Biology Semester 2 Final
Review!
This does not prepare you for EVERY
question on the final. You must
consider questions that are related to
the topics presented. DO WORK 
With your host…Ms. Turner!
Central Reproduction Karyotypes
Dogma
& Genetics
Evolution,
Miscellaneous
Cladistics,
Classification
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
Central Dogma : 10
Draw a sketch of how DNA
replication occurs using the
following “strand” of DNA.
A T
T
T
G
C
A
A
A
C
G
T
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 10 - Answer
A
T
T
G
C
A
T
A
A
C
G
T
A
T
T
G
C
A
T
A
A
C
G
T
A
T
T
G
C
A
T
A
A
C
G
T
A
T
T
G
C
A
T
A
A
C
G
T
What is this mode of replication called?
What enzymes are involved in this process?
How is this different from transcription?
Central Dogma : 20
Name at least 3 SPECIFIC
differences between DNA
and RNA.
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 20 - Answer
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.
DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G.
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single
stranded.
DNA is replicated entiredly, RNA is only
transcribed for genes.
DNA replication happens once for a cell,
RNA transcription happens many times.
Central Dogma : 30
Draw a quick sketch of the
following and label which
processes are occurring where.
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 30 - Answer
DNA Replication and Transcription
both happen in the nucleus.
Translation happens in the
cytoplasm on ribosomes.
Can you name
all of the
structures?
Central Dogma : 40
Using the
following
sequence of
DNA, what
would the
polypeptide
be?
ATGGGGACCAAT
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 40 - Answer
ATGGGGACCAAT
UACCCCUGGUUA
Tyr – Pro – Trp - Leu
Central Dogma : 50
Diagram how translation
occurs. Be sure to use the
following correctly:
mRNA, tRNA, ribosome,
codon, amino acid,
peptide bond
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 50 - Answer
mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read
one codon at a time. The anticodon on a
tRNA molecule matches the mRNA and
brings the correct amino acid. Amino
acids are bonded together with peptide
bonds.
How do these peptide bonds form?
Reproduction : 10
True or False: Cancer cells have
a controlled rate of cell
division.
ANSWER
Reproduction : 10 - Answer
False: All cells should have a
controlled rate of cell division.
Cancer cells have lost the ability
to control division. Mutations have
occurred within the genes that
code for genes that regulate cell
division. Can you remember
which genes these are?
Reproduction : 20
How is binary fission different
from mitosis?
What kinds of organisms
undergo each process type?
ANSWER
Reproduction : 20 - Answer
Binary fission –
prokaryotes
Mitosis –
eukaryotes
(division of the
nucleus and its
contents)
Reproduction : 30
Explain/draw & label the
following (what is it and when
is it in this form?):
Chromatin
Chromatids
Tetrads
ANSWER
Reproduction : 30 - Answer
Chromatin = DNA in relaxed form in Interphase
Chromatid = half of a replicated chromosome,
once separated (in Anaphase of Mitosis and
Anaphase II of Meiosis) from sister no longer a
chromatid
Tetrad = pair of homologous chromosomes in
Meiosis, separated in Anaphase I
Reproduction : 40
What is the correct sequence
that describes the
development of a baby?
Baby, Embryo, Fertilization,
Fetus, Zygote
ANSWER
Reproduction : 40 - Answer
Fertilization,
Zygote,
Embryo,
Fetus,
Baby
How do cells become the variety of cells you
have now?
Reproduction : 50
Compare and contrast Mitosis and
Meiosis. Include the following:
Characteristics
1 Type of Cell
2 Number of Stages (does not
include Interphase or Cytokinesis)
3 Number of Daughter Cells
4 Relative (to parent cell) Amount of
Genetic Information (# of chrom.)
5 Daughter Cells Haploid or Diploid
ANSWER
Reproduction : 50 - Answer
Characteristics
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of Cell
Somatic (Body cell)
Gamete (Sex cell)
Number of Stages
(does not include
Interphase or
Cytokinesis)
4
Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase
8
Prophase I & II,
Metaphase I & II,
Anaphase I & II,
Telophase I & II
Number of Daughter
Cells
2
4
Relative (to parent
cells) Amount of
Genetic Information (#
of chrom.)
Identical
Half
Daughter Cells Haploid
or Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
Karyotypes & Genetics : 10
In Nicotiana plants, the allele for green
leaves (G) is dominant over the allele
for yellow leaves (g). Make a Punnett
square to show the cross for a GG
plant and a Gg plant and write the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 10 Answer
G
g
G
GG
Gg
G
GG
Gg
Genotypic Ratio – 2:2:0 or 1:1:0
Phenotypic Ratio – 4:0 or 1:0
Karyotypes & Genetics : 20
In rabbits, grey hair (G) is dominant to white
hair (g).
Also in rabbits, black eyes (B) are dominant to
red eyes (b).
Use a Punnett square to show a
cross between a male rabbit
with the genotype GGbb with a
female rabbit with the genotype
ggBb.
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 20 Answer
gB
gB
gb
gb
Gb
GgBb
GgBb
Ggbb
Ggbb
Gb
GgBb
GgBb
Ggbb
Ggbb
Gb
GgBb
GgBb
Ggbb
Ggbb
Gb
GgBb
GgBb
Ggbb
Ggbb
Karyotypes & Genetics : 30
What sex is the
individual and
what genetic
disorder do
they have?
How do you
know?
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 30 Answer
They are
female.
They have
Down
Syndrome
(Trisomy
21)
Karyotypes & Genetics : 40
In rabbits, grey hair (G) is dominant
to white hair (g).
Also in rabbits, black eyes (B) are
dominant to red eyes (b).
What would be the possible
gametes for a rabbit with
the genotype Ggbb?
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 40 Answer
Gametes for Ggbb:
Gb
gb
(use FOIL to make sure you get
all the combinations)
Karyotypes & Genetics : 50
If the mother of a family is „normal‟ but
carries the recessive gene for cystic
fibrosis and the father is also normal and
does not carry the gene for cystic fibrosis,
what are the chances of them having a
child with a cystic fibrosis?
Cystic Fibrosis (has C.F. Disease) (f)
Normal (no C.F. Disease) (F)
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 50 Answer
Mother: Ff
F
f
Father: FF
F
FF
Ff
F
FF
Ff
They have a 0% chance of having a
child with Cystic Fibrosis because you
need to have the genotype ff to
express that trait.
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 10
Name the levels of taxonomic groups
from most broad to most specific.
Which two are used for an organism‟s
scientific name?
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 10 - Answer
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Genus and species used for scientific name.
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 20
How does variation arise?
(name 2)
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 20 - Answer
Sexual Reproduction
(Meiosis, fertilization)
Mutations
Genetic Drift (chance)
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 30
Use the Peppered Moths to
explain how natural selection
can lead to the population
changing over time.
(Must represent all 3 tenets)
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 30 - Answer
1.
The population of peppered moths grows larger than
the environment can support (reaches/surpasses
carrying capacity). They compete for resources.
2.
Some are better suited for the environment: preindustrial revolution, light colored moths were more
fit, post-IR the dark moths blended in better to the
dark bark (differential survival).
3.
The dark color was caused by a mutation BEFORE
THE IR (IR doesn‟t cause the muation) which
provided the population variation in color. This trait is
heritable and is passed to the next generation and
becomes more common thanks to differential
reproduction.
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 40
Describe an example of artificial
selection.
Who acts as the “environment”
in this situation?
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 40 - Answer
Dog breeding, selecting for
specific traits in crops
Humans are the manipulators –
they act as the “environment”
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 50
Based on the number
of amino acid
differences, which
organism is
most closely
related to the
human?
Name 3 other
pieces of
evidence
scientists could use
to suggest
common ancestry.
Bird
Macaque
Dog
Frog
Lamprey
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification : 50 - Answer
The macaque – it only has 8
different amino acids whereas the
dog (the next closest) has 32.
Other possible evidence: Fossils,
homologous structures, vestigial
structures, emryology
Miscellaneous: 10
How is variation important for
Darwin and Wallace‟s Theory
of Natural Selection?
What could happen if there is
no variation in a population?
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 10 - Answer
Populations have variation for traits that allows
some to be advantageous depending on the
environment and those traits enable the
organism to survive, reproduce, and pass on
that beneficial trait to the next generation. Over
time those traits become more common.
If there is no variation it is possible that a
population/species go extinct if the environment
changes and the population cannot adapt.
Miscellaneous: 20
Who committed the crime? How do
you know?
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 20 - Answer
Bubba – his DNA fingerprint
matches the DNA from the
crime scene
Miscellaneous: 30
Name three properties that
affect the rate of movement of
molecules through agarose
gel.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 30 - Answer
Size
Charge
Shape
Molecular Weight
Miscellaneous: 40
Draw a representation of the
cell cycle labeling the various
stages. Circle the stage in
which DNA is replicated.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 40 - Answer
Miscellaneous: 50
Name the 6 kingdoms and
an important
characteristic for EACH.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 50 - Answer
Eubacteria – very diverse, includes “bad” types
Archaebacteria – extremophiles, includes “good”
types
Protista – mostly unicellular, found anywhere with
water
Plantae – autotrophs (capture light energy to
make own food)
Fungi – secrete enzymes to digest externally,
decomposers
Animalia – ingest and digest food within
specialized cavities, sexual reproduction