Biology
Semester 2 Final
Review Guide
Terms: Know the following terms by definition and also
understand the concepts that they are related to. For
example it is not enough to know the definition of
“adaptation,” you should understand how it relates to
evolution.
Biotechnology
Selective Breeding
Hybridization
Inbreeding
Genetic Engineering
Restriction Enzyme
Gel Electrophoresis
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid
Transgenic Organism
Cloning
Human Genome
Evolution
Adaptation
Artificial Selection
Trait
Evolution
Natural Selection
Variation
Fitness
Charles Darwin
Directional Selection
Disruptive Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Emigration
Geographic Isolation
Immigration
Reproductive Isolation
Analogous Structures
Embryology
Fossil Record
Evolution Continued
Speciation
Vestigial Organs/Structures
Analogous Structures
Big Bang
Struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest
Index Fossils
Homologous Structures
Index Fossils
Classification
Kingdom
Phylym
Class
Order
Genus
Species
Cladogram
Dichotomous Key
Human Body Systems/Mini-Med School
Homeostasis
Feedback inhibition
-
Review major structures and their functions for
each of the major human body systems:
o Digestive
o Respiratory
o Circulatory
o Nervous
o Skeletal & Muscular
o Reproductive
*** Use your packets and web activities on the wiki to
help you review ***
Biotechnology Review
1. Place the following steps of DNA fingerprinting in the correct order.
1. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size.
2. Analyze resulting patterns of bands.
3. Restriction enzymes cut DNA.
4. Use DNA probes to detect highly variable regions.
2. Given the following DNA fingerprints, which suspect matches up to the evidence?
Evidence
______
______
Suspect A
______
______
______
Suspect B
______
______
______
Suspect C
______
______
______
Suspect D
______
______
E – none
______
3. Which piece of DNA would move farthest in gel electrophoresis? A segment that is
a. 100 base pairs long.
b. 1,000 base pairs long.
c. 5,000 base pairs long.
d. 100,000 base pairs long.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Explain the function of restriction enzymes in making transgenic organisms.
Give an example of a transgenic organism.
Explain how punnett squares and knowledge of how traits are inherited relate to Selective Breeding.
What is the main difference between hybridization and inbreeding?
Describe the process of creating recombinant DNA. Use the words: plasmid, vector, restriction enzyme, DNA.
Evolution Review
1. What are the 4 requirements for natural selection?
2. Explain Lamarck’s theory of evolution and why it is wrong.
3. Before the industrial revolution the peppered moth population in London was predominantly light colored. As
the factories began to take over the population of light colored moths decreased. What type of natural selection
does this example represent: directional, stabilizing, disruptive? Explain how you know and draw a graph to help
you explain.
4. At one point in time there were many gray colored moths and very few white or black colored moths. As time
progressed the population of gray moths decreased while the population of both white and black ones
increased. What type of natural selection does this example represent: directional, stabilizing, disruptive?
Explain how you know and draw a graph to help you explain.
5. Give an example of a homologous structure that is shared by a human and another animal. Explain how
homologous structures show evidence for evolution.
6. Give an example of a vestigial structure/organ found in humans. Explain how vestigial organs/structures show
evidence for evolution.
Matching
1. Species change over time _______
2. All species are derived from common ancestors ______
3. Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s
chance of survival ______
4. Well tested explanation of natural phenomena ________
5. Differences among individuals within a species ______
6. Factor that causes natural selection to occur ________
7. Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
in a specific environment ________
8. Characteristics or behaviors that are gained through one’s life ________
9. Competition for food, space, and other resources
among members of a species __________
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Selective pressure
Acquired trait
Common descent
Natural variation
Evolution
Struggle for existence
Theory
Fitness
Adaptation
Classification Review
Use the cladogram below to answer the questions that follow.
Clade Tetrapoda
Amphibians
Clade Amniota
Reptiles
Clade Mammalia
Marsupials
Hair
Four
limbs
Clade Carnivora
Dogs and relatives
Specialized
shearing teeth
Clade Felidae
Cats
Retractable
claws
Amniotic egg
(egg with
membranes)
1. According to the cladogram below, which two clades include animals that have specialized shearing teeth?
______________________________________
2. What trait separates reptiles and amphibians? _____________________________________
3. What trait(s) are shared between a marsupials, dogs, and cats? _______________________