Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Biology Semester 2 Exam Review
Chapter 11
Know the following:
Genetics
Fertilization
Allele
Segregation
Homozygous
Heterozygous
True-breeding
Gamete
Phenotype
Incomplete
dominance
Diploid
Multiple alleles Polygenic
traits
Tetrad
Dominant
Codominance
Haploid
Trait
Probability
Genotype
Hybrid
Punnett square
Independent
assortment
Homologous
1. Who is known as the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
2. Why did Gregor Mendel study pea plants?
Easy to cross breed, many different characteristics to observe
3. A father is homozygous dominant for brown hair and a mother is heterozygous
dominant for brown hair. Using the letter b for the alleles, complete the Punnett
Square to determine the traits of the offspring.
B
B
BB
BB
____50____% homozygous dominant
____0_____ % homozygous recessive
Bb
Bb
1
b
____50____% heterozygous dominant
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B
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Chapter 12 – DNA
Know the following:
Transformation
Chromatin
mRNA
RNA polymerase
Start Codon
Framshift
Mutation
and RNA
Bacteriophage
Histone
rRNA
Codon
Stop Codon
Nucleotide
Replication
tRNA
Translation
Mutations
Base pairing
DNA polymerase
Transcription
Anticodon
Point Mutation
1. What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to get information about the structure
of DNA?
X-Ray diffraction
2. Describe Watson and Cricks model of DNA.
Double helix – nucleotides held together with hydrogen bonds
3. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
4. What are the two parts that make up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphate
5. What are Chargaff’s rules with regards to base pairing?
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
6. Where is the DNA of eukaryotes located?
nucleus
7. List the steps of replication.
DNA unzips, primers at nucleotides starting at the 3’ end, DNA polymerase adds the
remaining nucleotides and proofreads until the DNA is replicated
Page
mRNA – carries DNA code to ribosomes, rRNA-combines with proteins to form
ribososmes, tRNA- Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
2
8. Name and describe the functions of the three types of RNA.
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
9. Explain the process of going from DNA to RNA to protein.
TRANSCRIPTION(DNA→RNA) takes place in nucleus; mRNA makes copy of DNA to carry
the message to the ribosome
TRANSLATION(RNA→proteins)takes place on the ribosome; tRNA has an anticodon and
carries the amino acid
Process continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon
10. What would be the complimentary strand of DNA for the following sequence?
ATTCGCA
TAAGCGT
11. Complete the following sequence given the following DNA code.
DNA: ATG CTC ACT TTA
mRNA: UAC GAG UGA AAU
tRNA: AUG CUC ACU UUA
12. Compare and Contrast
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
DOUBLE
SINGLE
SINGLE
DEOXYRIBOSE
RIBOSE
RIBOSE
ATGC
AUGC
AUGC
U
T
T
NUCLEUS
STARTS IN
NUCLEUS GOES TO
RIBOSOME
CYTOPLASM
Is it double or single
stranded?
What type of sugar is
used?
List all nitrogen bases
it has.
Page
Where is it located in
the cell?
3
Which nitrogen base is
missing?
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
13. Identify the parts.
A=SUGAR
B = PHOSPHATE
C= HYDROGEN BOND
D= BASE PAIR
E= NITROGEN BASE
Chapter 13 – Genetic Engineering
Know the following:
Selective
Hybridization
Inbreeding
Breeding
Gel
Recombinant
Polymerase
electrophoresis DNA
Chain Reaction
Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic
Restriction
Enzyme
Clone
Page
1. Which are the parents of the child?
C
2. Which parents might give a false positive if only the longer fragments were
analyzed?
B
3. What process is this a part of?
Gel electrophoresis
4
Use Figure 13-8 to answer questions 1 and 2.
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Chapter 14 – The Human Genome
Know the following:
Karyotype
Sex
Autosome
chromosome
Nondisjunction DNA
fingerprinting
Pedigree
Sex-linked
gene
1. Looking at the following karyotype, answer the following questions.
a. Is the individual a male or female? Why?
Female 2 Xs
b. Is the individual normal or have a disorder? How can you tell? If the
individual has a disorder, what is the name of the disorder?
Disorder, extra chromosome on 21, Down Syndrome
2. What is the purpose of a pedigree? Know the parts.
Show how traits or disorders are passed on from generation to generation
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5
3. How many chromosomes does a normal human have?
46
4. Most human genetic disorders are caused by the expression of what type of
allele: dominant or recessive?
recessive
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Chapter 15,16,17 – Evolution
Know the following:
Evolution
Fossil
Adaptation
Gene pool
Natural
variation
Survival of the Natural
fittest
selection
Relative
Theory
frequency
Artificial
selection
Homologous
structure
Fitness
Vestigial
structure
1. Who contributed the most to the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
2. What did Charles Darwin observe about the organisms on the Galapagos
Islands?
Adapted to the environment and were different on each island
3. Describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution.
Inheritance of acquired traits
4. List the seven evidences for evolution.
Artificial selection, fossil record, geographic distribution, homologous
structures, embryology, DNA, see natural selection occur
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6
5. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thighbone are involved in walking. In
whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 15-2 are what type of structures?
Vestigial
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Chapter 18 – Classification
Know the following:
Taxonomy
Binomial
nomenclature
Family
Class
Genus
Species
Taxon
Order
Phylum
Kingdom
1. What is the order of taxonomic categories from the largest to the smallest?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
2. Who developed the two part naming system?
Carolus Linneaus
3. Using the following scientific name, Bacillus anthracis, answer the following
questions.
a. What is the genus?
Bacillus
b. What is the species?
anthracis
Use Table 18-2 to answer questions 3-4.
Organism House cat
Red fox
Dog
Wolf
Gopher
Fly
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Rodentia
Diptera
Family
Felidae
Canidae
Canidae
Canidae
Geomyidae Muscidae
Genus
Felis
Vulpes
Canis
Canis
Thomomys Musca
Species
F. domesticus
V. fulva
C. familiaris
C. lupus
T. bottae
M. domestica
4. Which three organisms belong to the same family?
Red fox, dog, wolf
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6. Know how to interpret a dichotomous key.
7. List the three domains.
Bacteria, archae, eukarya
7
5. At what level does the relationship between the red fox and dog diverge?
genus
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Chapter 19 & 20 – Bacteria, Viruses, and Protists
Know the following:
Prokaryote
Bacillus
Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph
Nitrogen
Pathogen
fixation
Capsid
Bacteriophage
Antiseptic
Coccus
Binary fission
Antibiotic
Sprillum
Conjugation
Sterilization
Flagellum
Endospore
Virus
Lytic
infection
Lysogenic
infection
Decomposer
Disinfectant
1. What characteristics are used to classify bacteria?
Shape, movement, way they obtain energy, cell wall
2. Fill in the following table:
Type of bacterium
Shape and drawing of bacteria
Coccus
round
Bacillus
rod
Spirillum
spiral
3. Label the parts of the bacteria.
A = cell wall
B= cell membrane
C= DNA
D = flagellum
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8
4. What characteristics are used to describe viruses? Give examples of viral
diseases or conditions.
Non-living, contain a capsid and nucleic acid, need a living host to reproduce
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
5. Label the parts of the bacteriophage.
A= Capsid
B = Sheath
C = DNA
D = Tail Fibers
6. How are bacteria and viruses different? (size, way they infect, etc.) Be
specific.
Bacteria are larger than viruses, Bacteria replicate by binary fission, Viruses need
a host to reproduce
7. Explain the difference between a vaccine and an antibiotic.
Vaccine stimulates an immune system response to pathogens.
Antibiotic kill bacteria using chemicals that destroy the bacteria
8. Complete the following table of example organisms in the Kingdom Protista.
Amoeba
Euglena
Paramecium
Shape
Irregular shape
Oval
oval
Method of
movement
Food getting
pseudopod
Flagella
Pseudopod
to engulf
Eyespot to
own food
cilia
make gullet
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9
9. Know the structures and functions of the following organisms. Refer to the
protist packet you did in class.
a. amoeba
b. euglena
c. paramecium
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Chapter 26-33 Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates
Know the following:
Asymmetry
Radial
Bilateral
symmetry
symmetry
Dorsal
Ventral
Anterior
endoskeleton
Invertebrate
Vertebrate
Posterior
exoskeleton
1. Complete the following chart about arrangement of body plans in the Animal
Kingdom.
Type
of Symmetry
Asymmetry
Radial
Bilateral
Description
•
occurs when the body
can’t be divided into
similar sections
Radial symmetry occurs
when body parts are
arranged around a central
point like spokes on a
wheel
Example of organism
Sponge
Echinoderms
Star fish
Sand dollar
occurs when animals can be Grasshopper
divided into equal halves along a pig
single plane
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10
2. Label the following organism using the following terms: anterior, posterior,
dorsal, ventral.
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
3. Classes of Mollusks
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalve
Class Cephalapoda
Type of foot
Muscular foot
Head-footed
Shell is divided into 8
parts
Example organisms
snails
Clams, Oysters
squid
4. Classes of Arthropods Use the sheet given to you for the invertebrate activity
Phylum Arthropoda
Number of Leg pairs
Example organisms
Class Chilopoda
1 pair of legs per Centipedes
segement
Class Diplopoda
2 pairs of legs per
millipedes
segment
Class Arachnida
4 pairs
spiders
5 pairs of legs
Grasshopper, Beetle,
Moth
Crayfish, lobster, shrimp
5. Complete the following table pertaining to Invertebrate Phyla.
Phylum
Type of
Major Characteristics
Symmetry
Porifera
asymmetrical
• No organs or
body systems
• Hollow body
• Cellular
digestion
Cniderian
radial
Tentacles
· Cnidocytes (stinging
cells)
· Nematocysts (barbs)
· Gastrovascular cavity
(digestion)
Example of
organisms
sponges
Jellyfish
Hydra
11
Class Crustacea
3 pairs of jointed legs
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Class Insecta
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
Annelida
bilateral
Nematoda
bilateral
Mollusca
bilateral
Arthropoda
bilateral
head and a tail, and
flattened bodies.
• segmented
Round bodies
Live in moist
places
• Parasitic or
free living
hard shell, a rough
tongue, and a muscular
foot.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Echinodermata
radial
•
•
•
•
planaria
Segmented
worms
earthworm
Roundworms
tapeworms
Snail,
Clam
Squid
octopus
Grasshopper,
Insects,
Spider
Centipede
millipede
Joint-legged
animals
External
skeleton
Molts
Huge variation –
mostly insects
Have tiny tube
Starfish
feet
Sea urchin
Body parts
Sand dollar
arranged
around a central
area.
A starfish has
five arms and
no head
The hard, spiny
covering of the
starfish gives
the animal
protection.
12
bilateral
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Platyhelminthes
Name______________________________________Date___________Hour____
6. What are echinoderms most closely related to? Circle one.
vertebrates
annelids
arthropods
arachnids
7. What are the two distinguishing characteristics of mammals?
Hair and mammary glands
8. Complete the following table on Mammalian Body Systems. See page 892-893
We went over this in class
Name of System
Function
Structures in
system
C
R
I
M
E
N
E
R
D
Page
13
S