˆ¥² ª±È°Þ ˆ¥² ¿¾·Ê¸ †Ò ãΘ°¤¸¾¸ ’Ĩ²µ“ µ‰¯Å²
š¼±ã°Þ ˜²“¾¹ ‰²¦°¾²‰¤²¹ µü¤¸˜². ƒ· „š»£Ì°œ¸ ¡¯Ã°¶œ¯“¸ š¼±ã Ÿ£³®¹ £²©²ªÏ
„àµÔ“²‰¤²¹ ˆ¥² ŸØ³Ü— ¡¯Ã°¹‹¸ ¶£Š§¤¯¤° •°‰ÿ¤Ü µüÛ²ª¯Ï Ÿ¯›°¾µÈ!
§Àš¼±ã°Þ „àµÔ“²Ò †µú ƒ· µ‰¯Å² š¼±ã°Þ œ°Ò²¹ †œ°¾¦°¤¯Ï Ÿ¯›°Å
¡¯Ã°µœ¾²¦°Å²á˜²¹ ¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê²‰µ¨ ‰²¦°Å²á ª°«š ª°ª¥Ä¨“Ä°¤ †µú
¶§Šœ¹ ƒª°µ“ Ÿ£¯ã°¾²Ò².
4
£°•°Þ ½‹³Ô¸
¡±‹¹ Ÿ²£Û †.†¹
‰ÿ¯Ÿ¸ 9
‹ªÉµ£ú¸ µµ® Ÿ¸‰³à
‰Ê§
µœÛ¯Ý°Ï‰¥
¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê°§³µ“ Ÿ¯›¯¥— ã·¥œ¸ §¢°¾²Ò
½ã¶¤¯×œÄà
¡¯Ã¸ †Ò¸ 㦤²Ò˜¸ ˆ¥² ð¯ãœ£¯—¸. לĨ°Þ œ°Ò¸ œ°õ°˜ ˜²‰
Ÿ¼±‰¥°¾²‰¤²¹ ¿¶˜¯µ“¯Ô¹ ˜µÒ µã¯˜²×œÄྸ ‚ª«»¯œ²Ÿ¥—¹ ¶§¯É,
ª¯¤¸ã ˜²“Ä°¤ Ÿ®¯¤Ä¨²¹ §¢»£¯¾²Ò². Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰«¯Ÿ¸½˜òœ¯¤ ½‰·˜¦°µú
¿¢°½ã¯¤Ì°Þ ¡¯Ã¸ †Ò² 㦤²Ò˜¸ “לĨ²µ“¤²¹ ¡¯Ã°µú¤²¹ „“£ð˜¤°§²á
‰“Äà 㥰®¥°¾²Ò ˆ¥² ƒ“œ°§¾¯¥œ¯—¸.”
ƒÒµÌ ‰¯§Ì¸ ã—Ì°µú §¨°˜£¯¤ ª°œ°£¤Ÿ½Øš¯¤¹ œÙ²µ“ ü°Ð‰¨°Þ
œ°¦Ç²œ°Þ¾²Ò²Ê¸. ㉥¹ ª¤¸¾¯Ï £µÝ¯Ò²£°ß¯Ì ˆÒ¯—¸ ã—¹. ã—£²áªœ²¹
ã—£°ß¯Ìªœ²¹
ã—µÌ
‰²¦°Å¸
ˆ¥²
¶ã¯µ§
¶ªª§¯˜°µÔ“²Ò².
ŸØ¯š°¾¯µœÒ˜°µœ¾¯¨²¹ œÙ²µ“ ŸØ¯š»¹ Ÿ³À°Å²ª¤¸¾¯œ¯—¸ ¡²Î°£²È¸! ƒ·
¿ªŸ¥Ì°§¯—¸
¡¯Ã°µú
½ã¯›¯œ»¹
ª»ø£¯‰²Ò˜¸.
ˆ¶¥
Ÿ£¤¹
ã—¹
Ÿ²¥À°˜£¯¤°¥°¾²‰¤²¹ ª¨¥²‰¤²¹ ¶ª—¹ ¿ª°µ“¤¯—¸ ¡¯Ã°µú ½ãŸø°.
¡¯Ã°µú ª°«¼¯Ÿ»˜¤¯—¸ ¿˜°µú ¿“°Ì¦. ¡¯Ã°¹‹°µú ¿“°ð¯œ¹ ã—
£¯—¸.
‡µ˜¯¥²
Ÿ¯›¯¥—
Ÿ²¥À°˜˜¼Ì°§¯—¸.
ã·¥œ²¹
˜Äà
‡Ýª²¹
š°ª¶Ÿœ
ª°½¢¯Ð°‰¯—°¾²Ò˜¸
ŸØ¯š°¾²Ò
˜²‰,
ã—Ì°µú
¿˜¸
†½˜
µü¦²˜¯¤°¥²Ò¯§²¹ ª§²˜¯¤°¥²Ò¯§²¹ ¡¯Ã°Þ œ°¶Àã°Å¯Þ, ‚ ã—¹ (¡¯Ã°Þ)
Ÿ²¥À°˜£¯¤°¥°¾²¹.
œ°õ°˜
‰¯§¯ª›°¾²
¶«¬¹
œ°¶Àã°Å
˜²‰
ã°Ïª§°¾²‰¤¯µ—Ã°Þ ¡¯Ã¸ œ£²¾¸ £²˜§°¶œ¯µ“¯Ô¹, œ°õ¤°Å°È²á 㧰«˜²‰¤²¹
œÞ‰²Ò². ƒ˜°Þ œ°Ò²¹ œÙ²µ“ ŸØ¯š»¹ Ÿ¼Ð¹ ª±“²‰¨°µ§ ƒ¥²Ø§£¯¥‰¨°§¯—¸
Ÿ³À°Å°¥²Òµ˜Ã°Þ
œ¯¹
ã—µÌ
˜“ª°§°È°¥°¾²Ò˜²
¿§£¯¥¤¸¾²á°§°¥²Ò¯Þ ã—¹ ª¨¥²‰¤²£°ß.
1
¶ã¯µ§¤¯‰²Ò².
¡¯Ã²‰à ˆ¥² ã·¥µú ŸØ¯š»Ì°§²¹ ª°œ°£¤Ì°§²¹ œ°Ü—¯¤‰ ãò
ª®°¾²Ò². ¡¯Ã°µœ¤²¹ ã·¥µœ¤²¹ ˜Ù°Þ ‰³È°¤°—¾²Ò ˆ¥² ‰Ë°¤¯¤° ‘¡¯Ã¸
¿¾·Ê¸’ ½ãªÜÌ°¾²Ò². ƒ· š´–£¯¤ ‰Ë° Ÿ¯›¯¥— ã·¥µœ ¡¯Ã°µú ‡µ˜¯¥²
¶£Š§µ¤¤²¹ ¡œ¸›°Ô°¾²Ò². ¿˜¸ Ÿ¯›¯¥— ã·¥µœ ¡¯Ã°µú ª°«¼¯Ÿ»˜¤°Þ
µ‰¯µÊÌ°¾²Ò².
¡¯Ã¸
¿¾·Ê²á
ã·¥œ¸
˜µú
ŸØ¯š»¹
Ÿ²¥À°˜£¯¤°
¡¯Ã°Þ
œ°¶Àã°¾¯¹. „š¯®¥—£¯¤° ‘˜µú µµšœ¹š°œ µü§ª²‰à ‰©°Ç¸ ¡¯¾°ª¥²Ò ˜²‰’
¿µßÃ°Þ ‘ˆ¯¶¥¯ £¯Ÿª²¹ ˆ¥² œ°õ°˜ ˜²‰’ £²˜§¯¤ª ˜µú ¢¯ª° ‚ª«»Äྸ
„㶤¯‹°¾²ª¯œ¯¤°È¸ ¿µßÃ°Þ œ£²¾¸ ‚ª«»£²á¶Ô¯à ã°Ïª§°¾¯œ¯¤°È¸ ¡¯Ã°Þ
œ°¶Àã°¾¯¹. ‰³“¯µ˜, ˆ¥² ã·¥œ¸ ª°¶š«Ì²œ°¶Ò¯, £Ý² ð¯ãœÄ¨°Þ œ°¶Ò¯, £Ý²
ª»ø°‰¨°Þ œ°¶Ò¯ ‰°È²ª¯œ²á ã—¹ ½ãŸ¸˜²˜ ª»ø°¾¸ ¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê¸ „µÊðÞ
£Ý²áªÜ¾¸ ¿˜°Þ œ°¶Àã°¾¯¹. ã°µÒ ‚ª«»£²á¶Ô¯à “°¤¯œ¸ ¿¾·Ê°Þ œ°Ò¸
ã—¹ ã°Ïª§°¾¯ª²Ò˜²£¯—¸.
¿˜²¶ã¯µ§
¿¾·Ê¸
„á
ˆ¥²
ª»ø°
£µÝ¯¥¯à¾¸
ã—¹
µ‰¯“²¾²ª¯œ²µÊÃ°Þ œ°õ°˜ ˜²‰ †©²˜°¤ µü¾¸ µ‰¯“²¾¯ª²Ò˜²¹ ¿˜²ª©°
¡¯Ã°Þ œ°Ò¸ ‚ ˜²‰ ã°Ïª§°¾¯ª²Ò˜²£¯—¸.
¡¯Ã°Þ ¿¾·Ê²á ‡µ˜¯¥² ã·¥œ²¹ ¡¯Ã¸ ‰¯§½‰¶£— 㧠Ÿ®¯¤Ä¨²¹
œÞ‰²Ò².
¡¯Ã²‰à 㧠ª°›£²µÊ𧲹 Ÿ¯›¯¥— לÄྰ“¤°Þ Ÿ¼¯›±œ£²á˜¸
ª¯—°×»¡¯Ã²‰à¾¯—¸.
¿˜²µ‰¯Ê¸
˜µÒ
ƒª¤²µ“
¶ŸªœÄà
Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰
¶£Š§¤°Þ ¿˜±ª ½ã¯›¯œ»£Ü®°¾²Ò². ¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê²áªÜ¾¸ ‚›²œ°‰ ¡¯Ã²‰à
½ã›¯œ£¯¤²¹ ¥Ê²˜¥¹ ›Ü£Ä¨¯—¸ œ°Üª®°¾²Ò˜¸. ¡¯Ã²‰¨²µ“ ½ã¯™£°‰ š·˜»¹
œ°¶À㟼±‰¥—ª²¹ ª¯¤¸ã¯ ª°˜¥—ª²£¯—¸.
¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê²á œ°¶À㉜¸ ‚ª«»µÔ“²Ò ‡˜¸ Ÿ£¤Ì²¹ ˜°¥°µ‰
œÞ‰¯µ£Ò
„“Ø“°¤°§¯—¸
ã—¹
Ÿ¼±‰¥°¾²Ò˜¸.
œ°¶Àã¶Ì¯µ“¯Ô¹
œ°õ°˜œ°¥¾°§²á 㧰«¤²¹ µ‰¯“²¾²ª¯Ï ¡¯Ã¸ ¡¯›»ð£¯—¸. œ°¶Àãĵ¨
¿ª¤²µ“
½ã¶˜»‰˜¤¸¾œ²Ÿ¥°Å¸
𰥜°¶ÀãÄà,
¶Ÿª°¹‹¸Ÿ¸
µ¦¾¦°¹‹¸
œ°¶ÀãÄà, ‰¦ú¸ œ°¶ÀãÄà †Ò°Äµœ ˜¥¹ ˜°¥°Å°¥°¾²Ò².
ˆ¥² œ°õ°˜ ˜²‰ ˆ¥² ½ã¶˜»‰ ‰¯§ã¥°›°¤°¶§¤¸¾¸ œ°¶Àã°¾²Ò˜¯—¸
𰥜°¶Àã¹. Ÿ¯›¯¥—¤¯¤° 30 š°ªŸ¹ £²˜Þ †½˜ ªÜ¬¹ ¶ª—µ£Ã°§²¹
2
𰥜°¶ÀãÄà Ÿ¼±‰¥°¾¯ª²Ò˜¯—¸. ˜¯¥˜¶£»œ „¤ÜÒ œ°¥¾°§²á 㧰«¤¯—¸
𰥜°¶ÀãĨ²µ“
½ã¶˜»‰˜.
ƒ˜¸
Ÿ¯›¯¥—
œ°¶Àã‰Ü¾¸
ª¨µ¥
½ã¶¤¯×œ‰¥£¯—¸. µü¾¸ œÞ‰²Ò 㘰ª¸ ƒ· œ°¶ÀãÄྰß. œ°¶Àã‰Ü¾¸
𰥜°¶ÀãÌ°µú ¿“°ð¯œÌ°Þ ¡¯Ã¸ ¶§¯É œÞ‰²Ò².
Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯µ¥¤²¹ £›»ªÜ‹¾¯µ¥¤²¹ „¶Í«°Å² µ‰¯Ê²á˜¯—¸ ¶Ÿª°¹‹¸Ÿ¸
œ°¶ÀãÄà.
ª¥²£¯œÌ°µú
µü¦°µ¤¯¥²
¢¯‹¹
œ°¶À㣯¾²Ò¶˜¯µ“¯Ô¹
㧰«¤°œÌ°Þ ª¥²£¯œ¹ „ʯ¾²ª¯œ²¹ ƒÌ¥¹ œ°¶ÀãÄà Ÿ®¯¤°¾²Ò². ˆ¥²
¶Ÿª°¹‹¸Ÿ¸ ¿¾·Ê¸ ˜²“IJҤ¯à¾¸ 㯟¸ ¡²¾¸ œÞ‰²Ò²Ê¸. ¿˜°Þ ‚¨°µú
¿¾·Ê¸
œØ¥²¹,
¶ã¥²¹
œ°¶Àã°¾²Ò˜²¹
ã°Ïª§°¾²Ò˜²£¯¤
˜²‰¤²¹
¶¥ŠµÔ“²Ì²Ò². ‘µü¾°’µú Ÿ·‰¥»¹ ƒ˜°Þ §¢»£¯—¸. ¶Ÿª°¹‹¸ ¿¾·Ê°µ§ 㧰«
‰—¾¯¾²Ò˜¸
ˆ¥²
£¯ŸÌ°µú
10-¯¹
š°ªŸÌ°œ²¹
¿ªŸ¯œ
½ãª´Ì°š°ªŸÌ°œ²£°“¤°µ§ ‡Ýª²¹ ‰²¦Ç ˜²‰¤¸¾¯—¸.
𰥜°¶ÀãĨ²µ“¤²¹ ¶Ÿª°¹‹¸Ÿ°µú¤²¹ ½ã¶˜»‰˜‰à ˆÌ² ¶üÜÒ˜¯—¸
‘µ¦¾¦°¹‹¸’ œ°¶ÀãÄà. ¿Æ² ¥³ã¤²µ“ ‹²—°˜Ä¨¯¤¯—¸ ƒ˜°µ§ œ°¶ÀãÄà.
£µÝ¯¥² ½ã¶˜»‰˜ ˆ¥² œ°õ°˜ ‰¯§ŒÈÌ°¶§¾²á˜¯—¸ ƒÌ¥¹ œ°¶ÀãÄà
†Ò˜¯—¸. ‰¯§¯ª›° ¿ªŸ¯œ°¾²¶Ø¯¶©¾²¹ œ°¶Àã°Å ˜²‰ ‰³È²ã§°«¤“¾¹
œ°¶Àã‰Ü¾¸ ˜°¥°µ‰ œÞ‰²Ò². ‰²¦Ç ¶˜¯˜°Þ 𰥪¥²£¯œ¹ ¶œ“²Òª¥¯—¸
½ã›¯œ£¯¤²¹ µ¦¾¦°¹‹¸ œ°¶ÀãĨ°Þ œ°¶ÀãÄà ƒ“¯¦²á˜¸.
Ÿ¯›¯¥—¤¯¤° ªÏ‰°“ ¡°Ÿ°œæ²‰¯¥²¹ ‰Øœ°‰¨²¹ £Ý²£¯—¸ ‰¦ú¸ ¿¾·Ê¸
‚¥¹¢°¾¯¦²á˜¸. µü¾°µú Ÿ·‰¥»¹ ƒ· ¿¾·Ê²‰¨°Þ §¢»£¯—¸. ‡µ˜Ã°§²¹
ƒ·“²‰¨²µ“
¿“°ð¯œÌ°Þ
œ°¶Àã°Å
˜²‰µ¤¾¯¨²¹
¿›°‰¹
ã—¹
ã°Ïª§°¾¯ª²Ò “ˆ¯ªÜ½•¯ý¸Ý¸” Ÿ·‰¥»¹ ƒ· ‰¦ú¸ ¿¾·Ê²‰¨°Þ §¢»£¯—¸.
¡¯Ã²‰¨²µ“ ½ã¯›¯œ»£²á ›Ü£Ä¨°Þ ½ã›¯œµÔÈ ˆÒ¯—¸ ª¯¤¸ã ª°˜¥—¹.
¡¯Ãܾ¸ ª¥²£¯œ¹ §¢°¾²Ò˜¸ ª¯¤¸ã¤¸¾¸ §¢°¾²Ò 㧰«¤°Þ œ°Ò¯—¸. Ÿ¯›¯¥—
¾¯¥µú 㧠‚ª«»Ä¨²¹ £²Ò°Þ ‰Ê¸ ¡¯Ã¸ ª¯¤¸ã ª°˜¥—¹ µüÛ²Ò².
¡¯Ã²¹
ƒ“㯓²‰¯¥œ²¹
˜Ù°§²á
„“Ø“°¤²µ“
ý§£¯¤°
œ°¶Àã°¾²Ò
˜²‰¶¤¾¯à ‰³“²˜Þ ã°Ïª§°¾¯ª²Ò Ÿ·‰¥»£¯—¸ ˆ¯ªÜ½•¯ý¸Ý¸. ‡µ˜Ã°§²¹
ƒ·“°µú ¿“°ð¯œÌ°Þ ã°Ïª§°¾¯ª²Ò ˜²‰¤¸¾¸ ˆ¥² 㥰›° œ°õ¤°¾²Ò².
ã°Ïª§°¾²Ò
˜²‰¤¸¾²
½ã¶¤¯×œ‰¥£¯—¸.
£µÝ¯¥²
£¯½˜¶£
㧰«
½ã›¯œµÔÈ
ƒ·“¯¾²Ò²á³.
ª¯¤¸ã¯
3
ƒ˜¸
ª°˜¥—£¯—¸
œ£²¾¸
‰»¯¬¸
ª¨µ¥
µ½‰•°Ý¸.
ƒ“㯓²‰¯¥µú ã¾Þ œ°Ò²¹ ƒ·“¯¤° §¢°¾²Ò ªŸ¸˜²ª‰‰¨²µ“¶¤¯, Ÿ¼Ü—
Ì°µú¶¤¯ ª°§¤²µ“ ¿“°ð¯œÌ°§¯—¸ ª¯¤¸ã¯ 㥰›° œ°õ¤°¾²Ò˜¸.
¡°Ÿ°œæ²‰¯Ü
˜Ù°Þ
µµ‰£¯¦¯ª²Ò
‘¶½“•¸
¡°ÞŸ¸’
•°Ÿ¸‰·Ê¸
µüÛ²Ò˜¯—¸ £µÝ¯¥² ½ã›¯œµÔÈ ª¯¤¸ã¯ Ÿ½Øš¯¤¹.
¡¯Ã¸ ×±ªœ¾¯Ü¾¯¤° ¶§¯É Ÿ·‰¥»¹ œÞ‰²Ò ‰¯¥»¹ Ÿ²ã¥°ü°˜£¯—¸. ˆ¥²
½ã¶˜»‰ ‚ª«»Ì°œ¯¤¯—¸ ½ã›¯œ£¯¤²¹ ¶§¯—²‰à ¿œ²ªš°¾²Ò˜¸. £°¾ª¯¦²¹
˜ª—‰¨¯¤¯—¸ ƒ˜°µú ˜°¥°Å“ª¸.
µã¯˜²¶ª Ÿ¯›¯¥— ˜¯©¸Ò ª¥²£¯œ¾¯¥¯¤ ‡µ˜¯¥² ã·¥œ²¹ „¤ÜÒ² ª¥²Ò
ü°§ª²‰µ¨ £¦°‰“¾¯œ¯¤° ¡¯Ã²‰à ¡•¸×ݸ ¶§¯—²‰à œÞ‰²Ò². ª¥ª²¹ ü°§ª²¹
˜Ù°§²á
ª»˜»¯Ÿ¹
¿‰Ý°
œ°Ü̯Ï
ƒÌ¥¹
¶§¯—²‰à
Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯¥µœ
Ÿ®¯¤°¾²Ò². ª°¶š«¥¯×»Ä¨°Þ ¡•¸×ݸ ¶§¯—²‰à ½ãü¯¥¹ ¶œ“°¤°È²µÊ𧲹
œÙ²µ“ œ¯È°Þ µã¯˜²¶ª ‰²¦ª¯—¸.
‡µ˜¯¥² ã·¥µú¤²¹ ½ã¯™£°‰ ‚ª«»Ä¨°µ§¯Ò¯¤ ª±“²‰à¾²¹ ›¯¥¯¨£¯¤°
ª¯¤¸ã‰à §¢°¾²Ò². µü¦²˜²¹ ª§²˜²£¯¤ †ß¯ ¡¯Ã²‰¨²¹ ¢ªœª¯¤¸ã œÞ‰²Ò˜°Þ
£˜¸Ÿ¥°¾²Ò ‰¯§£¯—°Ò¸. ª¯¤¸ã¯ ˜²‰ ˜ª—‰¨¯¤¯—¸ ¿“¤¸¶¾Ê˜¸.
œ°§ª°Þ µµ‰¤°§²á ªŸ¸˜²ª‰‰à ª°Þ¾²Ò˜°œ¸ £²Ø¯¤° 㲘°µ¤¯µ¥Ë¹
ª¯Ä²Ò˜°œ¯¤° ‚¨²‰à ½«£°¾¯¦²Ê¸. ƒÌ¥¹ ‚ª«»Äྯ¤° ¡¯Ã¸ ½¡°•¸×°¹‹¸
¶§¯—²‰à œÞ‰²Ò². ª°Þ¾¯œ²á µ‰È°“Ä඾¯ ª¯®œÄ඾¯ «¥°¤¯¤ ª°§
§¢°¾¯˜°¥°¾²‰¤²¹ ¿¶˜Ÿ£¤¹ ª¯Ä¯œ²á ªŸ¸˜²¾à¾¸ ª°§ ‰²¦Ç°¥°¾²‰¤²¹
µüÛ²¶Ø¯©¯—¸ ƒÌ¥¹ ª¯¤¸ã‰à ½ã¶¤¯×œµÔ“²Ò˜¸.
˜µú
ã¥Ø¯¥‹˜
¿ª‰¯«£¯¤°
‰°È²Ò
ªŸ¸˜²ª°µú
¶£Þ
¿›°‰¯¥¹
ð¯ã°µÅ“²¾¯Ï ‚ª«»£¯¤ ü°§ª²‰¨°¶§¾¸ ‡µ˜Ã°§²¹ ˆ¥² ª»ø° †“²¾²Ò
¶§¯—¯—¸ µ½ã¯¶¡Ý¸ ¶§¯—²‰à. ªŸ¸˜²ª°œ²¶£Þ ü²£Ì°¤°¥°¾²Ò ‰¥¹ ¿“¤¸¾²‰,
„“£ð¯ª‰¯«¹ µ˜¨°¤°¾²‰ ˜²“Ä°¤ µü§ª²‰à¾¯ª«»£¯¤ ˜²‰ ª¯¤¸ã¤¯¤°
¡¯Ã²‰à œÞ‰²Ò². ƒ˜¸ Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯¥œ¸ ª¨µ¥ ½ã¶¤¯×œ£²á˜¯—¸.
œÙ²µ“ œ¯“°µú Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰Œ“œ¤°Þ µü¦²˜ß¯Ì ð¯ãœ£¯—¸ ½ã¯¶š«°‰
½‹¯£±— ¡¯Ã²‰à¾²á˜¸. 1972µ§ ¡¯Ã°Â¸ ‰Ù±¬µú ¦°¶Ô¯Üȸ ½ã‰¯¥¹ 1975-Þ
¶‰½Ñ‹ªÉµ£ú¸ ¦±×°¤—Þ ¦³¦Þ ¡¯Ã¸ ˆ¯•°œÏŸ¸ 㯟¯¾°. ½‹¯£±—¶£Š§¤°µ§
¡¯Ã°Â¸ ¶ŸªœÄà ª»¯ã°Ô°¾²‰, µü¦²‰°“ ƒ“Ì¥¹ ‰´¬°¾¯Ü¾²¹ ‰Åª“¾¯Ü¾²¹
ª¯¤¸ã §¢»£¯¾²‰, Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ ª°˜¥—Ì°µ§ ¶ã¯¥¯¤¸£‰à 㥰®¥°¾²‰ ˜²“Ä°¤
4
§À»Äà
Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯Ü¾°“¤°Þ
½ã¯¡§»Ì°Þ
ª¥²Ò˜°œ¸
½‹¯£±—¡¯Ã²‰à
Ÿ®¯¤‰£¯‰²Ò².
ƒÐ»Ï ŸØš¸Œ“œ¤²µ“ ½ã›¯œµÔÈ Œ“‰Ä¨°µ§¯Ò¯—¸ Ÿ®‰¥—¡¯Ã²‰à.
1904µ§ ¶‰¯-ˆ¯¶Ô¶¦Ý±ª¸ µ½‰•°Ý¸ µŸ¯µµŸÝ±Ÿ¸ œ°¤£½ã‰¯¥£¯—¸ ƒ· ¡¯Ã²‰à
ð¯ã°¾µÔȘ¸. Ÿ®‰¥—¡¯Ã²‰¨²µ“ ¥³ã±‰¥—¹ ‰Ü¬‰Ü¾¸ ã²Ìœ²—ܪ¸ œÞ‰°.
Ÿ®‰¥—¡¯Ã²‰à
‰²¦Ç
㧰«
œ°¥¾°Þ
ã—¹
ª¯¤¸ã¤¯¤°
œÞ‰¯¦²Ê¸.
Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯¥µú 㥰£°˜°‰µ¨ ‰—¾¯¾°¤°È¯—¸ ƒ· ¡¯Ã²‰à œ°§µ‰¯á²Ò˜¸.
œ°¶Àã¹
Ÿ¼±‰¥°¾²Ò˜°Þœ°Ò²¹
ª¯¤¸ã
µ‰¯“²¾²Ò˜°Þ
œ°Ò²¹
£Ý²¹
¡¯Ã²‰à ¡®²š³¥¹ £²¶Ò¯È¸ ¶ã¯¤°¾©°Ç°¥°¾²Ò². ¥¯×»Ì¸ ‰“²Ì £˜¸Ÿ¥¹
¶œ¥°“²Ò ƒ· ‚›²œ°‰ ‰¯§ŒÈÌ°Þ £°˜£¯¤ œ°¥¾°§¯—¸ ¡¯Ã²‰à ¶Ÿªœ¹
µüÛ²Ò˜¸.
¥¯×»µÌ
Ÿ¯›¯¥—
½ã¶¤¯×œ‰¥£¯‰²Ò˜¸.
Ÿ²¥À°˜˜¼
לÄྯ—¸
ƒÌ¥¹
¶ŸªœÄà,
‚¢»Ð¥
‚¢»Ð¥
¶ŸªœÄà
¶ŸªœÄ¨°Þ
œ°¶À㶟ªœÄà,
‡Ýª²¹
½ã›¯œµÔȪ¤¯—¸
ã—µµ‰£¯Ý¹,
ƒÏ¬²¦ÏŸ¸
¶ŸªœÄà, ½“è¸ ¶ŸªœÄà, ®¤Ü ãܶş¸ ˜²“Ä°¤ª.
ƒ“㯓²‰¯¥²µ“
ª°§¶¤¦°¤
ªŸ¸˜²¾¨²¹
½ã¯›¯œ»¶£¦°¤
¶¥Š‰¨²¹
Ÿ²¥À°˜£¯¤° Ÿ³À°¾²Ò˜°œ²á Ÿ·‰¥»¹ ¡¯Ã²‰¨°§²Ê¸. ƒ˜°œ¯¤° ¶§¯¾¦²‰à
†Ò¦°¤µÔ“²Ò ,Ÿ·‰¥»£¯—¸ „㶤¯‹°¾²Ò˜¸. µü¦°¤ ¶˜¯˜°§²á ˆ¥² ý±Ÿ¸
£¯½˜£¯—¸ ƒ˜°œ¸ ¡¯Ã¸ ƒ“㯓²‰¯¥°Þ œ°Ò²¹ ƒ·“¯¾²Ò˜¸.
œ°¶À㉥²µ“ Ÿ¯ØÌ°‰ „㶚¬¸“¯¾¨¯¤¯—¸ ¡¯Ã²‰à ½ãªÜÌ°¾²Ò˜¸.
µ¬¤Ü £¯Ü¾Ý²‰à, £»³Å¼Þ ýʲ‰à ˜²“Ä°¤ª £°‰Å œ°¶Àã Ÿ¯›»˜‰¨¯—¸.
ƒÌ¥¹ œ°¶Àãĵ¨¾²¦°Å²á £¯Ü‹œ°Ü¶š«Äà ¡¯Ã¸ œ°¶Àã‰Ü¾¸ œÞ‰²Ò².
§¯¢ª°®°˜¹, ª¨ÜÅ, œ¬¸“Ÿ¯›»˜, ¢¯ª°¤°µ§ ª¥²£¯œ Ÿ¯›»˜ ˜²“Ä°¤ªµ¤ß¯¹
¿ã½‹™°Å¸ ã”°¾²Ò ¡¯Ã°µú ˜µÒ ½ã¶˜»‰ ª°¢¯‹£¯—¸ ƒÌ¥¹ ¶ŸªœÄà
§¢»£¯¾²Ò˜¸. œ°¶ÀãÌ°µú œ°õ°˜«˜£¯œ£¯¤¯—¸ ƒ˜°œ² ý±Ÿ¸ ƒ·“¯¾²Ò˜¸.
ã—Ì°µú µµ‰£¯Ý¹ †ß¯Ì¥¹ ‚¨²‰¨²¹ ‚ª«»µÔ“²Ò ¶Ÿªœ£¯—¸.
ˆ¥¯¨°µú ¿¾·Ê°µ§ ã—¹ £µÝ¯¥¯¨°µú¶¤¯, ð¯ãœÌ°µú¶¤¯ ¿¾·Ê°¶§¤¸¾¸
Ÿ²¥À°˜£¯¤° £¯Ý²ª¯Ï ¡¯Ã¸ Ÿ®¯¤°¾²Ò². •°£¯ú¸ ½•¯ý¸Ý²‰à, µü¾²‰à, µ£¤°Þ
½“¯ÏŸ¸ýÜ ˜²“Ä°¤ª £²Š¯Ð°¥£¯—¸ ¡¯Ã²‰à ƒÌ¥¹ ¶ŸªœÄà œ“̲Ҙ¸.
µü¦°¤ ¶˜¯˜°§²á ˆ¥² ˜²‰ ŸÜª±Ÿ¸ ü¯Üׯ¤° ¡¯Ã¸ ƒ·“¯¾²Ò².
5
ƒ“㯓²‰¯¥²µ“ ƒÏ¬²¦ÏŸ°µú ¶£Þ¶œ¯È¹ ª®°¾²Ò ¡¯Ã²‰à ƒ¶Ô¯à
ŸÜªŸ¯›¯¥—¤¯—¸.
ƒ˜°œ¯¤° ¡¯Ã²‰à¾¸ ƒ¶Ô¯à ½ã¶˜»‰ ª°¢¯‹¹ ˜µÒ¤²Ê¸. ƒÏ¬²¦ÏŸ¸
¶ã¯¨°Ÿ°‰µ¨
¿ª¶§¯‰œ¹
µü¤¸˜¸
‡Ýª²¹
£°‰Å
¶ã¯¨°Ÿ°¤°§¯—¸
œ°¶Àã¹
œ“̲Ҙ¸.
Ÿ¯›¯¥— ‹˜°¤°Þ ª§°¤ ˜²‰¤¸¾²á „˜¸ãÒÄà ª¯Ä¯Ï ‚¨²‰à¾¸
¡¯Ã¸ ª¯¤¸ã ‚ª«»£¯¤° ª¥²Ò². ¿Ì¥¹ „˜¸ãÒĵ¨ £²©²ªÏ ª°§ µ‰¯“²Ì¸ ª¯Ä°
ƒ“㯓²‰¯Ü¾¸ ˜ª— ª»ªð¤°Þ œÞ‰²Ò˜°µœ ®¤Ü ãܶş¸ †Ò² 㦤²Ò².
ˆ¥¯¨°µú¶¤¯ ð¯ãœÌ°µú¶¤¯ „“£ð¤°§²á ªŸ¸˜²¾à ¶œ¯¾° œ“̲Ò
¶ŸªœÄà œÞ‰²Ò ¡¯Ã²‰à ƒÒ²Ê¸. ªŸ¸˜²¾à 㥰㯧°¾²‰, ª¥²£¯œª²¹
ü°§ª²¹ ‰´˜´£¯¤° ¶¥ŠµÔ“²Ì²‰, ‰“Äà ˜±Ü̲ µ‰¯“²¾²‰ ˜²“Ä°¤ª¤¯—¸ ½“è¸
¡¯Ã°µú ¶ŸªœÄà. ƒ§‰¸¶½“¯—°‰¸ Ÿ¹ª°›¯œÄà ªÜΰŶ˜¯µ“ ¡¯Ã°¹‹¸ ¶Ÿªœ
¥¹‹Ì¸ ªÏ‰²˜°Å²ü¯È£²Ê¯¤°. ƒÒ¸ ¡¯Ã²‰¨°Þ 㧠¶ŸªœÄ¨²¹ Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯¥µú
µµ‰Ì²Ø°Þ †Ì²Òª°›¹ ª°ã²§±‰¥£¯¤°¥°¾²Ò².
¡¯Ã²‰¨°Þ 㧶ԯ©²¹ ªÏ˜°¥¾²Ê¯‰²¹. ã—¹ ã°Ïª§°¾Þ, µü¾²‰¨²µ“
µµ‰£¯Ý¹, •°£¯ú¸ ½•¯ý¸Ý¸ ˜²“Ä°¤ ã§
‚ª«»Äྲ¹ ª¥²Ò ‚¨²‰¨²µ“
‰¯Ì²œ°Þ¾Þ ˆ©°ª¯¾¯œ¯¤° µ“ßÜ Ÿ°èÌ°µú ½ã¯›¯œ»¹ Ÿ·‰¥»½ãš£¯—¸.
½ã›¯œ£¯¤²¹ Ÿ¯›œÄà ª¯Ä¯œ¯¤° œ¯¹ µ½‰•°Ý¸ ‰¯Ü•¸ „㶤¯‹°¾²Ò˜¸
µµ‰¤°¶§¯ ¡¯Ã¸ ¿¾·Ê°¶§¯ ã—£°µß𧲹 Ÿ¯›œÄà ª¯Ä¯µ£Ò˜¯—¸ ƒ·
‰¯Ü•²
µ‰¯Ê²á
‹²—¹.
Ÿ¯›œÄà
ª¯Ä°¤
˜²‰
œ°õ°˜š°ªŸÌ°œ‰¹
˜°¥°Å“¤¸¾—µ£Ò²á¶˜¤²á³.
ƒÒ² ŸÜ⟯›¯¥—¯—¸ µ•¡°Ý¸ ‰¯Ü•²‰à. ¿¾·Ê°§²á ã—¹ ‡˜¸
Ÿ£¤Ì²¹
ã°Ïª§°¾¯µ£Ò˜¯—¸
ƒ˜°µú
½ã¶˜»‰˜.
¡¯Ã¸
ˆ¯ý¸
ƒÐ»¤¯—¸
ƒÐ»¤°Þ ‚š»£¯¤° †.“°.†¹ ‰¯Ü•¸ ¿ª˜¥°Ô°Å ¶š«Ÿ¯˜¸‰´˜ ¡¯Ã¸. µ•¡°Ý¸
‰¯Ü•²‰¨²µ“ Ÿ²¥À „¦Ô¯¾²Ò˜°œ¯¤° ¥®Ÿ» œØ¦²‰¨°§²á 㯟¸ ¶ªÜ•²‰à
„㶤¯‹°¾²Ò².
¥¯×»µÌ ½‹¯£±—¶£Š§‰¨°µ§ ¥¹‹Ä¨°Þ ½ãªÜÌ°¾²‰µ¤Ò „¶Í«¶Ì¯
µ“¤¯—¸ ‹ªÉµ£ú¸ 1982-§¯—¸ œ¡¯Ü•¸ ½ãªÜÌœ¹ ‚¥¹¢°¾²Ò˜¸. ¥¯×»µÌ
½‹¯£±— ¶£Š§¤²µ“ ª°‰ŸœÌ°œ¯¤° ƒÐ»¯ ‹ªÉµ£ú¸ 1978-Þ µ†.‚Ü.•°.ã°
œ“Ô°§¯¾²Ò˜¸.
ƒÄµœ, ¡¯Ã²‰à Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯¥µú ‡µ˜¯¥² ¶£Š§‰¨°§²¹ ½ã¯ªÜÌ°‰
£¯¤°¥°¾²Ò².
¡¯Ã¸
ˆ¥²
¶Ÿªœð¯ãœµ£Ò
ˆ·ü°˜»¹ ¶œ“°¾©°Ç°¥°¾²Ò².
6
œ°§¤°Þ
Ÿ¯›¯¥—¾¯Ü¾°“¤°Þ
Senior Group
Rekha T.P.
Std. XI
LSN Girls Higher Secondary School
Ottapalam
VARIOUS BENEFITS AND FACILITIES AVAILABLE
FROM BANKS TO THEIR CUSTOMERS
Consequent to the introduction of technology in the banking sector and the entry
of new generation private sector banks, the level of competition among the banks have
considerably increased. This competition has lead to a large number of products and
services in the banking sector being extended to the public at large, at affordable costs.
In the present day almost all the financial products and services available in the market
are available at a single point of sales i.e. the bank where a customer deals. A few of
the products and services which can be used by the public are as follows:
1)
ATM Cards/Debit Cards:
This facility is extended to customers round-the-clock
for withdrawal or deposits of money to their accounts. The customer need not go to his
bank for this purpose, he or she can just step into the ATM for completing the password
by using the unique password.
Other value-added services are also offered to
customers like booking of rail tickets and air tickets, re-charge of mobile cards, payment
(which can be done with the help of ATM) of educational fee, etc. Customers can also
share the ATM of another bank at a small cost.
2)
Consequent to the rapid progress made in the communication sector, usage of
mobile phones and internet is also widely popular. Customers can avail the services of
mobile banking and internet banking with the help of unique identification number and
can get the SMS alerts through their mobile phone for the amounts deposited and
withdrawn from their accounts. Customers can also make use of the 'net-banking' to
view their accounts.
3)
The basic functions of the bank is 'acceptance of deposits for the purpose of
lending' has diversified over the last decade.
Customers are being offered other
financial products like life insurance, mediclaim insurance covering hospitalization
expenses, mutual fund products of various companies at the bank where they deal.
4)
Due to the increase in volume of share trading in the share markets, most of the
banks have obtained authorization from Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) for
holding shares in electronic form for its customers, in conformity with the rules framed by
SEBI. Customers are making use of this facility for holding shares as well as for doing
share trading transactions through their DP Accounts.
5)
Many of the statutory payments like direct taxes, indirect taxes, central excise
and customs duty, payment of fee to the Registrar of Companies required for limited
companies etc. are some of the other services offered by the banks to the customers,
which are simple and quick.
6)
In major cities, electronic clearing services facility is being extended to the
customers. This facility makes sure that the interest warrants, dividend warrants, refund
orders, etc. are directly credited to the customers' accounts maintained with that branch.
Advantage of this service is that the transit loss and fraudulent encashment of such
instruments are avoided and the customers' accounts are credited much faster.
7)
The introduction of 'core banking system' has done away with the concept of a
customer being associated with a branch of a bank, instead the customer is treated as
bank's customer. It enables the customer to operate his/her accounts of a particular
branch from any other branches of that bank across the country.
8)
Under the 'core banking system', the customer is offered services for transfer of
funds from one account maintained with one particular bank to another account with
another bank within hours. Such settlements take place as real time basis and is termed
as 'Real Time Gross Settlements' (RTGS) and NEFT (National Electronic Funds
Transfer). It is much improved service the customer is getting due to the development of
technology in banking sector. This facility is also being used by banks themselves for
settlements across the country within 2 hours.
9)
On a day-to-day basis banks are continuing to offer various deposit products and
loan products to suit the needs of the customer. Depending on the market conditions
and economy, competitive interest rates are offered by banks to its customers on its
deposit products. Most of the banks are offering structured loan products under their
personal banking segment to suit the particular needs of the customers, for example,
housing loans, etc. which has made the task very easy and simple. Loans are being
granted to customers at a very competitive price so as to give best advantage to the
customer.
10)
All the banks have set up call centers round-the-clock for enabling the customers
to seek help whenever it is required. Separate departments are also available at various
offices of the banks for redressal of customer enquiries/complaints and all the banks are
aiming for complaint-free banking.
RBI takes effective steps from time to time for
improving the efficiency of all banks functioning in the country.
11)
In the agriculture sector, most of the banks are offering loans to farmers at 7%
p.a. interest rate for a period of 1 year upto an amount of Rs.3 lakhs. This enables the
farmers to borrow loans from banks at a cheap rate and undertake the cultivation,
produce good yield, market it and generate good income for the crops. Apart from this,
most of the banks are also engaged in financing to Agricultural Sector through tie-up
arrangements with reputed societies/boards, sugar mills, farmers' club, etc. where the
farmers are benefited by the fact that their crops produced are brought back at market
rates and the farmer is able to get good income from the produces. It also enables the
farmers to do away with middlemen for marketing of the agricultural produces. A further
improvement in this aspect have taken place recently, whereby the banks are setting up
Internet Kiosks, which helps farmers to find out the markets where their agricultural
produces get best price. Setting up of cold storages and rural godowns are also being
promoted by banks with support from NABARD. The farmers are benefited by the fact
that the agricultural produces can be safely stored without perishing when the price of
the commodities goes up. Agricultural graduates, veterinary graduates are also being
encouraged for setting up agricultural clinics where they are able to render technical
advice and support to farmers at affordable costs with the use of modern technology.
12)
Contract farming, share cropping and tenancy farming has also gained
momentum in the State due to the fact that most of the farmers are having fragmented
land holdings and cultivation of crops in the fragmented land holding may not be
economically viable. In many areas, farmers clubs are actively engaged in cultivating
crops through share cropping pattern and banks are encouraging such activities by
liberalizing the security norms for loans.
Cultivation of medicinal plants through
sponsorship by medicinal plant board is also gaining popularity in the State and most of
the banks are active in supporting such projects.
13)
Banks are actively involved in financing for micro-credit activities. This is very
popular in rural and semi-urban areas and is well supported by Grama Panchayats,
Block Panchayat, Kudumbasree Mission, NGOs etc. Banks are extending micro-credit
assistance by way of loans to Self Help Groups. The objective of this Scheme is to
encourage small savings amongst members of the Group and certain guidelines are
formulated to test the stability of the Group for a period of 6 months. Thereafter, grading
is done for the Groups and loans are extended for the members of the Groups upto 10
times their savings amount with relaxation in security norms. The members of the Group
are benefited by getting financial assistance from banks at cheap rate for meeting any of
their requirements which has reduced their private borrowings at very high interest rates.
To some extent, this has helped the lower and middle income families to get out of the
clutches of private money lenders resulting in social security. Banks are also actively
promoting activity groups from the Self Help Groups who are engaged in various
economic activities.
14)
Banks are also very active in extending financial assistance for young and
aspiring students for pursuing their higher education. The interest rate for these loans
are cheap and the requirements of additional security for studies in India is relaxed upto
loan amount of Rs.7.5 lakhs and for overseas studies upto loan amount of Rs.15 lakhs.
The students need to repay the loan within a period of 5 years only after completion of
their studies and taking up employment.
Since the opportunities for getting decent
employment with good salary in various sectors like software, communication,
insurance, banking, engineering, infrastructure projects, health, etc. are plenty and thus
many of the students are benefited.
15)
Small and medium entrepreneurs is another area where the banks are providing
finance at cheap rate so that these entrepreneurs are able to ensure maximum output as
the goods and services produced with less interest cost. Credit Guarantee Scheme
Trust Fund (CGSTF) has been formed by the Govt. of India for promoting small-scale
industries and banks are financing upto Rs.25 lakhs without insisting on collateral
securities for such units and these loans are in turn guaranteed by the CGSTF for which
a nominal fee is charged as guarantee premium. All the three segments like small,
medium and micro are supported with a view to improve the productivity and the GDP of
the nation.
16)
During the year 2006, Finance Minister has initiated the process of including all
the households for having bank accounts which is termed as 'Financial Inclusion'. Many
relaxations have been permitted in the lower income group like opening of bank
accounts with 'zero balance' and lending small overdrafts to these families upto
Rs.25,000/-. Banks have also simplified procedures for opening such accounts and
promoting savings amongst all households.
All these services extended by the banks to its customers will undoubtedly
contribute to the development of the State and the nation.
_____________