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Royal Dutch Shell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Royal Dutch Shell plc
(LSE: RDSA
Royal Dutch Shell plc
Type
Public limited company
Traded as
LSE: RDSA
(http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/pricesand-news/stocks/prices-search/stock-prices-search.html?
nameCode=RDSA) , RDSB
(http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/pricesand-news/stocks/prices-search/stock-prices-search.html?
nameCode=RDSB)
Euronext: RDSA
(http://www.euronext.com/quicksearch/resultquicksearch2986-EN.html?
matchpattern=RDSA&entryType=symbol) , RDSB
(http://www.euronext.com/quicksearch/resultquicksearch2986-EN.html?
matchpattern=RDSB&entryType=symbol)
NYSE: RDS.A
(http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?
ticker=rds.a) , RDS.B
(http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?
ticker=rds.b)
Industry
Oil and gas
Founded
1900
Headquarters The Hague, Netherlands
(Headquarters)
Shell Centre,
London, United Kingdom
(Registered office)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Peter Voser
(CEO)
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(CEO)
Jorma Ollila
(Chairman)
Products
Petroleum, natural gas, and other petrochemicals
Revenue
US$ 470.171 billion (2011)[1]
Operating
income
US$ 55.660 billion (2011)[1]
Profit
US$ 31.185 billion (2011)[1]
Total assets
US$ 345.257 billion (2011)[1]
Total equity
US$ 169.517 billion (2011)[1]
Employees
90,000 (2011)[1]
Subsidiaries
List
Website
Shell.com (http://www.shell.com)
(http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-news/stocks/prices-search/stock-pricessearch.html?nameCode=RDSA) , RDSB (http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-andnews/stocks/prices-search/stock-prices-search.html?nameCode=RDSB) ), commonly known as Shell, is a
Dutch–British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its
registered office in London, United Kingdom.[2] It is the world's second largest company by 2011
revenues and one of the six oil and gas "supermajors". Shell is also one of the world's most valuable
companies.[3] As of September 2012, its largest shareholder is BlackRock with 5% stake, while the Qatar
Investment Authority has announced a plan to raise its stake from below 3% to 7%.[4]
Shell is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration
and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It also
has major renewable energy activities, including in biofuels, hydrogen, solar and wind power. It has
operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has
44,000 service stations worldwide.[5] Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its
largest businesses.[6]
Shell has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. As
of 6 July 2012, it was the largest company on the FTSE, with a market capitalisation of £140.9 billion.[7] It
has secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange.
Contents
1 History
1.1 20th century
1.2 21st century
2 Corporate affairs
2.1 Management
2.2 Name and logo
3 Operations
3.1 Business groupings
3.2 Oil and gas related activities
3.3 Other activities
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3.3 Other activities
4 Controversies
4.1 2004 overstatement of oil reserves
4.2 Corporate communications
4.3 Environmental pollution
4.4 Health and safety
4.5 Human rights
4.6 Sakhalin-II project
4.7 Tom Corbett campaign donations
4.8 Whistleblowers
4.9 Arctic drilling
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History
20th century
The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created in February 1907
through the merger of two rival companies - Royal Dutch
Petroleum Company (Dutch legal name : N.V. Koninklijke
Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij) and the "Shell"
Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom,
founded by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted.[8] It was a
move largely driven by the need to compete globally with the then
dominant American petroleum company, John D. Rockefeller's
Standard Oil, and as a strategy to face the challenges brought by
the crisis of 1907. The terms of the merger gave 60% ownership
of the new Group to the Dutch arm and 40% to the British.
Royal Dutch Petroleum dock in the
Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 by Jean Baptiste August
Kessler,[8] along with Henri Deterding, when a Royal charter was granted by King William III of the
Netherlands to a small oil exploration and production company known as "Royal Dutch Company for the
Working of Petroleum Wells in the Dutch East Indies".[9]
The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a
British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel and his brother Samuel Samuel.[8] Their father had
owned a company, importing and selling sea-shells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.[10]
Initially the Company commissioned eight oil tankers for the purposes of transporting oil. In 1919, Shell
took control of the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited which
marketed products under the "Shell" and "Eagle" brands in the United Kingdom. In 1932, partly in
response to the difficult economic conditions of the times, Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations
with those of British Petroleum to create Shell-Mex and BP Ltd,[11] a company that traded until the brands
separated in 1975.
Around 1952, Shell was the first company to purchase and use an electronic computer in the
Netherlands.[12] The computer, a Ferranti Mark 1*, was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in
Amsterdam. In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it subsequently sold in 1994 and
now forms part of BHP Billiton.[13]
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now forms part of BHP Billiton.[13]
21st century
In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the
revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was
announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital
structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal
Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock
Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange,
its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and
its registered office in London. The unification was completed on
20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies
from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell
Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE,[14]
Headquarters in The Hague,
where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18
Netherlands
[15]
November 2005.
The shares of the company were issued at a
60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell
Group.[16]
During the 2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender, a consortium led by Shell (45%) and which included
Petronas (30%) was awarded a production contract for the "Majnoon field" in the south of Iraq, which
contains an estimated 12.6 billion barrels (2.00 ×109 m3 ) of oil.[17][18] The "West Qurna 1 field"
production contract was awarded to a consortium led by ExxonMobil (60%) and included Shell (15%).[19]
In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen, comprising all of Cosan's
Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail
fuel and aviation distribution businesses.[20] In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets,
including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending
programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn
from the sale.[21] In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all of the business of East Resources
for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.[22]
Corporate affairs
Management
On 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced the appointment of Jorma Ollila, chairman and CEO
of Nokia at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company’s non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006.
Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British. Other non-executive directors include
Maarten van den Bergh, Wim Kok, Nina Henderson, Lord Kerr, Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine MorinPostel.
As of 1 July 2009, Peter Voser is CEO of Shell.[23] Peter, who is Swiss, is the first non-Dutch, non-British
CEO of the company.
Name and logo
The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company.[24] In 1833, the founder's
father, also Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When
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father, also Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When
collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the
younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil
from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built
oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this
market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several
decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the
Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.
The Shell logo is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in
A Shell-sponsored Ferrari F60
the world. This logo is known as the "pecten" after the sea shell
Formula One motor racing car
Pecten maximus (the giant scallop), on which its design is based.
The yellow and red colours used are thought to relate to the
colours of the flag of Spain, as Shell built early service stations in California, previously a Spanish colony.
The slash was removed from the name "Royal Dutch/Shell" in 2004, concurrent with moves to merge the
two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to the single legal entity which exists today.[25]
Operations
Business groupings
Shell is currently organised into four major business groupings:
Upstream International – manages the Upstream business
outside the Americas. It searches for lots of oil and for and
recovers crude oil and natural gas, liquefies and transports
gas, and operates the upstream and midstream infrastructure
necessary to deliver oil and gas to the market. Its activities
are organised primarily within geographic units, although
there are some activities that are managed across the
business or provided through support units.
Upstream Americas – manages the Upstream business in
Upstream activities currently generate
North and South America. It searches for and recovers
around two-thirds of Shell's revenues
crude oil and natural gas, transports gas and operates the
upstream and midstream infrastructure necessary to deliver
oil and gas to market. Upstream Americas also extracts bitumen from oil sands that is converted into
synthetic crude oil. It comprises operations organised into business-wide managed activities and
supporting activities.
Downstream – manages Shell's manufacturing, distribution and marketing activities for oil products
and chemicals. Manufacturing and supply includes refinery, supply and shipping of crude oil.
Projects & technology – manages the delivery of Shell's major projects and drives the research and
innovation to create technology solutions. It provides technical services and technology capability
covering both Upstream and Downstream activities. It is also responsible for providing functional
leadership across Shell in the areas of health, safety and environment, and contracting and
procurement.
Oil and gas related activities
Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of
technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil
(exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing
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established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were
required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is
involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's
profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant
economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a
self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.
Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide
(especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each
of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream
tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial
direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless,
there were very large "exploration and production" companies in a small
number of major oil and gas production centres such as the United
Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and
Oman.
Shell oil depot in Kowloon,
Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business,
Hong Kong
generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known its global
network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The
downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol
station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of
other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses
were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle
and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the
independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of
Shell’s operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague.
The autonomy of “operating companies” has been largely removed, as more "global businesses" have
been created.
Africa
Shell began drilling for oil in Africa during the 1950s. Shell began oil production in Nigeria in 1958.[26]
Shell operates in the upstream oil sector in Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Gabon where is the giant RabiKounga oil field, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa and Tunisia; and in the downstream
sector in 16 other countries.[27]
In Nigeria, Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the government.[28]
In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries
except South Africa to Vitol and "Helios".[29] In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes
broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout.[30] Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting
crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa.
Asia
Philippines
Royal Dutch Shell operates in the Philippines under its subsidiary, Pilipinas Shell Petroleum
Corporation. Its headquarters is in Makati City and it has facilities in the Pandacan oil depot and other
[31]
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key locations.[31]
On January 2010, the Bureau of Customs claimed 7.34 billion pesos worth of unpaid excise taxes against
Pilipinas Shell for importing Catalytic cracked gasoline (CCG) and light catalytic cracked gasoline
(LCCG) stating that those imports are bound for tariff charges.[32]
Pilipinas Shell denied the claim stating that those imports are raw materials for making their products. The
company later emphasised that they are considering to close their local oil refinery if the case continues.
Pilipinas Shell informed the public that they will exhaust all necessary steps to meet the demand for fuel.
Europe
Ireland
Shell first started trading in Ireland in 1902.[33] Shell E&P Ireland (SEPIL) (previously Enterprise Energy
Ireland) is an Irish exploration and production subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its headquarters are on
Leeson Street in Dublin. It was acquired in May 2002.[34] Its main project is the Corrib gas project, a large
gas field off the northwest coast, for which Shell has encountered controversy and protests in relation to
the onshore pipeline and licence terms.
In 2005 Shell disposed of its entire retail and commercial fuels business in Ireland to Topaz Energy Group.
This included depots, company-owned petrol stations and supply agreements stations throughout the island
of Ireland.[35] The retail outlets were re-branded as Topaz in 2008/9.[36]
Scandinavia
On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in
Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden,
Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in
each country.[37] On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a
potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish
operations.[38][39] On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in
Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish
energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy.[40] Shell branded
gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas
stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence.
North America
Main articles: Shell Oil Company and Shell Canada
Through most of Shell's history, its business in the United States, Shell Oil Company was substantially
independent with its stock ("Shell Oil") being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from
the group’s central offices in the running of the American business. Such practice also changed in the
1990s when Shell first bought out the shares in Shell Oil that it did not own and then took a more hands-on
approach. In Canada, also previously very independent, Shell has completed its purchase of the shares in
Shell Canada that it did not own, to apply the new global business model.
Oceania
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Australia
Main article: Shell Australia
In Australia, retailer Coles Group (now part of Wesfarmers)
purchased the rights to the retail business from the existing Shell
Australia multi-site franchisees in 2003 for an amount less than
A$100 million. The purchase was made in response to a popular
discount fuel offer by rival Woolworths Limited launched some
years earlier.
Service station near Lost Hills,
California
Coles Express' only affiliation with Shell is that Shell is the
exclusive supplier of fuel and lubricant products, leases the service
station property to Coles, and maintains the presence of the
"pecten" and other Shell branding on the price board and other
signage. Coles Express sets fuel and shop prices and runs the
business, provides convenience and grocery merchandise through
its supply chain and distribution network, and directly employs the
service station staff.
Shell has also moved to the outback with a huge complex in
Coober Pedy, South Australia. The Opal Capital of The World.
Shell petrol station in Wagga Wagga,
New South Wales
Royal Dutch Shell is currently developing the first floating
liquefied natural gas facility, which will be situated 200 km off the
coast of Western Australia and is due for completion in around 2017.[41] When it is finished, it will
measure around 488m long and 74m wide, and when fully ballasted will weigh 600,000 tonnes.[42]
New Zealand
Shell has had a long-time presence in New Zealand, and partly owns the Maui and Kapuni natural gas
fields. In 2011 it completed the sale of its petrol retail division to Infratil and the New Zealand
Superannuation Fund, which rebranded the stations as Z Energy. Shell still operates in New Zealand via
oil exploration and infrastructure.
Current major projects
2010–2011
AOSP Expansion 1, Gbaran-Ubie phase 1, Gjoa, North American tight gas, Pearl GTL, Perdido, Pluto
LNG T1 (Woodside), Qarn Alam, Qatargas 4 LNG, Schoonebeek, Shell Eastern Petrochemicals
2011–2012
Amal Steam, 1.8 Bab Thg & Hb2, BC-10 phase 2, Corrib, Gumusut-Kakap, Harweel, Kashagan phase 1,
Majnoon FCP/West Qurna IPT, North Rankin 2, Port Arthur Refinery Expansion, SAS
2014+
Bonga North West, Gorfon LNG T1-3, Mars B, W. Boreas & S. Deimos,
Other activities
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Over the years Shell has occasionally sought to diversify away from its core oil, gas and chemicals
businesses. These diversifications have included nuclear power (a short-lived and costly joint venture with
Gulf Oil in the USA); coal (Shell Coal was for a time a significant player in mining and marketing); metals
(Shell acquired the Dutch metals-mining company Billiton in 1970) and electricity generation (a joint
venture with Bechtel called Intergen). None of these ventures were seen as successful and all have now
been divested.
In the early 2000s Shell moved into alternative energy and there is now an embryonic "Renewables"
business that has made investments in solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and forestry. The forestry
business went the way of nuclear, coal, metals and electricity generation, and was disposed of in 2003. In
2006 Shell paid SolarWorld to take over its entire solar business[43] and in 2008, the company withdrew
from the London Array which is expected to become the world's largest offshore wind farm.[44]
Shell also is involved in large-scale hydrogen projects. HydrogenForecast.com describes Shell's approach
thus far as consisting of "baby steps", but with an underlying message of "extreme optimism".[45]
Shell holds 50% of Raízen, a joint venture with Brazilian sugarcane producer Cosan which is the thirdlargest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of ethanol.[46]
Controversies
Shell's compliance to corporate social responsibility also includes its UK
and international Shell LiveWIRE programmes. This initiative has over 26
years experience of encouraging young people to start and develop their
own businesses in the UK and 26 other countries in the world.[47]
Shell has been criticised for its businesses in Africa, notably in relation to
protests of the Ogoni in 1995.[48]
In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record,
particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the
Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK
government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but
maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally
better.[49] Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to
sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this
commitment.[50]
Former Shell Research and
Technology Centre,
Amsterdam
2004 overstatement of oil reserves
In 2004 Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by
the Financial Services Authority and the departure of the chairman Philip Watts. A lawsuit resulted in the
payment of $450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007.[51][52][53]
Corporate communications
Shell's advertising regarding its renewable energy business has been described as a greenwash by some
environmental lobbies,[54] though its renewable energy activities have been praised by other
commentators.[55]
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In August 2008, the British Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ruled that Shell had misled the public
in an advertisement when it claimed that a $10 billion oil sands project in Alberta, Canada was a
"sustainable energy source".[56]
Environmental pollution
The presence of companies like Shell in Niger-Delta has led to extreme
environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the NigerDelta owned by Shell are old and corroded. This has resulted in many oil
spills in this area that have degraded the environment, killing off
vegetation and fish. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping
the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental
causes.[57] This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants
and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth
Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by
environmental groups, and human rights groups.[58]
In Magdelena, Argentina: Shell was responsible for the largest oil spill
that has ever occurred in freshwater in the world. On 15 January 1999, a
Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina collided with another tanker,
emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable
water, plants and animals.[59]
Shell Centre building in
London, UK
Health and safety
A number of incidents over the years led to criticism of Shell's health and safety record, including repeated
warnings by the UK Health and Safety Executive about the poor state of the company's North Sea
platforms.[60]
Human rights
In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged
human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture,
inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of ​
collaborating in
the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were
hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers.[61] The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell
and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation.[62] In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal
settlement.[61] Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it.[63]
In 2009, Shell was the subject of an Amnesty International report into the deterioration of human rights as
a consequence of Shell's activities in the Niger Delta. In particular, Amnesty criticised the continuation of
gas flaring and Shell's slow response to oil spills.[64]
In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the
Nigerian government and know "everything that was being done in those ministries", according to Shell's
top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten
about the extent of Shell's infiltration.[65] Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case)
reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests.[66]
In 2012 Amnesty International and Friends of the Earth Netherlands intensified the campaign against
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Shell. They are particularly concerned about the human rights violations and the environmental pollution.
Public awareness of the situation has risen severely and which pressures Shell to take its responsibility and
clean the spilled oil in the Nigerian Delta.[67]
Sakhalin-II project
Problems have also occurred with the Sakhalin-II project in Russia and the controversial Corrib Gas Field
development in Ireland. In 2007 Friends of the Earth alleged that the damage caused by Shell's oil
activities to local communities and the wider environment could be assessed at $20 billion.[68] Accusations
have also been made about the conduct of Shell in Nigeria.[69]
Tom Corbett campaign donations
From 2009–2010, Shell, acting under East Resources, donated more than $300,000[70] to current governor
of Pennsylvania, Tom Corbett, which some believe was a payoff in exchange for no severance tax and the
repeal of environmental policies created to protect the environment from natural gas drilling.[71]
Whistleblowers
Shell has set up a global internet-based facility for whistleblowers to report alleged violations of the law or
the Shell general business principles, a voluntary code of ethics pledging transparency, integrity and
honesty in all of Shell's business dealings.[72] The introduction at the global helpline website says
"Reporting and addressing suspected violations of the law or the Shell General Business Principles
(SGBP) is of critical importance in protecting our reputation and the value of the Shell brand."
Whistleblowers are asked to provide identity details but anonymous reports are also accepted. The Global
Helpline operated by Global Compliance, Inc. is available to "customers, suppliers, partners, advisers and
employees of Shell".[73]
Arctic drilling
Since the 1988 Kulluk oil spill located off the coast of Alaska in the Beaufort Sea; the company admits the
dangers of pack ice and notices, that "No one has yet fully determined how to clean up an oil spill in pack
ice or broken ice".[74] In July 2012 Greenpeace activists shut down 53 Shell petrol stations in Edinburgh
and London in a protest against the company's plans to drill for oil in the Arctic. Greenpeace's Save the
Arctic campaign aims to prevent oil drilling and industrial fishing in the Arctic and have the region
recognised as a world park.[75]
See also
Algae fuel
Lensbury
royaldutchshellplc.com
Shell Guides, a series of guidebooks
Shell V-Power
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Royal Dutch Shell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bibliography
"A Century in Oil" by Stephen Howarth [1997] ISBN 0-297-82247-0. A History of The "Shell"
Transport and Trading Company.
"A History of Royal Dutch Shell" by Stephen Howarth and others [2007]. ISBN 978-0-19-9298778
"Seven Sisters" by Anthony Sampson (1981) ISBN 978-0-553-23469-5
"Shell Shock: The secrets and spin of an Oil Giant" by Ian Cummins and John Beasant [2005].
ISBN 1-84018-941-X
External links
Official website (http://www.shell.com)
Royal Dutch Shell companies
(http://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Royal%20Dutch%20Shell) grouped at
OpenCorporates
corporate criticism aggregator (http://www.royaldutchshellplc.com) – Critics of Shell website
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Dutch_Shell&oldid=515966989"
Categories: Royal Dutch Shell Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Chemical companies of the Netherlands
Chemical companies of the United Kingdom Oil companies of the Netherlands
Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom Automotive fuel brands
Companies established in 1907 Companies based in London The Hague
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands Publicly traded companies
1907 establishments in the Netherlands 1907 establishments in the United Kingdom
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