Imaginative hands-on U.S. History lessons designed for individual students, cooperative groups, and whole-class learning.
1920-1929
A delightful collection of reproducible lessons!
Practice Test
There are 586 multiple-choice questions in this Teacher’s Toolbook.
Skills
Discover how major events are related to one other in time.
Develop a “mental timeline” of key events, people, and historical eras.
Using maps, identify physical and cultural features and trace the routes of people.
Distinguish relevant from irrelevant information.
Explain the central issues and problems of the past.
Distinguish cause and effect, sequence and correlation in historical events.
Examine the sources of historical continuity.
Discover how a combination of ideas and events explains the emergence of new patterns.
Recognize the role of chance, oversight, and error in history.
Discover how our interpretation of history changes as new information is uncovered.
Lessons
Perfect for either the block schedule or for the 45-minute class.
Lessons include maps, timelines, graphic organizers, mini-lectures, speeches, brain games, memory games, role-playing, roundtable discussions, debates and issues to research.

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page 2

Before you begin, examine this website: www.proteacher.com/cgibin/outsidesite.cgi?external=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/calheritage/k12/primary.htm&original= http://www.proteacher.com/090093.shtml&title=Using Primary Sources
Due to the ever-changing environment of the Internet, Performance Education does not guarantee the availability of websites. While every effort is made to ensure the validity of the addresses listed within the workbooks, errors may occasionally occur. After several attempts, you find a link that is no longer available, please notify us at info@performance-education.com.
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Performance Education or any of its employees and associates. Educational institutions and news agencies, which may be under governmental jurisdiction supply some of the content of the web links listed within, and therefore, may be representative of the government's official policy, and not necessarily an objective representation of the facts. Generally, possible cultural and political biases should be taken into consideration when using any articles from any source for research purposes.
Time Magazine: The Top 100
Leaders of the 20th century http://www.time.com/time/time100/index.html
page 3

1. “Chicago”
2. “The Cotton Club”
3. “Iron Jawed Women”
4. “The Great White Hope”
Chicago, criminals and all that jazz.
The nightclub in Harlem.
Alice Paul and the women’s suffrage movement.
The story of Jack Johnson and the climate of racism.

Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.
The Palmer Raids, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas.
The responses by the American Civil Liberties Union, the NAACP, the Anti-Defamation League, and Marcus
Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement.
The causes and effects.
How the women’s movement won the Nineteenth Amendment.
The Harlem Renaissance and new trends in literature, music, and art.
The story of two authors - Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.
The growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.
Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape.
The test has 586 questions.

While students make their timeline in class . . .
These make great homework assignments.
They can be assigned at any time.
1. Authentic History http://www.authentichistory.com/
A great introduction, includes images and speeches from the 1920s.
2. The Red Scare
The fear of foreigners.
http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/
3. Economic prosperity in the 1920s http://www.apexlearning.com/affiliates/aol/USHistRev.html
Why the U.S. was the richest country in the world.
4. The Clash of Cultures http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/clash/
Prohibition, the Scopes Trial, Anti-Immigration, the New Woman
During the 1920s, America split into two cultures
The small-town person was a conservative Republican.
Against drinking, evolution, immigrants, and women’s rights.
The city person was a liberal Democrat.
In favor of the new modernism.
5. The Flapper
Fashion, music, movies. http://home.earthlink.net/~rbotti/
6. Sacco & Vanzetti
7. The Scopes “Monkey Trial”
8. The Golden Age of Jazz
9. The Harlem Renaissance
10. Vocabulary of the 1920s
Teachers: Please review this.
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/SaccoV/SaccoV.htm
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wghtml/wghome.html
http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Harlem/index.html
http://www.kdhs.org.uk/history/gcse/usa/a_z.htm
page 6

Students trace the major political, social, economic, technological, and cultural developments of the 1920s.
1. Discuss the policies of Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.
2. Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.
3. Examine the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act (Prohibition).
4. Analyze the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the changing role of women in society.
5. Describe the Harlem Renaissance and new trends in literature, music, and art, with special attention to the work of writers (Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes).
6. Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture. page 7

page 9

The Definition
As you tell the story, students fill in the graphic organizer.
From 1920 through 1929.
In the United States.
Isolationism
When World War I ended, the U.S. decided to have nothing more to do with Europe.
U.S. foreign policy became isolationist.
An era of mean-spiritedness
Small-town America did not like anyone who was not “100% American.”
Folks did not like foreigners, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, or African Americans.
The 1920s was the heyday of the Ku Klux Klan.
Get Rich Quick
The wealthy speculated on the stock exchange.
The New Woman
When women got the vote, they had more freedom.
Women wore shorter skirts, smoked, and rode in cars.
1. World War I was a horrible war. Soldiers were glad to be alive.
2. The Russian Revolution, led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks, scared many Americans.
3. America was experiencing a decade of prosperity.
Three Presidents
Harding was the one who died in the midst of scandal.
Coolidge was the one who never talked.
Hoover got all the blame for the Great Depression.
Great authors!
F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby , about a soldier who came home from World War I and got rich quick by selling bootleg liquor.
The stars of the Harlem Renaissance were Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.
How did the Roaring Twenties end?
With a crash:
In 1929, Wall Street crashed, the Great Depression began, and Americans suffered terribly. page 10

The Definition
How
What
When
Where
Why
Who page 11

page 12

The Roaring Twenties, 1920-1929 page 13

Examine and analyze the key events.
Decorate it with photos and political cartoons.
The photos and cartoons are in italics.
http://www.newint.org/issue309/Images/labour.JPG
Lenin and the Bolsheviks (communists) take over the government of Russia.
Trench warfare: http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol1no1/trenchesww1.jpg
The U.S. helped England and France defeat Germany.
The war ended in 1918.
http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/IMAGES_LG/Boosting_him_Up.jpg
http://www.kdhs.org.uk/history/gcse/usa/red_scare.htm
Labor unrest: There were major strikes in the coal and steel industries.
The Russian Revolution (1917) scared Americans.
U.S. government arrested and deported foreign-born radicals.
Immigrants were deported in favor of "100 percent Americanism."
http://www.legacyrecordings.com/prohibition/gfx/head.gif
http://photoswest.org/cgi-bin/imager?00186158
It prohibits the manufacture, sales, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Bootlegging began to make headlines.
The submachine gun is first sold at a national gun show.
It became the weapon of choice for bootlegging gangsters.
Prohibition was one of the most flouted laws in American history.
It was repealed in 1933.
http://www.usps.com/images/stamps/98/19thamend.jpg
Women got the right to vote!
Cartoon: http://pittsford.monroe.edu/directory/~decarlo/regents/Regents_Review/Isolate.jpg
The U.S. Senate refused to sign the Versailles Treaty or join the League of Nations.
U.S. foreign policy returned to isolationism.
page 14

Warren Harding was elected President. http://www.news-gazette.com/starr-report/report/pres/pres/html/harding.jpg
The Republican Party believes in laissez-faire capitalism.
No government interference in Big Business.
RADIO: The first commercial broadcast by a radio station. KDKA in Pittsburgh.
SPORTS: Babe Ruth leaves the Boston Red Sox and joins the New York Yankees.
Eight members of the Chicago White Sox are indicted for fixing the World Series.
The men are found not guilty, but they are never again allowed to play baseball.
Shoeless Joe Jackson never got to play again. (Except in “The Field of Dreams.”)
FASHION: Women’s skirts grow shorter. The hemline is now closer to the knee than ankle.
http://students.westport.k12.ct.us/germany/babe%20ruth.jpg
RADIO: The World Series is reported by radio. Boxing match with Jack Dempsey.
Harding becomes the first President to speak on radio.
MUSIC: Bessie Smith sings the blues on her first record.
ADVERTISING: Planes began skywriting. It is a form of advertising.
SILENT MOVIES: Charlie Chaplin stars in “The Kid” and Rudolph Valentino stars in “The Sheik.”
SCIENCE: Albert Einstein gives a lecture in New York City on his Theory of Relativity.
FASHION: Women begin “bobbing” their hair.
WOMEN: The first Miss America pageant in Atlantic City.
SPORTS: Babe Ruth hits 59 home runs.
WORLD WAR I: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was established at Arlington Cemetery.
http://search.eb.com/elections/art/oteapot001p1.jpg
The U.S. has had three major scandals:
Credit Mobilier (1870s) - The railroads bribed Congressmen.
Teapot Dome (1920s) - A cabinet member made an oil deal.
Watergate (1970s) - The President covered up a crime.
MOVIES: Hollywood begins to censor itself. It sets up the Hays film review board.
RADIO: The first radio commercial. President Harding makes a speech on radio.
MAGAZINES: The Reader's Digest begins. It is a monthly magazine.
COMICS: Orphan Annie becomes a comic strip in the newspaper.
BOOKS: Sinclair Lewis ridicules middle-class America in Babbitt .
http://www.temple.edu/history/kkk1928.gif
The 1920s was the heyday of the KKK.
40,000 Klansmen hold a march on Washington. page 15

Calvin Coolidge became President. http://www.jfklibrary.org/images/coolidge_portrait.jpg
When President Harding died of a stroke; Vice President Coolidge suddenly became President.
ADVERTISING: The neon sign is invented.
MUSIC: "Jelly Roll" Morton composes jazz.
Harlem's Cotton Club presents all-black entertainment to all-white audiences.
The No. 1 song was “Yes, we have no bananas.”
MAGAZINES: Time magazine begins.
SPORTS: Yankee Stadium opens in New York City.
(aka The National Origins Act)
The U.S. government is afraid of radicals from Russia.
Congress cuts immigration from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe.
http://www.shadetreemechanic.com/images/Ford%20Henry%20Ford%20Model%20T.jpg
MUSIC: George Gershwin writes “Rhapsody in Blue,” a jazz symphony.
MOVIES: Samuel Goldwyn and Louis B. Mayer form MGM.
http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals/capone.gif
The mob ran the bootleg liquor industry.
FASHION: The flapper dress becomes popular. Girls who wear it are called Flappers.
CARS: The Chrysler Corporation is formed.
Thanks to the car, the world’s first motel opens in Monterey, California.
http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9909/14/floyd.07/florida.tallahassee.lg.jpg
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/miami/maps/map.html
Throughout the 1920s, people speculated in land in Florida.
In 1926, a hurricane brought an end to the Florida land boom.
ADVERTISING: Along the highway, there are signs advertising Burma Shave.
RADIO: To sell Wheaties, advertisers create the first advertising jingle.
NBC becomes a radio network.
BOOKS: Ernest Hemingway writes his first novel, The Sun Also Rises. It is about WWI.
Langston Hughes publishes his first book of poetry.
DANCE: Martha Graham creates American modern dance movement. She dances barefoot.
SPORTS: Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel.
She was given a ticker tape parade in New York City.
ENTERTAINMENT: The Great Houdini dies in Detroit.
MUSIC: Jazz great, Duke Ellington, makes his first major recording.
PROHIBITION: In New York City, there are speakeasies. Twice as many as before Prohibition.
FASHION: The permanent wave is invented. page 16

Photo: http://www.lindberghfoundation.org/photos/calhelmet.jpg
http://www.btinternet.com/~dreklind/mainimg/lindy1.jpg
Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean.
He flies his plane, “The Spirit of St. Louis,” from New York City to Paris.
FLIGHT: It takes 32 hours to fly from New York to San Francisco.
MOVIES: The first talking movie was “The Jazz Singer,” starring Al Jolson.
For the first time, the audience watches the news on newsreels.
RADIO: CBS becomes a radio network.
BOOKS: Sinclair Lewis attacks religious hypocrites in Elmer Gantry . It is based on Billy Sunday.
SPORTS: Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs.
WOMEN: Actress Mae West is arrested for obscene speech during her Broadway play.
Sonja Henie becomes a famous champion in ice skating.
Amie Semple McPherson becomes a famous evangelist.
INDUSTRY: Ford brings out the Model A car.
IMMIGRANTS: Sacco & Vanzetti were put to death in the electric chair.
Electricity is a new invention; so is the electric chair.
Herbert Hoover was elected President. http://www.allesamerika.com/images/hh.jpg
THE ECONOMY: Record trading on Wall Street. Four million shares.
MOVIES: The Academy Awards begin.
MOVIES: Walt Disney presents the first talking cartoon: Mickey Mouse in “Steamboat Willie.”
DANCE: The new dance craze, the Charleston, sweeps the nation.
WOMEN: Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly an across the Atlantic.
Georgia O'Keeffe becomes a well-known painter.
For the first time, women are allowed to compete in the Olympics.
Stock market: Http://www.wallstreetdigest.com/wallstreettrader/images/1922-to-1949.gif
This was the beginning of the Great Depression.
Unemployed waiting in line for a job: ttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/newyork/laic/episode6/topic1/images/topic1_off_01.jpg
page 17

History involves figuring out complicated situations . . .
Transparency
The 1920s can be broken down into 7 parts.
Wall Street crash
The stock market collapses.
Banks close.
Factories close.
Massive unemployment.
The Great Depression began
HOOVER
He lets Big Business do whatever it wants.
(In 1926, investors lost their shirts in the Florida land boom. Warning, warning.)
COOLIDGE
“The business of America is business.”
He lets Big Business do whatever it wants.
Teapot Dome
The Cabinet runs the U.S.
The Cabinet takes bribes from Big Business.
(Warning, warning!)
Isolationism
The U.S. refuses to join the League of Nations.
The KKK also hates foreigners.
18th Amendment
No booze
19th Amendment
Women get to vote!
page 18
HARDING
The Red Scare
Deports immigrants.
In 1924, Congress cuts off immigration.

Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.
page 19

Ask three students to give the lecture. Each student presents one President.
Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
A lecture with graphics.
The photos are in italics.
During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson was a Democrat.
During the 1920s, all of the Presidents were Republicans.
The Republicans also controlled Congress.
Who was Warren Harding?
Cartoon
Photo of Harding
A dapper dresser http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/gentleman.html
http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.pres/029a.htm
http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/images_sounds/harding2.jpg
He was a Republican from Ohio.
He won in a landslide.
The election of 1920 was the first time that women got to vote for President.
Women went for the handsome guy who looked “presidential.”
The Republican political machine chose him, saying: "He looks like a President."
(President Harding had more girlfriends than Heinz has pickles.
While married to Mrs. Harding, he fathered a child by Nan Britton, a woman 30 years his junior. )
A small-town guy
Photo of Harding’s home http://www.pacifier.com/~dlmark/TRHardingHome.htm
Unfortunately, he was a small town guy and the job was too much for him.
He relied on his Cabinet to run the country.
First president on radio
Harding at a baseball game
With his dog, Laddie boy http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/baseball/photoessay/04.html
http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3b10000/3b12000/3b12600/3b12606r.jpg
President Harding was the first president to talk on radio. page 20

Cartoon: In favor of League of Nations http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/signhimup.html
Cartoon about isolationism http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/pm/11001cs.jpg
http://pittsford.monroe.edu/directory/~decarlo/regents/Regents_Review/Isolate.jpg
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTdarling.htm
The U.S. tried to stay out of foreign affairs
1. Refused to sign the Versailles Treaty.
2. Refused to join the League of Nations.
What the U.S. did do
3. The Washington Conference.
4. The Dawes Plan
5. The Kellogg-Briand Pact
Treaty to end World War I.
THIS IS THE BIGGIE.
Limit each country’s navy.
Loaned gold to Germany, to stabilize its economy.
Never to use war as a means of solving conflicts.
Cartoon about Big Business http://www.historyteacher.net/APUSH-Course/images/BigBusiness.JPG
“A return to normalcy”
Warren Harding’s campaign slogan was “A return to normalcy.”
When World War I ended in 1918, the American people wanted peace and prosperity.
President Harding favored Big Business
The Republicans helped Big Business:
1. Low taxes Cut taxes for the rich.
2. Low expenditures Cut government spending.
3. No unions
4. High tariffs
Strikes upset businessmen.
Keep out foreign imports.
5. No foreign policy The U.S. stayed out of foreign affairs.
This is protectionism.
This is isolationism.
The Hawley-Smoot Act (1930)
It created the highest-ever tariffs for foreign-made goods.
Business organizations
During the 1920s, the Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers were exceedingly happy with the Republican administrations.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
It was supposed to regulate Big Business, but it did not.
Whatever happened to the Progressive era?
The Progressive movement died during World War I.
President Teddy Roosevelt and a zillion reformers had reigned in Big Business.
President Harding brought a halt to all that.
The Republicans had always believed in laissez-faire.
They kept a “hands-off” approach to Big Business.
page 21

Labor unrest
Cartoon: 1919 Strikes http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/IMAGES_LG/Missionary.gif
During the war, workers were patriotic. They did not go on strike.
When the war ended, everybody went on strike!
1. To raise wages - because the cost of living was rising.
2. To shorten hours - to end the 12-hour day.
The steelworkers and coal miners were the first to go on strike.
Then the policemen in Boston.
Finally, there was a general strike in Seattle.
The Crackdown
Boston Police Strike, 1919 http://www.massaflcio.org/images/police.jpg
During the 1920s, employers crushed strikes.
Strikes were violent. Strike leaders were labeled as radicals.
Workers who joined unions were considered un-American.
The government always sided with employers.
1. The mayor sent in the local police to crush strikes.
2. The governor sent in state troops.
3. Employers hired strikebreakers - to take the jobs of striking workers.
After a strike was over, employers got rid of the union:
4. They formed company unions - a company union was no union at all.
5. They created company towns . . .
The worker and his family lived in a company house and bought food at the company store - on credit.
If he ever joined a union or went on strike, he and his family were evicted from their house and from the town!
page 22

The Cabinet
Harding was a small town guy overwhelmed by the responsibilities of the presidency.
So he relied on his Cabinet to run the country.
Every week, President Harding played poker with his Cabinet members.
Unfortunately, many of them were crooks.
His Attorney General sold pardons to bootleggers.
His Veterans Affairs chief stole money from veterans’ hospitals.
His Secretary of the Interior was the worst of all . . . he was responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal.
The Teapot Dome Scandal
Cartoons about the scandal http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/tindall/timelinf/teapot.htm
http://www-nehc.med.navy.mil/IH/images/Image14.jpg
http://search.eb.com/elections/art/oteapot001p1.jpg
http://history.acusd.edu/gen/sespics/77883.jpg
It was a horrible political scandal. In the U.S., we have had only three: a. Credit Mobilier (1870s) b. Teapot Dome (1920s) c. Watergate (1970s)
What was Teapot Dome? It was a. an oilfield in Wyoming.
b. owned by the federal government.
c. kept in case of wartime.
Who was Albert Fall?
Photo of Albert Fall http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000011 http://www.paulsann.org/thelawlessdecade/new/23-c12.gif
a. Secretary of the Interior.
b. Took a $400,000 bribe from an oil company.
c. leased the Teapot Dome oilfield to the oil company.
d. convicted of bribery.
e. The first cabinet member to go to jail!
What did President Harding have to say about Teapot Dome?
"I am not worried about my enemies. It is my friends that are keeping me awake at night."
Whatever happened to President Harding?
Photo of his casket leaving the White House http://www.hearse.com/images/people/harding.president.warren.g/001.jpg
In 1923, he had a stroke and died.
page 23

Who was Calvin Coolidge?
Photo of Calvin Coolidge http://i.timeinc.net/time/2002/elections/covers/large/large_280116.jpg
When President Harding died in 1923, Coolidge became president. (He was Vice President.)
In 1924, he ran for President on his own. He was elected.
1924 Election
Coolidge campaign poster http://www.eisenhower.utexas.edu/ve_29.jpg
Silent Cal
The man did not talk!
The man from New England rarely spoke, except to say: “The business of America is business.”
When his four years was up in 1928, he quit, saying six words: “I do not choose to run.”
That was a wise decision. The Great Depression hit in 1929.
Cartoon: Keep your nose to the grindstone http://www.ding-darling.org/cartoons/250115.jpg
http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/dailygrind.html
“The Business of America is business”
President Coolidge believed in laissez-faire economics - so he left Big Business alone.
Cutting Taxes
Like Harding, Calvin Coolidge cut taxes for the rich.
Regulatory Agencies
The Progressive era (Teddy Roosevelt and the Trustbusters) was over, over, over.
During the Progressive era, reformers set up government agencies to watch over Big Business.
During the 1920s, government let Big Business do whatever it pleased.
Regulatory agencies did nothing.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was supposed to watch over the stock market on Wall Street.
It did not.
Photo: Farmer, horse, plow http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/01wake/p1-92.3.jpg
a. Farmers were 20% of the U.S. population.
b. During the 1920s, the price for farm goods fell. c. 25% of farmers went under.
d. They got no help from the federal government. page 24

America emerged from World War I with a strong economy.
In the 1920s, America became the wealthiest country in the world.
Yet there was a wide gap between the rich and the poor.
THE CAUSES
1. SUPPLY
Mass production
Henry Ford invented the assembly line.
The assembly line produced more goods, quickly and cheaply.
For the first time, Americans could buy things that previously only the rich could afford.
Scientific management
Photo of a stopwatch http://www.unionwebdesign.com/gallery3/stopwatch.jpg
Frederick W. Taylor invented scientific management.
He stood next to a worker with a stopwatch and timed how long it took to do each time.
He came up with time-saving techniques.
As a result, American workers were more productive.
Increased productivity
During the 1920s, there was a spectacular increase (75%) in worker productivity.
2. DEMAND
The consumer society
During the 1920s, the U.S. shifted from a producer society to a consumer society.
Thorstein Veblen wrote about “conspicuous consumption” in his book, Theory of the Leisure Class.
Advertising
Advertising creates demand for a product.
For the first time, advertising became an industry.
At every turn, people were persuaded to buy, buy, buy.
Ads appeared in magazines, on billboards, and at the movies.
Thanks to women’s magazines, women became America's greatest consumers.
Buying on credit
For the first time, Americans bought on credit.
They paid for goods over a period of time.
This led to higher sales, but it also meant that families fell into debt.
Going into debt
Advertisers sold the concept of debt.
During the 1920s, Americans changed their attitudes toward incurring debt.
Until then, there was a stigma against buying on installments.
Installment buying wasn't considered quite respectable among the middle class.
Why did people go into debt?
The birth of the automobile - for the first time, people bought cars on the installment plan.
Increasingly, products (furniture, household appliances, radios, phonographs, pianos) could be bought “on time.” page 25

Who was Herbert Hoover?
Photo: Herbert Hoover
Photo: His birthplace
Cartoon: He was an orphan http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/07/images/hoover134.gif
http://www.mind.net/dlmark/images/TRHooverBirthplace2.jpg
http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/nothingwrong.html
At nine years old, Herbert Hoover was an orphan.
His father, a blacksmith, died when Herbert was six.
His mother died when he was nine.
He was raised by aunts and uncles.
They sent him to Stanford University in California.
He was a self-made man: He became an engineer and made millions.
He was a humanitarian: After World War I, he took shiploads of relief to the starving people of Europe.
He was Secretary of Commerce under Coolidge.
The election of 1928
Herbert Hoover (Republican) ran against Al Smith (Democrat).
Why Herbert Hoover won: a. The economy was roaring.
b. Hoover promised more prosperity: "A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage." c. Al Smith was Catholic. (Americans voters would not elect a Catholic until JFK in 1960.)
No government help to the needy
The farmers constituted 30% of the people. They were losing their farms.
President Hoover refused to help them.
Why?
a. rugged individualism - the farmers should help themselves.
b. laissez-faire economics - the government should not interfere in business.
The Elections http://www.nationalatlas.gov/elections/elect09.gif
During the 1920s, everybody voted Republican.
In the 1930s, everybody voted Democratic.
1. Demand
Workers made low wages.
Workers could not afford to buy the products they made.
If you worked at Ford Motor Company, you were paid $5 a day, but you could not afford to buy a car.
2. Supply
Everyone who could afford to buy had already bought.
There was no more demand for consumer products.
Factories slowed down and laid off workers.
page 26

Chart: Wall Street stocks fall http://www.buyteachercreated.com/estore/files/samples/TCM_estore/BTC/2691i01.jpg
http://www.wallstreetdigest.com/wallstreettrader/images/1922-to-1949.gif
Cartoon: Stock market prices http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/goingup.html
Speculation on the Stock Market
Joe Stockbroker sold shares of stock on margin:
John Investor bought $100 worth of stock. a. He gave only $10 to the stockbroker.
b. The stockbroker borrowed the other $90 from a bank.
c. When the stock market crashed, the banks held worthless stock.
d. The banks closed.
From 1921 to 1927, stocks were rising on Wall Street.
In 1928, stocks started soaring threw the roof.
If you bought $10,000 worth of stock in 1924, it was worth $40,000 in 1929.
The Bull Market: There was a spectacular upward trend in the prices of corporate stocks.
No government regulation
The Federal Reserve took no action to stop the boom getting out of control.
Only Yesterday http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/Allen/Contents.html
Frederick Lewis Allen’s whole book is on line!
Read aloud Chapter 12: The Big Bull Market
Read aloud Chapter 13: The Crash!
What happened on Black Tuesday?
a. Investors began to sell their stocks. b. Stockbrokers called in their margins. c. Banks called in their loans to stockbrokers.
d. Everybody panicked - everybody sold all their stocks.
e. The price of stocks went to zero.
The stock market crash hit the middle class
Photo: People are in a daze http://t3.preservice.org/T0300746/stock.jpg
Drawing: Man loses all his money
Cartoon: The Wall Street Crash http://t3.preservice.org/T0300746/stockpic1.png
http://search.eb.com/elections/art/ohooveh003p4.jpg
http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/neveragain.html
One day you held $40,000 worth of stock in your hands.
The next day that paper was worth nothing.
In New York City, stockbrokers were jumping out of windows.
In the suburbs, men jumped in front of commuter trains. page 27

The Unemployed
Photo: The unemployed http://www.phys.ntnu.no/~fossumj/cpx/bilder/acoffeedepresso.jpg
When the stock market crashed, factories began to close.
Hoovervilles
Photo: One shack
Photo: A community of shacks
Photo: Children live in shacks http://www.cyesis.org/webinstruction/grapesofwrath/images/shack4.gif
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/centennial/may/art/hooverville.jpg
http://www.cyesis.org/webinstruction/grapesofwrath/images/children.gif
In hard times, people get help from their families.
But not when everyone in your family in unemployed.
People were evicted, so they lived in shacks down by the railroad.
Whenever men heard of a job, they hopped on the railroad and went there.
Everybody blamed Hoover
Cartoon: “Blame it on Hoover” http://www.eosmith.org/willett/PPs/ND/img002.gif
For three years (1929 to 1932), the U.S. government did nothing to help people who were suffering.
Hoover left office in disgrace
Photo: FDR wins 1932 election
Cartoon: FDR replaces Hoover http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/09-1752a.gif
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARnew2.jpg
In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, was elected President.
Hoover and the Republicans were in disgrace.
page 28

The 1920s All three were Republicans . . .
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart, categorize each fact. When you are finished, play
The Gong Show.
More advanced:
Categorize facts from your textbook or the encyclopedia.
1. Warren Harding early 1920s
The U.S. returned to isolationism and refused to join the League of Nations. The
Republicans were in favor of Big Business, so they gave tax cuts to the rich and came down hard on labor unions. During the Red Scare, Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer deported immigrants who were politically radical. Under the
Immigration Act of 1924, Congress cut off immigration from Eastern Europe
(Russia) and Southern Europe (Italy). Two Italian immigrants, Sacco and Vanzetti, were sent to the the electric chair. It was the heyday of the KKK, who persecuted
African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. Albert Fall, Secretary of the
Interior, took bribes from oil corporations. This was the Teapot Dome Scandal. He was the first cabinet member to go to jail!
2. Calvin Coolidge middle 1920s
When President Harding died in office, Coolidge became president. He said: “The business of America is business.” He believed in laissez-faire economics, so he let
Big Business do anything it wanted. He cut taxes for the rich. His regulatory agencies did not enforce the law. Under his watch, the U.S. economy was roaring along like a car at top speed. It was headed for a crash.
3. Herbert Hoover late 1920s
In 1928, Hoover was elected because the economy was booming. Stock prices on
Wall Street were skyrocketing. In 1929, the stock market crashed. The Great
Depression began. Everybody lost their jobs. Everybody blamed Hoover. Why?
Because he and the Republicans who ran the federal government refused to help people who were suffering.
1. Refused to join the League of Nations.
2. The Red Scare
3. The Teapot Dome Scandal
4. His Attorney General deported immigrants.
5. His Congress cut off immigration.
6. It was the heyday of the Ku Klux Klan
7. The KKK persecuted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.
8. “The business of America is business.”
9. He was a silent man.
10. The Wall Street crash
11. The Great Depression began
12. He was blamed for the Great Depression.
13. He was a Republican.
14. He believed in laissez-faire economics.
15. He ignored the reforms made during the Progressive era.
16. He cut taxes for the rich.
17. He allowed Big Business to do whatever it wanted.
18. He is regarded as one of the worst presidents of all time.
The Answers
1. Harding
2. Harding
3. Harding
4. Harding
5. Harding
6. Harding
7. Harding
8. Coolidge
9. Coolidge
10. Hoover
11. Hoover
12. Hoover
13. all three
14. all three
15. all three
16. all three
17. all three
18. Harding page 29

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 3 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 3 signs:
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG .”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and came up with a neat one for $19.95: www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WH510.html?L+scstore+tczh8042ffea74ea+1045614491
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark" and, therefore, acceptable.
More advanced
Using the same topic, read from the encyclopedia.
Ask students to explain their answers.
That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?
page 30

The forerunners of the Civil Rights Movement
Goal: Define each and draw a distinction between them.
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
On the chalkboard, write
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the power.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
1. Refused to join the League of Nations.
2. The Red Scare
3. The Teapot Dome Scandal
4. His Attorney General deported immigrants.
5. His Congress cut off immigration.
6. It was the heyday of the Ku Klux Klan
7. The KKK persecuted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.
8. “The business of America is business.”
9. He was a silent man.
10. The Wall Street crash
11. The Great Depression began
12. He was blamed for the Great Depression.
13. He was a Republican.
14. He believed in laissez-faire economics.
15. He ignored the reforms made during the Progressive era.
16. He cut taxes for the rich.
17. He allowed Big Business to do whatever it wanted.
18. He is regarded as one of the worst presidents of all time.
The Answers
1. Harding
2. Harding
3. Harding
4. Harding
5. Harding
6. Harding
7. Harding
8. Coolidge
9. Coolidge
10. Hoover
11. Hoover
12. Hoover
13. all three
14. all three
15. all three
16. all three
17. all three
18. Harding page 31

The Palmer Raids, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas.
The responses by the American Civil Liberties Union, the NAACP, the Anti-Defamation League, and
Marcus Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement.
page 33

Ask one student to present this lecture. If at all possible, the student should be of Italian descent.
A lecture with graphics.The photos are in italics.
Cartoon: The Red Scare http://www.boondocksnet.com/gallery/cartoons/reds/reds190300b.html
http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major=LB&Minor=H&SlideNum=9.00
What was the Red Scare?
The Russian Revolution took place in 1917.
The revolution was led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
They were communists who called for the workers to overthrow the capitalist class.
In the U.S., a handful of terrorists threw, planted, and mailed bombs.
This ignited a national hysteria against foreign-born radicals.
The Attorney General
Photo: A. Mitchell Palmer http://history.acusd.edu/gen/st/~peterson/pictures/palmer.JPG
In 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer headed the Justice Department.
He rounded up 7,000 immigrants and deported 700. (Most were foreign born, but naturalized citizens.)
Deportation: When you send immigrants back to their country of origin.
In 1924, J. Edgar Hoover (one of Palmer’s aides) became head of the FBI.
Violation of civil liberties
1. None of the people had committed a crime.
They were convicted for their thoughts, not their actions.
This is a violation of the First Amendment - the right to freedom of speech.
2. The 7,000 arrested were held without bail, a lawyer, or a trial.
This was a violation of their Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment rights.
The American Civil Liberties Union
The ACLU was founded in 1920 to defend people from the Red Scare.
The founding members were Clarence Darrow, Upton Sinclair, Jane Addams, and Helen Keller.
Immigration Act of 1924
Photo: Russian immigrants http://www.angelfire.com/pa/sergeman/issues/foreign/immigrants.jpg
Russian and Italian immigrants were considered radicals,
So Congress cut off immigration from Eastern Europe (Russia) and Southern Europe (Italy).
Sacco & Vanzetti
Photo of Sacco and Vazetti
Photo: Protest death penalty http://www.patriagrande.net/estados.unidos/sacco.y.vanzetti.jpg
http://www.nodeathpenalty.org/img/SaccoAndVanzetti.jpg
During the anti-immigrant hysteria, two Italian immigrants were singled out.
Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants who lived just outside of Boston.
They were accused of armed robbery and murder in the course of the robbery.
There was little evidence, they had alibis, and another man confessed to the crime.
Their real “crime” was that they were anarchists.
Anarchist: A person who wants no government.
In those days, anarchists believed they could stage massive strikes and overthrow the government.
The judge, jury, and the public were unanimous: The two men were sent to the electric chair. page 34

After the Russian Revolution, people feared that immigrants would launch a revolution in the U.S.
The Americanization movement became extremist:
Industrialists and nativists called for the deportation of foreign-born radicals.
Lecture, followed by brief readings.
During the 1920s, there was a cultural conflict between modern and conservative values.
Conservatives were afraid of foreigners.
Immigrants made up 80% of New York City’s population
70% of Chicago’s population.
40% of Philadelphia’s population.
33% of Boston’s population.
The “conventional wisdom” of the day:
The Anglo-Saxon race is superior - and the others as racially inferior.
The new immigrant is racially inferior to past immigrants and the native-born.
The new immigrants create slums, crime, delinquency, poverty, and epidemics.
The Russian Revolution made people afraid of radicals from Russia and Eastern Europe.
The Palmer Raids
In 1919, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted the Palmer Raids.
The first raid occurred in November 1919: 450 Russians were arrested in simultaneous raids in 12 cities.
The largest raids took place in 1920: 10,000 communists were arrested in simultaneous raids in 33 cities.
“The Making of a Red” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4982/
The Deportation of Emma Goldman http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/15/
Two Italian immigrants were executed.
“After the Execution” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6660/
“Last Days Remembered” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/108/
A Jewish businessman in Atlanta lynched.
http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/leofrank.htm
http://www.leofranklynchers.com/
How the Anti-Defamation League was born http://www.adl.org/ADLHistory/1913_1920.asp
page 35

Use this format to examine the cartoons in this workbook.
1. Title - What is the title of the cartoon and what does it mean to you?
2. Dates - What significant happened on that date?
3. People - Who is in the cartoon? What does the person represent?
4. Objects - What is in the cartoon? What does that object represent?
5. Symbols - What does the symbol stand for?
6. Emotions - What emotions is the person expressing?
7. The Action - What is happening here?
8. Statements - What is the person saying?
9. Key Word - What is the key word or phrase?
10. Pros & Cons - Who would agree with the cartoon? Disagree?
11. The Cartoonist - What is the cartoonist trying to tell you?
12. You, the Student -What did you learn? (In 25 words or less)
1. Title
2. Dates
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. People
4. Objects
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Symbols ______________________________________________________________________
6. Emotions ______________________________________________________________________
7. Action ______________________________________________________________________
8. Statements ______________________________________________________________________
9. Key Word ______________________________________________________________________
10. Pro/Con ______________________________________________________________________
11. Cartoonist ______________________________________________________________________
12. You!
______________________________________________________________________ page 36

The Red Scare of the 1920s was similar to McCarthyism in the 1950s.
Each student interprets one cartoon.
Website: http://www.boondocksnet.com/gallery/cartoons/reds/in dex.html
Bolshevik : A Russian communist.
These cartoons appeared in newspapers during the Red Scare of 1919-1920.
1. The Bolshevik theory of democracy is very simple
2. In for a trimming
3. Git!
4. The Russian excursion into Utopia
5. Why wait for the Millennium?
6. The Call of the Wild
7. He would turn the clock back a thousand years
8. Swat the poison carrier now!
9. Not if your Uncle Sam has his way
10. Deporting the Reds
11. After the Bolshevists get all the property equally divided, wouldn’t it be nice if they’d even up the brains?
12. Hurry up that shipment, Uncle Sam!
13. Beat it!
14. The Ventriloquist
15. Leave him alone, Officer.
He hasn’t started anything - yet.
16. The Bolshevist
17. Cleaning house
18. Green fields and pastures new
19. Uncle Sam: You can’t be my friend and theirs, too
20. Adding fuel to it
21. After all the years
22. Seems to have started something
23. What comes of keeping a vicious dog
24. The Alchemist
25. Envy
26. Pilgrimages to the Promised Land don’t seem to turn out as well as they used to
27. Bolshevisim, the great exponent of idealism
28. Another case of the bald-headed barber
29. A choice of escorts
30. So - this is freedom
31. Wouldn’t you think that bye-and-bye everybody would find out it couldn’t be done?
32. Surely there must be a better way to gather the apples
The Answers
1. The Bolsheviks took over all private property in Russia.
2. From 1918 to 1921, the Allies invaded Russia to try overthrow the new communist government led by Lenin.
3. The U.S. deported foreign-born members of the radical IWW.
The Industrial Workers of the World led massive strikes in the U.S.
4. In Russia, communism was an economic disaster.
5. Lenin promised that communism would bring a “workers’ paradise.” He encouraged revolutions in the rest of Eastern Europe.
6. There were some Americans who found communism appealing.
7. Russian communists did not believe in democracy.
8. Educated people realize the dangers of communism.
9. Anarchists do not believe in having a government.
10. The Palmer Raids:
Not everyone who was arrested was deported.
11. We have absolutely no idea what this cartoon is about.
Do you?
12. The U.S. government deported foreign-born radicals.
13. Radicals wanted to overthrow the U.S. government.
14. Communists tried to foment class conflict in the U.S.
15. The foreign-born radical is opposed to what America stands for.
16. The American system of free enterprise capitalism works.
Communists don’t like that.
17. In the U.S., regular trade unions are opposed to radical politics.
18. Russians moved into Asia to start communist revolutions.
19. The U.S. government does not like the Socialist Party.
20. Many politicians wanted to stop immigration.
21. Many politicians wanted to put an end to immigration.
22. Public opinion is opposed to the New York state legislature.
They refused to seat a man who was elected on the Socialist Party ticket.
23. In England, the Socialists were strong in the Labour Party.
24. In Germany, the Socialists were strong.
25. Eugene V. Debs was the leader of the U.S. Socialist Party.
26. Americans who visited Russia were horrified by what they saw.
27. Lenin wanted a revolution in Poland.
28. Lenin wanted to spread revolutions in Central Europe.
29. During the Russian civil war, the Reds fought the Whites.
Both sides asked for help from the rest of the world.
30. Communism brings hunger, political oppression, and warfare.
31. Communism don’t work.
32. Radicals destroy capitalism, then everyone suffers.

The Definition “Students distinguish fact from opinion.”
The Goal
We want an immediate off-the-cuff response.
At first, this will be a parody.
Over time, students are clever.
The teacher gives the situation
The Red Scare:
What do you think of it?
Pause
While the gals dream up a way to capture this . . .
The guys put it into one-liners.
Then students respond
One catchy phrase from the social butterflies.
Alicia Silverstone: You know her style.
She’s not clueless; actually she’s quite clever.
Given this circumstance, what would she say?
We want only one answer from all the gals, expressed by the lead gal.
How about a few bullets (uh, bullet-ins) from the boyzintheback ?
One-liners from the guys in the back row.
You know their style.
We want only one answer from all the guys, expressed by the lead guy.
If you gave a problem to 5 different rock groups, they'd each come up with a different song.
The teacher states the situation:
The Red Scare:
What do you think of it?
Break into 5 groups and take on a name.
Do research about the problem.
Then present your side of story.
Discuss the situation in class - giving each group time to present its views.
Team #1: The Boomers*
Describe all the positive facts and consequences.
These are the sunniest students in the class. These optimists are ready to tell you all the positive aspects.
Team #2: The Busters**
Describe all the negative facts and consequences.
These are the gloomiest students in the class. These pessimists are ready to tell you all the negative aspects.
Team #3: The Factoids***
Present the facts and only the facts. No opinions whatsoever. These no-nonsense students excel in math and science. On paper, they boil it down to ten facts or less.
Team #4: The Emotionals****
Present only your reactions (emotions and feelings) to the problem. These are the social butterflies . They care only about their emotional reactions. They are known for their compassion.
Team #5: The Outrageous Ones*****
Come up with a new way of looking at the situation that stuns everyone. Free spirits, they are divergent thinkers . They see it in a new light. They present a totally new way to look at it.
*Nothing is good about it.
**The deported people did not commit a crime.
Their civil liberties were violated.
***List 3 facts about the Palmer Raids.
****How would you feel if you were deported?
*****First Amendment: You have the right to free speech.
As long as you do not break the law, freedom of thought is not a crime.
page 38

The Red Scare of the 1920s was similar to McCarthyism of the 1950s.
Break into groups: Come up with ten reasons.
Read them with gusto! Starting with #10. You know the drill.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1. We had another Red Scare in the 1950s. It was called McCarthyism.
2.
3.
4.
9.
10. page 39

Also known as the National Origins Act.
A brief lecture.
From 1880 onward, millions of immigrants came into the U.S.
That is why we built Ellis Island.
That is why Emma Lazarus wrote the poem at the base of Statue of Liberty:
“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to be free . . .”
From 1880 on, millions of immigrants came from Eastern Europe (Russia) and Southern Europe (Italy).
In 1924, Congress cut off immigration from these countries.
They did not like radicals who had been influenced by the Russian Revolution.
Congress put a ceiling (150,000) on the total number of people who could come into the U.S.
The quota system a. favored immigrants from Western Europe (England, France) b. shut the door on immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe.
c. slammed the door on immigrants from Asia.
The quota system remained U.S. immigration policy until the 1960s.
Isolationism
President Harding and the Republican Congress did not want to have anything to do with the rest of the world.
World War I was over, and they did not want to fight any more wars in Europe.
The Russian Revolution had taken place in Russia, and they did not want anything to do with communism.
Labor unrest
In 1919, everybody went on strike.
Big Business blamed foreign-born radical.
America First!
We only have so many jobs, so don’t let foreigners take our jobs.
Religious Intolerance
Immigrants from Russia could be Jewish.
Immigrants from Italy would be Catholic.
The KKK hated both.
Big Business
Before the 1920s, industry needed labor. Industrialists went to Europe and hired people.
During the 1920s, there was no shortage of labor.
Read “Shut the Door!”
It is an incredible speech by U.S. Senator Smith of South Carolina. He wants to end immigration. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5080/ page 40

Take a little seed and make it bloom into a lovely flower (or poisonous plant).
Analyze a concept using Bloom’s taxonomy.
Break into 6 groups.
1. Define
Using your textbook, define it in 25 words or less.
2. Interpret
Translate it into your own words. Make it memorable.
3. Apply
What if you applied the principle to your own life?
4. Analyze
List the parts.
5. Synthesize
Add up the parts . . . and create a new thing.
6. Evaluate
To what extent does it live up the ideals of Emma
Lazarus’ poem at the base of the Statue of Liberty?
1. The Immigration Act of 1924 ended immigration from Eastern Europe and Asia.
2. Congress reflected the desires of small-town
America and Big Business.
If employers needed labor, the door was open.
If not, the door was shut.
3. If you need something, you become friends with other students. When you no longer need something, you drop them.
4. The Act slashed the number of immigrants.
It discriminated against Eastern Europeans and
Asians.
5. It reflected isolationism and religious intolerance prevalent in America.
6. It does not.
page 41

We are still debating this issue today . . .
Break into groups: Come up with ten reasons.
Read them with gusto! Starting with #10. You know the drill.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1. It lasted until 1965!
2.
3.
4.
9.
10. page 42

We conducted 50 dreadful debates until we came up with . . .
"Resolved, the Immigration Act of 1924 was a good thing.”
The Boomers (half the class) present evidence and argue the positive.
The Busters (the other half) present evidence and argue the negative.
The Court: Choose 5 introverts to sit at a table in front of the class. They choose the Chief Justice.
The month before
Ask the Rotarians to donate a gavel to your class. This is an old-fashioned debate. Go heavy on the ritual.
The Court
Listen to the evidence. Add up the facts and draw conclusions. You will deliberate and render your decision:
Which team won? Who is the MVP? Choose a Chief Justice and give him/her the gavel. Make a formal announcement: “As Chief Justice, you are in charge of keeping order in the courtroom.”
The grading system
Give one grade for every comment.
A - excellent analysis of facts.
B - very good analysis.
C - repeating another student, with elaboration.
D - a half-baked thought, has a tiny kernel of merit.
E - fuzzy thinking. The student has missed the point.
F - interrupting another student.
To get the floor, simply say "WELL . . . "
Once you have uttered that magic word, the floor is yours. An F for every interruption. Civility is crucial.
How to begin
Heavy on the ritual. Flip a coin and turn to one team: “Call it.” It is heads and they called heads: “What is your pleasure? Would you like to go first or have the opposition go first?” It is heads and they called tails, turn to the other team: “What is your pleasure?” The teams alternate: A student from Team A speaks, then a student from
Team B speaks.
A debate is like an airplane taking off.
First it has to crawl down the runway! Do not worry if the debate starts off slowly. Ignore the silence: Be busy writing on your gradesheet. Once the kids see you have no intention of intervening, they’ll play along.
The teacher’s role
Recede to the back of the classroom. Do not look up. Be busy filling out names on your gradesheet. Remember:
Give a grade every time a student makes a comment.
How to end
Ten minutes before the end of class, the judges leave the room to deliberate. Remind them: Which team won?
Who is the MVP? While they are out, pass around the gradesheet. When a student looks at his/her line of grades, he/she will know how to improve next time. Examples: “My name has no grades beside it. I’d better say something next time!” "I repeat what others say. I’d better say something original next time." "Half-baked!
Next time I’ll do the reading." "A string of Fs. I’d better stop interrupting others!" As kids leave class, post the gradesheet on the bulletin board outside your classroom. In red, label the MVP.

Ask one student to present this lecture. If at all possible, the student should be of the Catholic or Jewish faith.
A lecture with graphics.
The photos are in italics.
The Great Migration
During World War I, African Americans served as soldiers.
Thanks to wartime industries, 600,000 African Americans left the South and moved into Northern cities.
They got wartime jobs and settled down in communities like Harlem in New York City.
Race Riots
When World War I ended, many men were unemployed.
There were race riots in northern cities: Desperate, unemployed white men attacked black neighborhoods.
It was called the Red Summer of 1919.
The Ku Klux Klan
Photo: Nebraska, 1923
Photo: Oklahoma, 1920s
Photo: Georgia, 1922 http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/media/0701_013001.jpg
http://www.tulsareparations.org/images/freport_46_0001.jpg
http://www.sos.state.ga.us/archives/vg/images/lowndes2b.gif
Violent
The Ku Klux Klan was a violent organization.
It was founded in 1866 for the sole purpose of terrorizing African Americans in the U.S. South.
Race hatred and religious hatred
The KKK had always stirred up racial hatred.
But in the 1920s, it began stirring up religious hatred.
Record membership
During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan was reborn:
1. They had a new slogan: Patriotism, religious fundamentalism, and white supremacy.
2. They attacked African Americans - plus immigrants, Catholics, and Jews.
3. They elected Klansmen to political office.
Not just in the South
By 1924, the Klan was in its heyday: It had four million members.
The KKK was not just a big deal in the South (Georgia, Alabama).
It had millions of members in the Midwest (Indiana) and the West (Texas, Oklahoma, Oregon).
The “Invisible Empire”
Members were often the guy next door - the pharmacist, the dentist, the real estate salesman.
They often dominated local and state politics.
Why?
During the 1920s, small-town America was intolerant of anyone they considered to be “un-American.”
They terrorized anyone who was not a WASP - a White Anglo Saxon Protestant. page 44

The teacher will want to review these horrific photos before showing them to the class.
A variety of activities
As students come into class, play the song “Strange Fruit” s ung by Billie Holliday.
It is about lynching in the South. It has an eerie melody and she sings it with sorrow.
Lynching is the illegal execution of an accused person by a mob.
In the South, white mobs lynched African Americans.
In 1867, the KKK was formed by leaders of the Confederacy who lost the Civil War.
From then on, the number of lynching of African Americans increased dramatically.
The main objective of the KKK was to maintain white supremacy in the South.
Between 1880 and 1920, two African Americans a week were lynched in the United States.
During World War I, ten black soldiers, still in their army uniforms, were lynched.
In none of these cases was a white person ever punished for these crimes.
In 1884 Ida B. Wells was born a slave near Memphis, Tennessee.
She became a newspaper reporter there and published “The Red Record,” an expose of lynching:
728 black men and women had been lynched by white mobs.
Of those, two-thirds were accused of small offenses like public drunkenness or shoplifting. Not rape.
In 1892, three African American businessmen were lynched in Memphis.
When Ida B. Wells wrote newspaper story about the lynchings, a white mob destroyed her printing press.
No doubt they would have lynched her as well, but she was out of the city.
Ida B. Wells never returned to Memphis.
The New York Age was a progressive newspaper in New York City. They hired her as a Muckraker:
She wrote newspaper stories to expose the killings and to establish laws against lynchings.
In 1901, Congress considered and rejected making lynching a federal crime.
Ida B. Wells was active in the movement for women’s suffrage.
In 1909, she became a founder of the NAACP.
Ask one woman student to read this powerful essay aloud: http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/nash5e_awl/chapter21/medialib/primarysources5_22_2.h
tml
http://www.musarium.com/withoutsanctuary/
You will want to preview these shocking photos . . .
1. A brief movie - in which the narrator tells the story.
2. Postcards - 81 photos. There is a story beside each photo.
(Yes, photos of lynchings were turned into postcards. Photographers made money from lynchings.)

The NAACP was the first organization to defend civil liberties of African Americans.
Lecture
In 1868, W.E.B. Du Bois was born in New England.
He went to college in the South - Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.
In 1895, he became the first African American to receive his PhD from Harvard University.
From 1897 to 1910, he was a Professor of History at Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia.
Booker T. Washington “Pull yourself up by your bootstraps.”
In 1900, Booker T. Washington was the leading black figure in America.
He founded the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school in Alabama.
His autobiography, Up from Slavery , was a best-seller.
He argued: Don’t demand equal rights. Start at the bottom and work your way up. We will rise by hard work.
W.E.B. Du Bois “Fight for equal rights!”
He disagreed strenuously with Booker T. Washington.
He argued: Go to college and then lead the fight against discrimination!
The Talented Tenth
Du Bois believed that the talented 10% of African Americans would lead the movement against discrimination.
He explained this in his essay, “The Talented Tenth”: http://douglassarchives.org/dubo_b05.htm
His most famous book
The Souls of Black Folk (1903):
“The problem of the 20th century is the color line.”
A fascinating essay
Ask a student to read it aloud: http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/black/dubstriv.htm
In 1905, black professionals - ministers, lawyers, teachers - held a conference at Niagara Falls in New York.
They gathered to protest the condition of African-Americans in the U.S.
Led by W.E.B. Du Bois, the conference demanded economic, political, and social equality.
In 1909, Du Bois was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
The NAACP waged a campaign for civil rights: a. Information - W.E.B. Du Bois ran the organization’s newsletter. It was aptly named The Crisis .
b. Lawsuits - Lawyers defended black citizens who were wrongly accused.
c. Investigations - Professionals investigated lynchings and race riots.
d. Organization - Organizers set up branches in 50 cities.
The NAACP fought a long campaign against lynching.
In 1919 it published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1889-1918.
The NAACP put advertisements in major newspapers presenting the facts about lynching.
It held its 1920 annual conference in Atlanta, home of the most active Ku Klux Klan in America. page 46

African Americans moved to the Northern cities.
Lecture with Graphics
From 1900 onward, many African Americans moved out of the rural South and into Northern cities.
Between 1916 and 1970, six million black Southerners moved to cities in the North and West.
The Push Factors
Life in the South was a nightmare: Sharecropping, Jim Crow laws, the KKK and lynch mobs.
The Pull Factors
The No. 1 reason: J.O.B.S. During World War One, war-time jobs opened up.
More opportunity: Higher wages, better housing, better schools, and the right to vote.
Northern cities offered libraries, museums, theaters, night school for adults.
These opportunities were off-limits or unavailable in the South.
World War I
The first wave of the Great Migration began in 1916, just before the U.S. entered World War I.
Northern industries hired black workers for the first time. Why?
When World War I began, government orders began and immigration came to a halt.
With no immigrants available to work, factory owners turned to African Americans in the South.
The Drawbacks
Northern cities had race riots, racial discrimination, and residential segregation.
But life in the North was definitely better than in the South.
Who helped the black migrants?
1. Black newspapers - they encouraged people to move out of the South and into the North.
1. Black churches helped migrants find jobs and housing.
2. The National Urban League was founded in 1910 to help black migrants find jobs and housing.
Half in the North
Before World War I, 90% of all African Americans lived in the South.
By 1970, the majority of African Americans lived in the North.
Black communities
The Great Migration created the first large, urban black communities in the North.
The cities with large black communities were New York City, Chicago, Detroit, and many others.
page 47

1. Photos of the Great Migration http://www.journaltimes.com/migration/photos.html
http://www.chicagohistory.org/DGBPhotoEssay/DGB08.html
2. Brief Readings
“Times Is Gettin Harder”: Blues of the Great Migration http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5333/
“Cotton Belt Blues” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5053/
“People we can get along without” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6785/
“Seven Letters from the Great Migration” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5332/
"We Thought State Street Would Be Heaven Itself": Black Migrants Speak Out http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5337/
“The Chicago Race Riot of 1919” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4977/
3. Map of Railroads
How did African Americans migrate out of the South and into the North?
By train! Correction: By segregated trains.
The Illinois-Central carried folks from Mississippi to Chicago.
Map: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/53black/53locate1.htm
4. Paintings by Jacob Lawrence http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/odonnell/w1010/edit/migration/migration.html
Jacob Lawrence illustrates the mass exodus of African-Americans from the South.
5. Black soldiers in World War I http://www.chicagohistory.org/DGBPhotoEssay/DGB10.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail299.html
page 48

6. Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.
Ask one student to put these on cards.
Read them with gusto! Starting with #10. You know the drill.
We dare you to be more clever!
5.
6.
7.
8.
1. Jobs!
2.
3.
4.
9.
10. page 49

Marcus Garvey had a huge impact on Harlem.
Lecture with graphics.
Ask one student to present this lecture.
The graphics are in italics.
Marcus Garvey
Photo: Marcus Garvey
Jamaica
Map: Jamaica
Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in Jamaica.
At that time, Jamaica was a. an island in the Caribbean.
b. 90% black.
c. a colony of the British Empire.
http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/photo01.htm
http://www.activecabarete.com/info/images/map-caribbean.gif
In 1901, at fourteen, Marcus Garvey left school, and got a job as a printer.
From 1912 to 1914, he lived in London.
A nationalist
He joined nationalist groups that sought Jamaican independence from the British Empire.
A nationalist always calls for change. But what kind of change?
a. political change Asia and Africa began calling for independence, 1919 b. cultural change c. social change
The Harlem Renaissance, 1920s
The Civil Rights movement, 1955 d. economic change This was Marcus Garvey.
The 1920s was a time of roaring prosperity in the U.S.
Marcus Garvey, a businessman at heart, wanted prosperity for African Americans.
page 50

Founded the UNIA, 1914
Photo: UNIA Constitution http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp03.jpg
In Jamaica, Marcus Garvey founded the UNIA - Universal Negro Improvement Association.
It was a combition of black nationalism and black capitalism.
A newspaper
Photo: Marcus Garvey’s newspaper
Membership
Photo: UNIA membership card http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp09.jpg
Marcus Garvey began his working life as a printer.
He now became a publisher.
He published the weekly newspaper, The Negro World.
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp04.jpg
By the early 1920s, the UNIA had a. two million members in the U.S.
b. 700 chapters in 38 states.
c. several hundred chapters world-wide.
Photo: Marcus Garvey in formal dress http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp17.jpg
Black is beautiful
The UNIA was wildly popular because Marcus Garvey was the first to express: "Black is beautiful.”
This was break from the past:
He did not accept the conventional wisdom that African Americans were inferior.
"Garvey was one of the first to say that instead of blackness being a stigma, it should be a source of pride.”
- Charles B. Rangel, Congressman from New York City.
Moved to New York City
Photo: UNIA in New York City http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/photo05.htm
In 1916, at the age of 29, he set up a chapter of the UNIA in New York City.
He regarded it as a business: He set up a business charter and incorporated it in the state of New York.
The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey lived in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance.
It was a great cultural flowering of African American artists, novelists, and poets.
Thanks to Marcus Garvey, for the first time, people began to identify with their African roots.
Parades in New York City
Photo: Marcus Garvey in parade uniform http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/garvey.htm
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp07.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/24garvey.jpg
http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Harlem/text/unia.html
A lot of people don’t understand the parades runs by Marcus Garvey.
First off, New York City has always had parades for ethnic groups:
The St. Patrick’s Day parade is for the Irish, the Columbus Day parade is for the Italians, etc. page 51

A businessman
Photo: Marcus Garvey in a business suit http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp01.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp08.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp19.jpg
You cannot understand Marcus Garvey unless you understand his desire to become a businessman.
He needed investors - an impossible task for an African American in 1914. Or was it?
Investors
Photo: Stock certificate, UNIA http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp05.jpg
He was hoping to raise consciousness and raise capital.
He asked black investors to invest in black-owned businesses.
A shipping line
Photo: S.S. Yarmouth, the flagship
Photo: Advertisement for Black Star Line
Photo: Black Star Line office
Photo: Stock certificate, Black Star Line http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp16.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp15.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp12.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp13.jpg
In 1919, Marcus Garvey formed the Black Star Line.
It was a shipping line designed to transport a. products from his businesses. (Negro Factories Corporation, 1920).
b. passengers between the U.S., the Caribbean, and Africa.
Its flagship, the S.S. Yarmouth , made its maiden voyage in 1919.
In 1920, two more ships were added.
The Black Star Line was a symbol of black enterprise.
Factories
In 1920, Marcus Garvey incorporated the Negro Factories Corporation.
Given time, he was going to set up factories to produce products at home and abroad.
A university
Photo: Marcus Garvey http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp06.jpg
In 1923, the UNIA bought Liberty University in Claremont, Virginia.
Marcus Garvey had always wanted to set up an industrial training school, like Tuskegee Institute.
Its graduates could run the black-owned factories. page 52

Photo: Donations
Photo: Headline http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp10.jpg
http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp14.jpg
Photo: Button http://www.wiseadvertise.ch/html/culturewise/pics/buttons/50%20marcus%20garvey%20(unia).jpg
The Motherland
Marcus Garvey preached that African Americans should regard Africa as their home.
“For him, Africa was the ancestral home and spiritual base for all people of African descent. His political goal was to take Africa back from European domination and build a free and United Black Africa. He advocated the
Back-to-Africa Movement and organized a shipping company called the Black Star Line which was part of his program to conduct international trade between black Africans and the rest of the world in order to "uplift the race" and eventually return to Africa.” - The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
A break from the past
Until then, African Americans were made to feel ashamed of their African heritage.
Marcus Garvey did the reverse; he told people to be proud of their African heritage.
Dissatisfaction
Photo: W.E.B. Du Bois http://www.ritesofpassage.org/images/dubois.jpg
The Garvey movement was powerful because he offered new hope.
For those who were dissatisfied with America, Garvey offered Africa as a new hope.
In some ways, you see, Garvey despaired of things improving in the U.S.
He believed that a country with a white majority could never give justice to the black minority.
(W.E.B. Du Bois came to believe the same thing. In 1961, he moved to Ghana.)
Liberia, 1822
In Africa, the country of Liberia was founded in 1822.
It was founded by former slaves from the U.S.
The U.S. President was Monroe, so the capital city was named Monrovia.
Liberia, 1922
Photo: UNIA commission to Liberia http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp11.jpg
To mark the 100th anniversary, Marcus Garvey came up with an idea:
If life was hard in America, why not go back to Africa?
If people wanted to go, the ships of his Black Star Line were ready to take them.
In 1921, he sent his first delegation to Monrovia, Liberia.
A fatal error
Photo: The Imperial Wizard http://www.mysticknights.org/ImperialWizardKuKluxKlanPhoto1926.jpg
In 1922, Marcus Garvey met with the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.
Marcus Garvey was, once again, thinking outside of the box.
The KKK agreed with Marcus Garvey: African Americans should return to Africa!
By doing this, Marcus Garvey lost many supporters. page 53

Marcus Garvey was running against the tide.
What was it like in the U.S.?
In 1918, when World War I ended, there was unemployment.
In 1919, there were race riots in many U.S. cities.
In 1921, Congress began cutting off immigration.
Marcus Garvey applied for American citizenship in 1921.
In 1922, the Ku Klux Klan was in its heyday.
The Federal Government
Photo: Federal agents arrest Marcus Garvey http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp22.jpg
In 1922, the federal government cracked down on Marcus Garvey.
The government said he made false claims when selling stock to investors.
This may have been true, but it was odd:
Throughout the 1920s, stock brokers did this on Wall Street.
Which is why the stock market crashed in 1929.
Imprisoned in the U.S.
Photo: Marcus Garvey in Atlanta federal prison http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp23.jpg
Marcus Garvey was a. indicted on mail fraud.
b. sentenced to prison.
c. deported to Jamaica in 1927.
In 1935, he moved to London
Hitler and Mussolini were driving Europe toward World War II.
Marcus Garvey was horrified when Mussolini’s Italy invaded Ethiopia.
At the time, he was critical of Haile Selassie, the king of Ethiopia.
He died in 1940 and is buried in National Heroes' Park in Kingston, Jamaica.
Malcolm X
Photo: Malcolm X http://www.africawithin.com/malcolmx/malcolmcolor.jpg
Malcolm X, the leading black nationalist of the 1960s, had no trouble understanding Marcus Garvey.
To him, black nationalism and black capitalism went hand in hand.
Malcolm X told people to set up and patronize black-owned businesses.
Rastafarians
Photo: Bob Marley, Jamaica http://www.cen.uiuc.edu/~borgersn/bob_10.jpg
In Marcus Garvey’s home country of Jamaica, he has had a major impact.
Today, Rastafarians regard themselves as citizens of Africa, not of Jamaica.
Symbol today
Map: Marcus Garvey Park, East Harlem http://www.east-harlem.com/images/mg_park.gif
Today, many places and events are named after Marcus Garvey.
page 54

The causes and effects.
page 55

Ask one student to deliver this lecture.
A lecture with graphics.
The photos are in italics.
Prohibition
Photo: Temperance
Cartoon: Prohibition http://www.winostuff.com/images/prohibition.gif
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/pm/1942/21022cs.jpg
Ever since the 1800s, some regarded drinking as a social evil.
They wanted to ban alcohol; this, they regarded as a social reform.
In 1920, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) won their years of struggle.
Congress added the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Congress banned the manufacture, sales, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.
From then on, Elliot Ness and his Untouchables (federal agents) hunted down bootleggers.
Bootleggers
Painting: Bootleggers http://www.tigtail.org/TIG/TVM/B/NAmerican/a.%20pre%20WW%20II/shahn/M/shahn_bootleggers.1934.jpg
Photo: The Great Gatsby
Photo: Making liquor http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B00004CJ5R.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
http://www.hcso.tampa.fl.us/Photo%20Gallery/Images/bootleg.pg.jpg
Photo: Federal agents smashing a brewery http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ext/ap/chapter23/images/prohibition.jpg
Since there were no more bars, people went to speakeasies (illegal bars) and drank bootleg (illegal) liquor.
Bootlegging began to make headlines.
F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote a novel in which his hero made a fortune from bootlegging.
The Great Gatsby was a tragedy: The hero is murdered at the end - but not by bootleggers!
Al Capone
Photo: Al Capone
Cartoon: Al Capone http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals/capone.gif
http://www.chicagocaricatures.com/capone/scarface.jpg
Photo: St. Valentine’s Massacre http://twotrees.www.50megs.com/archives/totw/posters/19990604prohibition.jpg
Al Capone was head of the Chicago mob, which controlled the bootleg liquor industry.
The submachine gun is first sold at a national gun show.
It became the weapon of choice for bootlegging gangsters.
Al Capone was finally put in federal prison - but not for murder. He was convicted of income tax evasion.
Prohibition lasted for 13 years
Photo: It ended in 1933 http://www.vintageskivvies.com/art/archives/adgallery/1920s/prohibition.jpg
Prohibition was one of the most flouted laws in American history.
It was repealed in 1933.
page 56

Great lesson plans on Prohibition: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1978/3/78.03.03.x.html#c
The Breweries
Photo: Pabst brewery, Milwaukee, WI http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/Brewing/pabst.jpg
Photo: Anheuser-Busch, St. Louis, MO http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/Brewing/Anheuser_1866.jpg
Beer was the No. 1 drink in America.
Thanks to refrigeration, breweries could mass produce beer.
Thanks to refrigerated railroad cars, brewers could ship beer to the major cities.
The Saloons
Photo: Saloon in Pittsburgh, PA http://prohibition.history.ohio-state.edu/Saloons/SaloonsHomestead/salooncorner.htm
In 1906, the city of Chicago had 5,000 grocery stores and 8,000 saloons.
In New York City’s Lower East Side, there were 100 churches and 4,000 saloons.
To increase the sale of beer, breweries put several bars on every street.
To increase the sale of beer, taverns provided a free lunch.
The breweries and saloons focused on workers and immigrants.
Grassroots movement
The anti-drinking movement consisted of local groups: a. Churches, religious fundamentalists, and Billy Sunday, the evangelist.
b. Businessmen, who wanted to reduce absenteeism.
c. Women’s Christian Temperance Union began in 1874.
d. The Anti-Saloon League began in 1895.
In many towns in Ohio and New York, women met at churches and then marched to the saloons.
First, they asked tavern keepers to close their bars.
Second, they passed local laws to ban liquor.
A county that outlawed the sale of liquor was known as a “dry” county.
Why?
1. Reduce alcoholism.
2. Reduce crime.
3. Reduce political corruption. (The Democratic Party machine was often based in the tavern.)
4. Reduce the tax burden. (Drunks were sent to prison and the poorhouse.)
5. Reduce poverty.
The 18th Amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress in 1917 and ratified by 3/4 of the states by 1919.
It prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.
page 57

People smuggled liquor over the border from Canada
What was intended
1. REDUCE ALCOHOLISM
For charts on alcohol consumption, homicide rate, cirrhosis of the liver, and police enforcement: http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/miron.prohibition.alcohol.php
The consumption of alcohol fell.
However . . . a. people spent more money on alcohol during Prohibition.
b. people drank stronger alcohol.
Before Prohibition, Americans drank 50% beer and 50% whiskey and other distilled liquor.
During Prohibition, Americans drank whiskey.
The more intense the law enforcement, the more potent liquor became.
A small bottle of whiskey was easy to to transport. It was expensive because it packed a punch.
A big barrel of beer was harder to conceal. In terms of alcohol content, it was weak.
The man who drinks whiskey was far more likely to become an alcoholic than the man who drank beer.
Very often, there were twice as many bars during Prohibition.
But they were illegal and called “speakeasies.”
2. REDUCE CRIME
Cartoon: The crime wave
Chart on prison population http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/louder.html
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/images/pa-157c.gif
Prohibition created a crime wave . . .Violent crimes increased . . . Organized crime took over!
The Volstead Act
Congress passed the Volstead Act to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment.
Before Prohibition, there were 4,000 convicts in federal prisons.
By 1932, there were 26,000.
Two-thirds of all prisoners were convicted of alcohol and drug offenses.
The homicide rate increased during the 1920s.
Al Capone
Photo and story: http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.html
You remember Al Capone and the Chicago mob.
Gangs of bootleggers battled each other for control over territory.
Al Capone’s gang took in $100 million a year.
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre
Gangland shootings became increasingly common on the streets of American cities.
The most famous shoot-out was the St. Valentine's Day massacre.
On February 14, 1929, Al Capone’s gang shot down seven members of another gang in cold blood.
page 58

3. REDUCE POLITICAL CORRUPTION
Everyone from mayors to the cop on the beat took bribes from bootleggers and crime bosses.
Eliot Ness called his group “The Untouchables” because they could not be bribed!
4. REDUCE THE TAX BURDEN
Heavens, no. The federal government alone spent millions trying to crack down on bootleggers.
Thousands of federal agents were expensive. So were federal prisons.
5. REDUCE POVERTY
No. In 1929, the stock market crashed on Wall Street.
That sent millions into poverty.
1. DISRESPECT FOR THE LAW
Prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law
There was widespread violation of the law.
2. BIG GOVERNMENT
Government had no right to make decisions about an individual’s personal life.
In 1933, Alcoholics Anonymous was founded.
3. A FAILURE
Prohibition was a total failure.
In 1933, the Democrats were elected to the presidency and Congress.
Prohibition was ended by the 21st Amendment.
The 18th Amendment*
1919
It began Prohibition.
Prohibition was launched.
*The only amendment that has ever been repealed.
The 21st Amendment
1933
It ended Prohibition.
Prohibition was repealed.
page 59

Use this format to examine the cartoons in this workbook.
1. Title - What is the title of the cartoon and what does it mean to you?
2. Dates - What significant happened on that date?
3. People - Who is in the cartoon? What does the person represent?
4. Objects - What is in the cartoon? What does that object represent?
5. Symbols - What does the symbol stand for?
6. Emotions - What emotions is the person expressing?
7. The Action - What is happening here?
8. Statements - What is the person saying?
9. Key Word - What is the key word or phrase?
10. Pros & Cons - Who would agree with the cartoon? Disagree?
11. The Cartoonist - What is the cartoonist trying to tell you?
12. You, the Student -What did you learn? (In 25 words or less)
1. Title
2. Dates
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. People
4. Objects
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Symbols ______________________________________________________________________
6. Emotions ______________________________________________________________________
7. Action ______________________________________________________________________
8. Statements ______________________________________________________________________
9. Key Word ______________________________________________________________________
10. Pro/Con ______________________________________________________________________
11. Cartoonist ______________________________________________________________________
12. You!
______________________________________________________________________ page 60

Prohibition was regarded as a REFORM.
There are 17 cartoons.
Using scissors, cut out each assignment.
Put them in a hat. Students pick from the hat.
Each student interprets one cartoon.
1. A drunkard’s grave http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/prohibition/prohParty/cartoon1.htm
2. Your daughter or the saloonkeeper’s?
http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/print/fliers/emotion/FLYdau.gif
3. Insanity http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/print/fliers/intellect/fly06.gif
4. The Tree http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/prohibition/prohParty/cartoon3.htm
5. The Octopus http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/prohibition/prohParty/cartoon5.htm
6. His Master’s Voice http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/prohibition/prohParty/cartoon9.htm
7. Your nutty Aunt Carrie is loose again http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/pm/1942/21022cs.jpg
8. And now for the big jump!
http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/print/images/carttrain.gif
Here’s what we came up with . . .
1. Respectable people try to wash their hands of the crime.
They are against Prohibition.
But when a man dies of alcoholism, he leaves behind a widow and orphans.
2. This is a photograph of a girl. Many men spent money at the saloon, money which should have gone to their own children.
3. This is a public notice. It blames alcohol for causing insanity. (Today, researchers do wonder whether excessive amounts of alcohol trigger certain mental disorders.)
4. The voter is chopping down the tree, which symbolizes
Prohibition. The politician is upset. In the cities, the
Democratic Party machine uses saloons as their headquarters.
5. The saloon is like an octopus. It sponsors gambling, prostitution, defiance of the law, partnership with thieves, and political corruption.
6. The whiskey distillers and breweries had political power and not just money. On Election
Day, they influenced the votes of the men who frequented saloons.
7. Dr. Seuss (of “The Cat in the
Hat” fame) drew this cartoon.
Aunt Carrie refers to Carrie
Nation, a famous crusader who used an ax to smash saloons.
Prohibition is portrayed as a strange animal that looks drunk.
8. The Ratification Train is coming down the railroad track.
The liquor interests must jump into the river. Under the U.S.
Constitution, the 18th
Amendment had to be ratified by two-thirds of the states.
page 61

9. Merry Christmas, 1919 http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/IMAGES_LG/Merry_Christmas.gif
10. Jake’s Place http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/IMAGES_LG/Coming_Transformati on.gif
11. Sniper wants to kill Al Smith http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1096.html
12. Yes, it’s a noble experiment http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1145.html
13. Liquor cooties http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/print/images/cartcooties.gif
14. World Booze http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/print/images/cartgoliath.gif
15. Crime http://www.dingdarling.org/cartoons/game.html
16. The national gesture http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6662
17. The 1932 Election http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major=NP&Minor=F&SlideNum=16.
00
9. A Prohibitionist squirts water at Santa. Many people did not like this “gift.”
10. Bartender turns his saloon into an ice cream shop. He does not look happy. Chances are, the back room becomes a speakeasy.
11. Al Smith was the Governor of New York. In 1928, he ran for president against Herbert
Hoover. Al Smith was a Catholic and he wanted to end
Prohibition. Back then, there was a lot of prejudice against
Catholics.
12. President Hoover stands by as the doctor gives America a big shot of Prohibition. The nurse standing by is from the
WCTU - Women’s Christian
Temperance Union.
13. During Prohibition, other countries sold illegal liquor to the U.S.
14. During Prohibition, other countries sold illegal liquor to the U.S.
15. The legal system let criminals go.
16. During Prohibition, the police and politicians were on the take - from bootleggers.
17. In 1932, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt ran for president. He promised to end Prohibition. He won the election and ended
Prohibition. page 62

We conducted 50 dreadful debates until we came up with . . .
"Resolved, government needs to legislate morality, like drugs and alcohol.”
The Boomers (half the class) present evidence and argue the positive.
The Busters (the other half) present evidence and argue the negative.
The Court: Choose 5 introverts to sit at a table in front of the class. They choose the Chief Justice.
The month before
Ask the Rotarians to donate a gavel to your class. This is an old-fashioned debate. Go heavy on the ritual.
The Court
Listen to the evidence. Add up the facts and draw conclusions. You will deliberate and render your decision:
Which team won? Who is the MVP? Choose a Chief Justice and give him/her the gavel. Make a formal announcement: “As Chief Justice, you are in charge of keeping order in the courtroom.”
The grading system
Give one grade for every comment.
A - excellent analysis of facts.
B - very good analysis.
C - repeating another student, with elaboration.
D - a half-baked thought, has a tiny kernel of merit.
E - fuzzy thinking. The student has missed the point.
F - interrupting another student.
To get the floor, simply say "WELL . . . "
Once you have uttered that magic word, the floor is yours. An F for every interruption. Civility is crucial.
How to begin
Heavy on the ritual. Flip a coin and turn to one team: “Call it.” It is heads and they called heads: “What is your pleasure? Would you like to go first or have the opposition go first?” It is heads and they called tails, turn to the other team: “What is your pleasure?” The teams alternate: A student from Team A speaks, then a student from
Team B speaks.
A debate is like an airplane taking off.
First it has to crawl down the runway! Do not worry if the debate starts off slowly. Ignore the silence: Be busy writing on your gradesheet. Once the kids see you have no intention of intervening, they’ll play along.
The teacher’s role
Recede to the back of the classroom. Do not look up. Be busy filling out names on your gradesheet. Remember:
Give a grade every time a student makes a comment.
How to end
Ten minutes before the end of class, the judges leave the room to deliberate. Remind them: Which team won?
Who is the MVP? While they are out, pass around the gradesheet. When a student looks at his/her line of grades, he/she will know how to improve next time. Examples: “My name has no grades beside it. I’d better say something next time!” "I repeat what others say. I’d better say something original next time." "Half-baked!
Next time I’ll do the reading." "A string of Fs. I’d better stop interrupting others!" As kids leave class, post the gradesheet on the bulletin board outside your classroom. In red, label the MVP.

What did the Nineteenth Amendment change?
page 65

How women got the vote!
Beginning in 1848, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change of the Constitution.
Few of the early supporters - Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Standon - lived to see the final victory in
1920.
http://www.authentichistory.com/images/1900s/maps_and_charts/1919_womens_suffrage_before_amendment.ht
ml
The West was outstanding.
The Midwest was so-so.
The South was a disaster.
Read these two speeches. Why do the women criticize the men?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton criticizes black men http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/ext/ap/chapter16/16.y.stanton1.html
Carrie Chapman Catt criticizes immigrant men
If you watch the film “Iron Jawed Women,” you will not like Carrie Chapman Catt. (Anjelica Houston).
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5318/
Choose your favorite photo and bring it to class!
http://www.authentichistory.com/images/1900s/suffrage/suffrage01.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vfwhtml/vfwhome.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1021.html
http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3a50000/3a52000/3a52000/3a52079v.jpg
http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/lessons/woman_suffrage/kaiser_wilson.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail283.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail279.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail282.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail294.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail291.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail296.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail297.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail310.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail309.html
Listen to the clever song, “Sufferin’ til Suffrage.” http://www.school-house-rock.com/Suff.html
page 66

Use this format to examine the cartoons in this workbook.
1. Title - What is the title of the cartoon and what does it mean to you?
2. Dates - What significant happened on that date?
3. People - Who is in the cartoon? What does the person represent?
4. Objects - What is in the cartoon? What does that object represent?
5. Symbols - What does the symbol stand for?
6. Emotions - What emotions is the person expressing?
7. The Action - What is happening here?
8. Statements - What is the person saying?
9. Key Word - What is the key word or phrase?
10. Pros & Cons - Who would agree with the cartoon? Disagree?
11. The Cartoonist - What is the cartoonist trying to tell you?
12. You, the Student -What did you learn? (In 25 words or less)
1. Title
2. Dates
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. People
4. Objects
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Symbols ______________________________________________________________________
6. Emotions ______________________________________________________________________
7. Action ______________________________________________________________________
8. Statements ______________________________________________________________________
9. Key Word ______________________________________________________________________
10. Pro/Con ______________________________________________________________________
11. Cartoonist ______________________________________________________________________
12. You!
______________________________________________________________________ page 67

Women’s Suffrage
Each student interprets 3 cartoons.
Website: http://www.boondocksnet.com/gallery/suf_intro.html
1. Chivalry be blowed
2. As the woman suffragist sees it
3. The modern Joan of Arc
4. You don’t know when you are well off, Madam
5. Three’s a crowd
6. What can mere man do?
7. Making the sparks fly
8. The type of suffragette has changed
9. Now dance!
10. Gallant California
11. Between the coal strike and the suffragettes, it’s Merrie England, indeed
12. The Spirit of 1912
13. Left behind
14. The modern Betsy Ross
15. Touch me not: I’m a lady
16. The female of the species is more curious than the male
17. Women’s age-long advance
18. Woman suffrage campaign methods in England and the U.S.
19. Inauguration Day in Washington
20. ‘Ave a ‘Eart
21. The British way
22. The last word
23. The first one east of the Mother of Waters page 68
Here’s what we came up with . . .
1. In England, women had a rough time getting the right to vote.
2. Women could clean up city government.
3. Like Joan of Arc, women were on a crusade.
4. Women can juggle many problems at one time.
5. President Taft did not support of women’s suffrage.
6. The state legislature of New
York refused to take a stand.
7. Women in Seattle, Washington recalled the mayor. Women had political power.
8. Suffragettes used to be old and mannish; now they are young and beautiful.
9. Women will get rid of corruption
10. California supported women’s suffrage.
11. In England, the women’s movement is more militant than the labor movement.
12. In 1912, the Progressive Party advocated women’s suffrage.
13. Ohio did not support women’s suffrage.
14. Arizona, Kansas, and Oregon supported woman's suffrage.
15. The militant suffragette tells the policeman to leave her alone.
16. Suffragette investigates corrupt ballot in Michigan.
17. Strong women in history.
18. Women in England are far more militant than in the U.S.
19. President Wilson will have to support women’s suffrage.
20. Women in England are really militant.
21. Women in England are extremely militant.
22. The British Parliament voted against women’s suffrage.
23. Illinois votes for women’s suffrage.

24. The Dutch woman wins before her English sister
25. Ruthless rhymes of martial militants
26. Flagged down to answer a question
27. Don’t kill the goose that lays the golden eggs
28. Suffragist: How about me?
29. Every other week or so, they stage a little wrestling bout at the
White House
30. Why Democrats don’t want to open the door
31. A woman under the bed
32. Slightly disfigured, but still in the ring
33. The federal car goes right by
34. Did they want to vote? They did!
35. Give Mother the vote
36. Vote for woman suffrage
37. Politics and home rule
38. Home
39. Well, boys, we saved the home
40. Next time!
41. Look who’s here!
42. No sympathy needed
43. The Anti and the Snowball
44. Will it come to this?
45. This way, Ladies
46. The female of the species is more deadly than the male
47. A new ringmaster
48. Sic Semper Tyrannis
49. The Awkward Squad
50. The feminine West to the rescue
24. The Netherlands passed women’s suffrage
25. Emmeline Pankhurst used confrontation.
26. President Wilson refuses his support.
27. Militant women will lose public support.
28. President Wilson is too busy for suffrage.
29. Women put the pressure on President
Wilson.
30. If women get to vote, then black people will get to vote in the South.
31. Militant women in England
32. Women have a mixed victory in Illinois.
33. President Wilson is afraid of alienating
Southern Democrats.
34. Women vote in Chicago.
35. Women will take care of children’s issues.
36. Women put pressure on men.
37. Men don’t want women running for office.
38. If women become involved in politics, they will abandon their children.
39. Women’s suffrage defeated in New
Jersey.
40. In New Jersey, President Wilson did vote for women’s suffrage.
41. President Wilson joins others (Teddy
Roosevelt and William Jennings Bryan) in supporting women’s suffrage.
42. Despite defeats, women keep the movement rolling.
43. The women’s suffrage movement has become massive.
44. In the Northeast, the populous states will have to pass women’s suffrage.
45. Women refuse to vote for the
Democrats, including Wilson.
46. Women have 4 million votes.
47. Women use their voting power
48. Women don’t vote Democrat.
49. Democrats begin to support women’s suffrage.
50. Women voters out West help re-elect
President Wilson.
page 69

51. Tidings from the West
52. The cut direct
53. Two’s company, three’s a crowd
54. There’s a coupla distinguished gentlemen to see you, Ma
55. The last few buttons are always the hardest
56. The Belle of the Ball
57. The suffrage climbers nearing the top
58. Beauty and the Beasts
59. All ready but the last button
60. Missing the presidential election train by half a block
61. All ready to start and no hat yet
62. Enter Madam
63. The old swimming hole will never be the same
64. Too much is heard of independence in politics
65. Mother’s busy now
66. Both to her: If I were you, I’d be crazy about me
67. If only they knew where it is going to strike
68. She knows how she got her vote
69. Had you noticed the great political transformation?
70. Col. R. V. Winkle goes to a rally
71. Be careful how you distribute your weight
72. Can she live up to the expectations?
73. Compromising the political differences of Jones and his wife
74. The House Divided
51. Out West, women help re-elect President Wilson.
52. A 24-hour picket line outside the White House began in 1917.
President Wilson had to make good on his campaign promise to support women's suffrage.
53. Women voters are courted by both the Democrats and the
Republicans.
54. Women voters are courted by both the Democrats and the
Republicans.
55. In order for the 19th Amendment to pass, 36 states must ratify it. Three more states are needed.
56. During the 1920 presidential campaign, both the Republicans and Democrats are courting women voters.
57. Susan B. Anthony, who began the suffrage movement, died in
1906. In 1920, this is the women’s final struggle to win the vote.
58. In 1920, women will vote for whoever gets the last states to pass the 19th Amendment.
59. Women struggle to get the last state to ratify the 19th
Amendment.
60. Delaware refuses to ratify the 19th Amendment, so women do not get to vote in the 1920 presidential election.
61. Since the 19th Amendment is not yet ratified, women do not get to vote in the 1920 presidential election.
The 19th Amendment was ratified on Aug. 26, 1920
62. The 19th Amendment is ratified! Women constitute 27 million voters, so they will clean house.
63. Women challenge the power of political bosses.
64. Warren G. Harding, Republican candidate for President, represents the Old Guard.
65. After the 19th Amendment was passed, women began studying up on history and politics.
66. Both presidential candidates now court 28 million women voters.
67. In 1920, it was unpredictable as to how women would vote. For the Democrats or the Republicans?
68. In the end, it was the Republican Party that made sure the 19th
Amendment was passed.
69. When women got the vote, will they go along with the same old politics?
70. Old-time politicians are shocked at how women have changed the mood of politics.
71. The woman’s vote is powerful: It decides elections.
72. Will women vote out corrupt politicians?
73. Do women vote the same as men?
74. Do women vote the same as men?
page 70

Ask one woman student to present this lecture.
Lecture with graphics.
The graphics are in italics.
The changing status of women
Unlike their Victorian mothers, young urban women no longer wore dresses down to their ankles.
Poster: New Jobs for Women http://www.uic.edu/depts/wsweb/images/new%20jobs%20for%20women%20-%201920s.gif
Photo: Women in a car
Photo: Women in pants http://www.uic.edu/depts/wsweb/images/roadster%20girls%201920s.JPG
http://www.dunton.org/archive/images_general/olive_dunton)1920s.jpg
Photo: Woman in bathing suit http://www.costen.co.uk/images/glamour%201920s.jpg
http://home.earthlink.net/~rbotti/images/flapperhood.gif
Photo: Girls play sports http://www.princetonhistory.org/rose/Sports.JPG
The Flapper
Drawing: Driving a car
Photo: Flapper
Photo: Flappers dancing http://clubs.hemmings.com/clubsites/durant/images/flapper-solo3.gif
http://www.planetary.brown.edu/~neivert/Else.flapper.1920's.gif
http://www.attic.utoledo.edu/att99/topics/illustration5.jpg
Postage Stamp: Flapperhttp://www.usps.com/images/stamps/98/flapper.jpg
The flapper was a thoroughly modern young woman of the 1920s.
And very independent. She had a job and could drive a car.
She had short hair and wore a short dress - that fell slightly below the knee.
Certainly not down to her ankles, like her mother.
Unlike her mother, she never wore a corset.
She smoked in public and drank. She went to speakeasies and danced the Charleston.
The consumer culture
Cigarette ad http://www.decodog.com/inven/deco3/dc25595.jpg
The flapper of the 1920s represented consumer culture more than the emancipation of women.
She read women’s magazines and went to the movies.
These told her what to wear (hair, dress, cosmetics, shoes) and how to behave.
Cigarette advertising was geared toward women.
"Reach for a Lucky Strike instead of a sweet" established an association between smoking and slimness.
This Lucky Strike ad led to a 300% increase in sales.
The Miss America pageant
The first Miss America pageant http://www.baltimoresun.com/media/photo/2002-04/2679786.jpg
It began in Atlantic City in the 1921. The first winner was just 16 years old. Yes, they had a bathing suit contest.
The whole thing was one big advertisement for Atlantic City, a resort.
The sexual revolution
Photo: Margaret Sanger http://www.miriamreed.com/08cover.jpg
Single women of the 1920s were not the same as their Victorian mothers.
In 1921, Margaret Sanger founded the Birth Control League. Today , it is Planned Parenthood. page 71

1. No political clout
Photo: Alice Paul http://www.alicepaul.org/images/alice_chair.gif
When women got the right to vote in 1920, the women’s movement came to a halt.
In 1920, the League of Women Voters was founded in 1920, but it had no political clout.
In 1923, Alice Paul introduced the Equal Rights Amendment, but Congress refused to deal with it.
a. Women did not vote as a block; they voted pretty much the same as their husbands. b. The struggle for suffrage united the feminist movement. When it was won, the movement fell apart.
c. Young women of the 1920s were interested in rebelling against social conventions
In 1917, Jeannette Rankin became the first woman elected to Congress. (Montana)
In 1925, the first woman governor of a state. ( Wyoming)
By 1930, there were only 13 women in Congress - out of 500.
In state legislatures, there were only 150 women out of 7,500.
2. Women in the Workforce
What you did depended on who you were: a. The professions - women were limited to being teachers, librarians, social workers, and nurses.
middle class white women
During the 1920s, the average salary was $1200 a year.
Schoolteachers, mostly women, made $1,000 a year.
Teachers, librarians, and nurses often earned less than skilled factory workers.
b. Clerical, sales, and telephone work THESE WERE THE NEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES middle class white women . . . who were native-born and unmarried
30 percent of women wage workers were in clerical and sales work.
Women did not have a career; they simply worked until they got married.
The modern working girl was a secretary - with low pay and no future. c. Factory work - foreign-born women d. Domestic work (maids) - African American women
3. Women in school
Photo: Home Ec class http://cehd.ewu.edu/orsh/images/home-economics-class.jpg
In high school, all women had to take Home Ec (cooking, sewing), for that was their future.
In 1928, women were 39% of the college graduates. (This was far better than 19% in 1900.)
4. Women in sports
Photo: Track & Field http://library.usask.ca/herstory/images/rosenfe2.jpg
In 1928, women competed for the first time in the Olympics.
That is, women played against women in field events.
page 72

Electricity
Before World War I, only 20% of American homes had electricity.
By the end of the 1920s, 70% did.
Mass production produced affordable appliances.
Electrical appliances in the home
Chart http://employees.oneonta.edu/richards/145-webpage/145-15/img015.GIF
Photo: Refrigerator
Photo: Old Stove http://www.gizmohighway.com/images/main_photos/fridge.gif
http://www.grandtraverselighthouse.com/images/history-stove.jpg
Photo: Early radio
Photo: The Telephone http://www.hammondmuseumofradio.org/images/hb-3coils.jpg
http://www.telephonymuseum.com/images/web51A.jpg
Housework was made easier by refrigerators, stoves, and vacuums that ran on electricity.
For the first time, most homes had a radio.
Housework
Cartoon
THIS IS THE BIGGIE http://www.siliconmom.com/housework.gif
In the 1920s, the single biggest change for the average woman was housework.
Housework had always been labor-intensive, harsh work.
When electricity reached the majority of the homes, electrical appliance made housework much easier.
For the first time, women had electric stoves, refrigerators, and vacuums to make life easier. page 73

Photo
http://www.alicepaul.org/images/alice_chair.gif
Mother of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 1923.
"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex".
As of 2004, this amendment has still not passed.
HBO’s 2004 movie “Iron Jawed Women” (starring Hilary Swank) is about Alice Paul’s struggle for suffrage.
It is outstanding.
Photo
Her home
Great story
http://www.topblacks.com/business/madam-c-j-walker.jpg
http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/gif/villa_lewaro.gif
http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/walker.html
She established a cosmetics line for African American women.
Her company was the forerunner of Avon and Mary Kay cosmetics.
She became a millionaire and a philanthropist.
Photo
http://www.sfmuseum.org/photos13/amelia1.jpg
In 1928, she was the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air.
She died in the Pacific Ocean on an around-the-world flight.
Photo http://www.startribune.com/stonline/images/news78/FTbessiesmith28.l.jpg
Bessie Smith was one of the most popular and highest-paid blues singers.
The blues was a prime source for the form of music known as jazz.
She performed with Louis Armstrong and influenced Billie Holiday
Photo
Cartoon
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0140189394.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/parker/table.jpg
Began as the drama critic for Vanity Fair.
Became theater critic and book reviewer for the prestigious magazine, The New Yorker.
Member of the literary group known as the Algonquin Club.
She remembered as much for her cutting wit and pessimistic short stories.
page 74

Photo
The queen of modern dance.
http://www.bronxmall.com/kids/district10/graham.jpg
In 1926, she opened her dance studio in New York City.
Martha Graham's impact on dance was staggering, like Picasso's impact on painting.
Photo
http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/okeeffe/okeehead.jpgPainting
http://www.bgard.sci.kun.nl/48597003.jpg
She drew inspiration from nature, mostly scenes from the desert Southwest.
She lived near Taos, New Mexico.
Photo
Map: The English Channel
http://www.msu.edu/~grawbur1/ederle2.jpg
http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/sammy/graphics/kentse.gif
In 1926, she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel.
The 35-mile swim between France and England took her 35 hours.
In 1924, she won a gold medal in the Olympics.
Photo
http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/la/scandals/aimee_older.jpeg
She was a Pentecostal minister, speaking in tongues and faith healing.
In 1922, she built a large temple in Los Angeles.
In 1926, she disappeared and the reappeared, claiming that she had been kidnapped.
Photo http://womenshistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www3.plannedparenthood.org/ABOUT/PHO-
TOALB/MARGE.HTM
Founder of Planned Parenthood.
She was trained as a nurse.
In 1912, she wrote a newspaper column entitled, "What Every Girl Should Know."
In 1916, she opened the first family planning clinic and was arrested.
Her organization became Planned Parenthood.
page 75

Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart, categorize each fact. When you are finished, play
The Gong Show.
More advanced:
Categorize facts from your textbook or the encyclopedia.
1. Artist in Taos, New Mexico.
2. The queen of modern dance.
3. Founder of Planned Parenthood.
4. A Pentecostal minister who spoke in tongues.
5. The first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air.
6. The first woman to swim across the English Channel.
7. Wealthy businesswoman who founded a cosmetics empire.
8. Member of the literary group known as the Algonquin Club.
9. A popular blues singer who performed with Louis Armstrong.
10. Mother of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 1923.
The Answers
1. Georgia O’Keeffe
2. Martha Graham
3. Margaret Sanger
4. Aimee S. McPherson
5. Amelia Earhart
6. Gertrude Ederle
7. Madame C. J. Walker
8. Dorothy Parker
9. Bessie Smith
10. Alice Paul page 76

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 5 bells. (Two women will have to share one bell.)
You know: You bop it to call for service.
Make 10 signs: Paul, Walker, Earhart, Smith, Parker, Graham, O’Keeffe, Ederle, McPherson, Sanger
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 10 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG .”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and came up with a neat one for $19.95: www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WH510.html?L+scstore+tczh8042ffea74ea+1045614491
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark" and, therefore, acceptable.
More advanced
Using the same topic, read from the encyclopedia.
Ask students to explain their answers.
That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?
page 77

The effects of industrialization and urbanization
Goal: Define each and draw a distinction between them.
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
On the chalkboard, write
Paul, Walker, Earhart, Smith, Parker, Graham, O’Keeffe, Ederle, McPherson, Sanger
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the power.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
1. Artist in Taos, New Mexico.
2. The queen of modern dance.
3. Founder of Planned Parenthood.
4. A Pentecostal minister who spoke in tongues.
5. The first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air.
6. The first woman to swim across the English Channel.
7. Wealthy businesswoman who founded a cosmetics empire.
8. Member of the literary group known as the Algonquin Club.
9. A popular blues singer who performed with Louis Armstrong.
10. Mother of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 1923.
The Answers
1. Georgia O’Keeffe
2. Martha Graham
3. Margaret Sanger
4. Aimee S. McPherson
5. Amelia Earhart
6. Gertrude Ederle
7. Madame C. J. Walker
8. Dorothy Parker
9. Bessie Smith
10. Alice Paul page 78

The Harlem Renaissance and new trends in literature, music, and art.
page 79

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural flowering of literature, art, and music.
The Harlem Renaissance was a. a flowering of culture.
b. a social revolt against racism.
c. a celebration of African-American culture.
d. redefined African-American expression.
e. called the “New Negro Movement.”
Before then, white writers described African Americans as rural and backward.
During the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans defined themselves as urban, artistic, and full of racial pride.
What caused the Harlem Renaissance?
The Great Migration
African Americans abandoned the South and moved to Northern cities - New York City, Chicago, and more.
In 1925, Alain Locke, the African American sociologist, wrote a book entitled, The New Negro.
For Southern blacks, the migration to northern cities was “a spiritual emancipation."
The most famous poet was Langston Hughes.
The most impressive novelist was Zora Neale Hurston.
Marcus Garvey was the first black nationalist.
W.E.B. DuBois was the leading black intellectual.
The 1920s.
It died in 1929, when the Great Depression began.
That hit Harlem like a ton of bricks.
Harlem lies in northern Manhattan in New York City.
Literature created a new consciousness about race.
page 80

The Definition
When
Where
How
What
Why
Who page 81

The 1920s was dubbed “The Jazz Age.”
Ask one student to present this lecture with graphics.
The graphics are in italics
What was Jazz?
The music of the Harlem Renaissance was predominantly Jazz. It was a. invented in the United States.
b. created by African Americans. c. a unique musical form which began in the South.
d. spread north, along with the Great Migration.
e. a blending of West African rhythms, African-American spiritual blues, and European harmony.
To listen to Jazz
To listen to music clips, please visit: http://www.btinternet.com/~dreklind/threetwo/Jazzhome.htm
http://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/spaces_cotton_club.htm
“Jelly Roll” Morton
Photo: http://stockholm.music.museum/respektnu/morton.gif
Born in New Orleans, he was the first to play Jazz.
Jelly Roll Morton was the first great composer and piano player of Jazz.
Bessie Smith
Photo: http://207.61.100.164/yourbirth/04time/apr15smithb3.gif
http://mathrisc1.lunet.edu/blues/Bessie_Smith.html
Born in Tennessee, she became the “Empress of the Blues.”
At 18, she began touring the South as a singer.
In 1923, her first album (“Down Hearted Blues”) sold two million copies.
She became the most famous blues singer in America and often performed with Louis Armstrong.
Louis Armstrong
Photo: Louis Armstrong http://www.artcontempora.com/macintosh/graphics/armstrong.gif
Born in New Orleans, he was known as the “Ambassador of Jazz.”
At 17 in 1917, he moved to Chicago and played in a band.
In 1924, he moved to New York City and played the trumpet at Roseland Ballroom.
He became world famous.
Duke Ellington
Photo: http://www.jass.com/images/duke.gif
Born in Washington, D.C., he moved to New York City in 1919.
In 1927, he and his band began playing at the Cotton Club, an exclusive club which admitted white patrons only.
He cut his first record in 1924, went on tour, and appeared in Broadway plays.
He is famous for “Sophisticated Lady,” "Mood Indigo," and "In a Sentimental Mood." page 82

The geography of Jazz a. It began in New Orleans, the home of Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong.
b. It moved to Chicago, along with the Great Migration. (The film “Chicago” is about “all that jazz.”) c. It moved to New York City.
Photos of Harlem
Map of Harlem http://www.mcny.org/Research/FAP/harlem1.htm
http://www.east-harlem.com/images/taximap.jpg
http://hapa2.com/Duke/images/HarlemMap.gif
Harlem was a crossroads
Harlem linked people:
The U.S. South, the Caribbean, Africa, and Europe.
Jack Johnson
Photo: http://www.boxing-memorabilia.com/johnson,jack.htm
The first owner of the Cotton Club was heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson.
In 1908, he became the first black heavyweight boxing champion.
In the 1970 move “The Great White Hope,” James Earl Jones played Jack Johnson.
The Cotton Club
Photo: http://www.rhino.com/blackhistory/images/cottonclub.jpg
During the 1920s, this was the most famous nightclub in New York City.
It was located at 142nd Street and Lenox Avenue, in Harlem.
It opened in 1920, not as a legal bar, but as an illegal speakeasy.
All of the performers were black; all of the patrons were white, mostly high society.
The most famous Jazz composers, musicians, and performers appeared at the Cotton Club.
From 1927 to 1931, Duke Ellington and his orchestra were in residence.
When Louis Armstrong was not touring, he spent a lot of time at the Cotton Club.
In 1984, Francis Ford Coppola created a film about it, called The Cotton Club.
Dance
Photo: http://dancing.org/lhop-bw.gif
During the 1920s, the Lindy Hop originated at Harlem’s famous Savoy Ballroom.
It evolved into many other the Jitterbug, West Coast Swing, Rock 'n' Roll, and Boogie Woogie.
page 83

Zora Neale Hurston novelist
Photo: http://www.nku.edu/~diesmanj/hurston.html
http://www.cc.colorado.edu/Dept/EN/Courses/EN370/EN3707117Garcia/
Born in Florida, she studied at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
She studied anthropology at Columbia University in New York City.
She wrote short stories and novels about life in her hometown of Eatonville.
Her stories use folklore and folk traditions of African Americans.
Her most famous novel was Their Eyes Were Watching God.
It is regarded as a classic in American literature.
Langston Hughes poet
Photo: http://www.euronet.nl/users/jubo/images/hughes01.jpg
Born in Missouri, he is regarded as the poet laureate of Harlem.
In 1921, he attended Columbia University in New York City.
in 1923 he joined the crew of a ship bound for Africa, where he visited thirty ports.
Before returning to New York, Hughes lived in Paris, Venice, and Genoa.
Hughes’ poetry reflects the language, music, and experiences of the common people of Harlem.
His famous poems include: "The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” “A Dream Deferred,” and “I, Too, Sing America.”
Unlike many writers, he made a living at it! Enough so that he did not have a “day job” like many others.
James Weldon Johnson poet
Photo: http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/johnson/johnson.jpg
Born in Florida, he graduated from Atlanta University.
His mother was the first African American schoolteacher in Florida.
In 1900, he wrote a song,"Lift Every Voice and Sing.” It became the "Negro National Anthem."
Throughout the 1920s, he was executive director of the NAACP.
Editor of Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life
This magazine printed many poems and short stories.
Claude McKay poet
Photo: http://www.nku.edu/~diesmanj/mckay.gif
Born in Jamaica, he attended Tuskegee Institute and Kansas State University.
In 1922, he moved to New York City.
By day, he worked as a porter on the railroad. By night, he wrote poetry.
His most famous poem is "If We Must Die.”
In 1928, his Home to Harlem was the first novel by a Harlem writer on the bestseller list.
Countee Cullen poet
Photo: http://newdeal.feri.org/magpie/images/dwc121.jpg
Born in New York City, he was the son of a famous Harlem minister.
In 1925, he graduated from New York University with honors and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
He received his Master of Arts degree from Harvard University.
He taught French and English at the Frederick Douglass Junior High School
(PS 139) for many years.
In 1928, he married Nina Yolande, the daughter of W.E.B. DuBois.
page 85

W.E.B. Du Bois
Photo: http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/aa/dubois/aa_dubois_subj_m.jpg
He is regarded as the leading black intellectual of the 20th century:
African Americans cannot achieve social equality by emulating white ideals.
Equality could be achieved only by black pride and African cultural heritage.
In 1902, he wrote The Souls of Black Folks.
In 1909, he was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its magazine, The Crisis.
Jean Toomer
Book: http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0393956008.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
In 1923, he published his novel, Cane . Many regard it as a masterpiece.
Aaron Douglas
Painting: http://www.iniva.org/harlem/aaron.html
Mural: http://www.cc.colorado.edu/Dept/EN/Courses/EN370/EN3707117Garcia/
Born in Kansas, he received a B.A. in art from the University of Nebraska.
Since he was inspired by African art, he was hired by W.E.B. DuBois to illustrate the covers of The Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP.
During the Depression, the New York City Public Library hired Douglas to paint murals for the Harlem libary on 137th Street.
The murals tell the story of African Americans.
For the rest of his life, he taught art at Fisk University.
Lois Mailou Jones
Painting: http://www.iniva.org/harlem/lois.html
Born in New England, she studied at the Museum of Fine Art in Boston.
She visited Paris; in 1930, she moved to Washington, D.C.
William H. Johnson
Self-Portrait: http://www.iniva.org/harlem/william.html
Born in South Carolina, William H. Johnson moved to Harlem in 1918.
He studied at the National Academy of Design.
He travelled through North Africa and Europe.
In 1926, he settled down in Paris.
Palmer Hayden
Painting: http://www.nku.edu/~diesmanj/bluenile.jpg
Born in Virginia, he served in World War I, and then moved to New York City.
From 1927 to 1932, he lived in Paris.
He broke with tradition by painting African art.
Sir Jacob Epstein
Sculpture: http://www.iniva.org/harlem/jacob.html
Born in New York, he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. page 86

African Americans had always been ill-portrayed in comedy.
For the first time, they were in drama.
Paul Robeson
Photo: http://www.indexbooks.co.uk/robeson1.jpg
Born in New Jersey, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Rutgers University.
He graduated from law school at Columbia University in New York City.
In London, he starred in Othello.
On Broadway, he starred in Emperor Jones and All God's Chillun Got Wings.
Ethel Waters
Photo: http://www.jazzateria.com/roots/images/roots-ew.jpg
Born near Philadelphia. At 8, she began working as a maid. By 13, married.
She became a singer in touring vaudeville shows.
Irving Berlin wrote four songs for her for his Broadway show As Thousands Cheer.
In Hollywood, she made films - notably Pinky (1949), and A Member of the
Wedding (1952).
Eubie Blake
Playbill: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/at0155_3bs.jpg
He wrote the musical play, Shuffle Along.
It opened in 1921 and ran for 500 performances.
The hit of the show was the song, "I'm Just Wild about Harry.”
Porgy & Bess
Photo: http://images.amazon.com/images/P/1578062500.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
In 1927, Dubose Heyward’s play, Porgy, opened on Broadway.
In 1935, it became George Gershwin’s musical hit, Porgy and Bess.
Baseball
Photo: http://www.cmgww.com/baseball/paige/picture1.html
http://www.kclibrary.org/sc/bio/paige.jpg
African American baseball players were not allowed to play in the major leagues.
They were segregated into the Negro League.
Born in Alabama, Satchel Paige was the most outstanding pitcher of the 1920s.
Joe DiMaggio called him "the best and fastest pitcher I've ever faced.”
He finally got to play in the major leagues in 1948.
He helped the Cleveland Indians win the pennant.
In 1971, he was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Basketball
Photo: http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/img/harlem_globetrotters.jpg
In 1927, the Harlem Globetrotters (basketball) was formed. page 87

by Zora Neale Hurston
We Negroes in Eatonville know a number of things that the hustling, bustling white man never dreams of. He is a materialist with little care for overtones. They have only eyes and ears, we see with the skin.
For instance, if a white person were halted on the streets of Orlando and told that Old Man Morgan, the excessively black Negro hoodoo man, can kill any person indicated and paid for, without ever leaving his house or even seeing his victim, he'd laugh in your face and walk away, wondering how long the Negro will continue to wallow in ignorance and superstition. But no black person in a radius of twenty miles will smile, not much. They know.
His achievements are far too numerous to mention singly. Besides, any of his cures of "conjures" are kept secret. But everybody knows that he put the loveless curse on Bella Lewis. She has been married seven times but none of her husbands have ever remained with her longer than the twenty-eight days that Morgan had prescribed as the limit.
Hirma Lester's left track was brought to him with five dollars and when the new moon came again, Lester was stricken with paralysis while working in his orange grove.
There was the bloody-flux that he put on Lucy Potts; he caused Emma Taylor's teeth to drop out; he put the shed skin of a black snake in Horsos Brown's shoes and made him as the Wandering Jew; he put a sprig of
Lena Merchant's hair in a bottle, corked it and threw it into a running stream with the neck pointing upstream, and she went crazy; he buried Lillie Wilcox's fingernails with lizard's feet and dried up her blood.
All of these things and more can easily be proved by the testimony of the villagers. They ought to know.
He lives alone in a two-room hut down by Lake Blue Sink, the bottomless. His eyes are reddish and the large gold hoop earrings jangling on either side of his shrunken black face make the children fly in terror whenever they meet him on the street or in the woods where he goes to dig roots for his medicines.
But the doctor does not spend his time merely making folks ill. He has sold himself to the devil over the powerful black cat's bone that alone will float upstream and may do what he wills. Life and death are in his hands -- he sometimes kills.
He sent Old Lady Crooms to her death in the Lake. She was a rival hoodoo doctor and laid claims to equal power. She came to her death one night. That very morning Morgan had told several that he was tired of her pretenses -- he would put an end to it and prove his powers. That very afternoon near sundown, she went down to the lake to bathe, telling her daughter, however, that she did not wish to go, but something seemed to be forcing her. About dusk someone heard her scream and rushed to the lake. She had fallen in the shallow water at the edge. The coroner from Orlando said she met her death by falling into the water during an epileptic fit. But the villagers knew. White people are very stupid about some things.
But the undoing of Beau Diddely is his masterpiece. He had come from up North somewhere. He was a waiter at the Park House over in Maitland where Docia Boger was a chamber-maid. She had a very pretty brown body and face, sang alto in the Methodist choir and played the blues on her guitar. Soon Beau Diddely was with her every moment he could spare from his work. He was stuck on her all right, for a time.
page 88

They would linger in the shrubbery about Park Lake or go for long walks in the woods on Sunday afternoon to pick violets. They are abundant in the Florida woods in winter.
The Park House always closed in April and Beau was planning to go North with the white tourists. It was then
Docia's mother discovered that Beau should have married her daughter weeks before.
"Mist' Diddely," said Mrs. Boger, "Ah'm a widder women an' Doshy's all Ah got, an' Ah know youse gointer do what you orter." She hesitated a moment and studied his face. "'Thout no trouble. Ah doan wanta make no talk
'round town."
In a split second the vivacious, smiling Beau had vanished. A very hard vitriolic stranger occupied his chair.
"Looka heah, Mis' Boger. I'm a man that's travelled a lot -- been most everywhere. Don't try to come that stuff over me -- what I got to marry Docia for?"
"'Cause -- cause -- the surprise of his answer threw the old woman into a panic. "Youse the cause of her condition, ain'tcher?"
Docia, embarrassed, mortified, began to cry.
"Oh, I see the little plot now!" He glanced maliciously toward the girl and back again to her mother. "But I'm none of your down -- Southcountry -- suckers. Go try that on some of these clod-hoppers. Don't try to lie on me -- I got money to fight."
"Beau,' Docia sobbed, "You ain't callin' me a liah, is you?" And in her misery she started toward the man who through four months' constant association and assurance she had learned to love and trust.
"Yes! You're lying -- you sneaking little -- oh you're not even good sawdust! Me marry you! Why I could pick up a better woman out of the gutter than you! I'm a married man anyway, so you might as well forget your little scheme!"
Docia fell back stunned.
"But, but Beau, you said you wasn't," Docia wailed.
"Oh," Beau replied with a gesture of dismissal of the whole affair. "What difference does it make? A man will say anything at times. There are certain kinds of women that men always lie to."
In her mind's eye Docia saw things for the first time without her tinted glasses and real panic seized her. She fell upon her knees and clasped the nattily clad legs of her seducer.
"Oh Beau," she wept, struggling to hold him, as he, fearing for the creases in his trousers, struggled to free himself -- You said -- you -- you promise--"
"Oh, well, you ought not to have believed me -- you ought to have known I didn't mean it. Anyway I'm not going to marry you, so what're you going to do? Do whatever you feel big enough to try -- my shoulders are broad."
He left the house hating the two women bitterly, as only we hate those we have injured.
page 89

At the hotel, omitting mention of his shows of affection, his pleas, his solemn promises to Docia, he told the other waiters how that piece of the earth's refuse had tried to inveigle, to force him into a marriage. He enlarged upon his theme and told them all, in strict confidence, how she had been pursuing him all winter; how she had waited in ambush time and again and dragged him down by the lake and well, he was only human. It couldn't have happened with the right kind of a girl, and he thought too much of himself to marry any other than the country's best. The worst sin a woman could commit was to run after a man.
So the next day Eatonville knew; and the scourge of tongues was added to Docia's woes.
Mrs. Boger and her daughter kept strictly indoors, suffering, weeping, growing bitter.
"Mommer, if he jus' hadn't tried to make me out a bad girl, I could look over the rest in time, mommer, but -- but he tried to make out -- ah --"
Docia broke down weeping again.
Drip, drip, drip, went her daughter's tears on the old woman's heart, each drop calcifying a little the fibers till at the end of four days the petrifying process was complete. Where once had been warm, pulsing flesh was now cold heavy stone that pulled down, pressing out normal life and bowing the head of her. The woman died, and in that heavy cold stone a tiger, a female tiger -- was cut by the chisel of shame.
She was ready to answer the question Beau had flung so scornfully at her old head: "Well, what are you going to do?"
Docia slept, huddled on the bed. A hot salt tear rose to Mrs. Boger's eyes and rolled heavily down the quivering nose. Must Docia awake always to that awful desolation? Robbed of everything, even faith? She knew then that the world's greatest crime is not murder -- its most terrible punishment is meted to her of too much faith -- too great a love.
She turned down the light and stepped into the street.
It was near midnight and the village slept. But she knew of one house where there would be a light; one pair of eyes still awake.
As she approached Blue Sink she all but turned back. It was a dark night but the lake shimmered and glowed like phosphorous near the shore. It seemed that figures moved about on the quiet surface. She remembered that folks said Blue Sink the bottomless was Morgan's graveyard. All Africa awoke in her blood.
A cold prickly feeling stole over her and stood her hair on end. Her feet grew heavy and her tongue dry and stiff.
In the swamp at the head of the lake, she saw Jack-O-Lanterns darting here and there and three hundred years of America passed like the mist of morning. Africa reached out its dark hand and claimed its own. Drums, tom, tom, tom, tom, tom, beat in her ears. Strange demons seized her. Witch doctors danced before her, laid hands upon her alternately freezing and burning her flesh. She cried out in formless terror more than once before she found herself within the house of Morgan.
She was not permitted to tell her story. She opened her mouth but the old man chewed a camphor leaf or two, spat into a small pail of sand and asked:
"How do yuh wanta kill 'im? By water, by a sharp edge, or a bullet?" page 90

The old woman almost fell off of the chair in the amazement that he knew her mind. He merely chuckled a bit and handed her a drinking gourd.
"Dip up a teeny bit of water an' po' hit on de flo', -- by dat time you'll know."
She dipped the water out of a wooden pail and poured it upon the rough floor.
"Ah wanta shoot him, but how kin ah' 'thout . . .?"
"Looka heah" Morgan directed and pointed to a huge mirror -- scarred -- and dusty. He dusted its face carefully.
"Look in dis glass 'shout turnin' yo' head an' when he comes, you shoot tuh kill. Take good aim!"
Both faced about and gazed hard into the mirror that reached from floor to ceiling. Morgan turned once to spit into the pail of sand. The mirror grew misty, darker, near the center, then Mrs. Boger saw Beau walk to the center of the mirror and stand looking at her, glaring and sneering. She all but fainted.
Morgan thrust the gun into her hand. She saw the expression on Beau Diddely's face change from scorn to fear and she found it in herself to laugh.
"Take good aim," Morgan cautioned. "Yor cain't shoot but once."
She leveled the gun at the heart of the apparition in the glass and fired. It collapsed; the mirror grew misty again, then cleared. "You'll find things alright when you git home," Morgan said.
In horror she flung both money and gun at the old man who seized the money greedily, and she fled into the darkness, dreading nothing, thinking only of putting distance between her and the house of Morgan.
The next day Eatonville was treated to another thrill.
It seemed that Beau Diddely, the darling of the ladies, was in the hotel yard making love to another chambermaid. In order that she might fully appreciate what a great victory was hers, he was reciting the Conquest of
Docia, how she loved him, pursued him, knelt down and kissed his feet, begging him to marry her, -- when suddenly he stood up very straight, clasped his hand over his heart, grew rigid and fell dead.
The coroner's verdict was death from natural causes -- heart failure. But they were mystified by what looked like a powder burned directly over the heart. Probably a cigarette burn.
But the Negroes knew instantly when they saw that mark, but everyone agreed that he got justice. Mrs. Boger and Docia moved to Jacksonville where she married well.
And the white folks never knew and would have laughed had anyone told them. He who sees only with the eyes is very blind.
page 91

Life for African Americans in the northern cities during the 1920s
Read one poem, then solicit responses.
What is your first impression?
What was life like for African Americans in the northern cities?
Yet Do I Marvel
I doubt not God is good, well-meaning, kind
And did He stoop to quibble could tell why
The little buried mole continues blind,
Why flesh that mirrors Him must some day die,
Make plain the reason tortured Tantalus
Is baited by the fickle fruit, declare
If merely brute caprice dooms Sisyphus
To struggle up a never-ending stair.
Inscrutable His ways are, and immune
To catechism by a mind too strewn
With petty cares to slightly understand
What awful brain compels His awful hand.
Yet do I marvel at this curious thing:
To make a poet black, and bid him sing!
America
Although she feeds me bread of bitterness,
And sinks into my throat her tiger's tooth,
Stealing my breath of life, I will confess
I love this cultured hell that tests my youth!
Her vigor flows like tides into my blood,
Giving me strength erect against her hate.
Her bigness sweeps my being like a flood.
Yet as a rebel fronts a king in state,
I stand within her walls with not a shred
Of terror, malice, not a word of jeer.
Darkly I gaze into the days ahead,
And see her might and granite wonders there,
Beneath the touch of Time's unerring hand,
Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand.
If We Must Die
If we must die, let it not be like hogs
Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,
While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,
Making their mock at our accursed lot.
If we must die, O let us nobly die,
So that our precious blood may not be shed
In vain; then even the monsters we defy
Shall be constrained to honor us though dead!
O kinsmen! we must meet the common foe!
Though far outnumbered let us show us brave,
And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!
What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack
Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!
page 92

World War II and the Double V campaign
Langston Hughes was born in 1902 and he grew up in the Midwest. In the 1920s, he attended Columbia
University in New York City; as a college student, he lived in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance. There, he began writing poetry, plays, and novels. Like many college students today, he took time off for travel; he worked his way from Africa to Europe. During the 1930s, he studied and wrote while at the nation's first African
American college, Lincoln University, near Philadelphia. Every weekend he took the train to New York City.
During World War II, Langston Hughes wrote a weekly column in the Chicago Defender , the most famous black newspaper in the U.S. He encouraged his readers to support the war - buy war bonds and join the armed forces, even though they were segregated. Langston Hughes supported the "Double-V" campaign sponsored by the black press: victory at home and victory abroad. Hughes encouraged black Americans to support the U.S. government; but when the war was over, the government must provide for its own citizens at home the same freedoms being advocated overseas.
As you read these poems, ask:
What is your first impression? What emotions does the poet make you feel?
Which makes you think of 1776 and the Declaration of Independence?
Which makes you think of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Which speaks of his patriotism during World War II?
Which speaks of anger in the northern cities during the 1960s?
I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow,
I'll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody'll dare
Say to me,
"Eat in the kitchen,"
Then.
Besides,
They'll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed -
I, too, am America.
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
Like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore -
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
page 93

Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri.
It lies near the Mississippi River.
The rivers are named in the order of their association with black history.
James Weldon Johnson was a poet.
He began his career as a high school principal in
Florida.
(His mom was the first African American woman schoolteacher in Florida.)
This song has been sung by African American students in many public schools.
- by Langston Hughes
I've known rivers:
I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins.
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe
Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset.
I've known rivers:
Ancient, dusky rivers.
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
- James Weldon Johnson
Lift every voice and sing
Till earth and heaven ring,
Ring with the harmonies of Liberty;
Let our rejoicing rise
High as the listening skies,
Let it resound loud as the rolling sea.
Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past has taught us,
Sing a song full of the hope that the present has brought us,
Facing the rising sun of our new day begun
Let us march on till victory is won.
Stony the road we trod,
Bitter the chastening rod,
Felt in the days when hope unborn had died;
Yet with a steady beat,
Have not our weary feet
Come to the place for which our fathers sighed?
We have come over a way that with tears has been watered,
We have come, treading our path through the blood of the slaughtered,
Out from the gloomy past,
Till now we stand at last
Where the white gleam of our bright star is cast.
God of our weary years,
God of our silent tears,
Thou who has brought us thus far on the way;
Thou who has by Thy might
Led us into the light,
Keep us forever in the path, we pray.
Lest our feet stray from the places, our God, where we met Thee,
Lest, our hearts drunk with the wine of the world, we forget Thee;
Shadowed beneath Thy hand,
May we forever stand.
True to our God,
True to our native land.
page 94

Forerunners of the Civil Rights Movement
What avenues were open to redress grievances? Had they worked in the past?
Break into pairs.
Examine each fact.
Using the chart, categorize each fact. When you are finished, play
The Gong Show.
More advanced:
Categorize facts from your textbook or the encyclopedia.
1. Ida B. Wells Anti-Lynching Campaign
Born a slave in 1862, she later became a newspaper reporter in Memphis. In 1892, three of her friends were lynched in Memphis, so she led a campaign against lynching of African Americans in the South.
Thanks to the KKK, she had to flee the South. In 1901, Congress refused to pass an amendment making lynching a federal crime. Lynchings continued for decades. She was a founding member of the
NAACP, which published The Red Record , a history of lynching in the U.S.
2. Booker T. Washington Up from Slavery
Born a slave in 1856, he later founded Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for African Americans in
Alabama. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois had a long-term public argument over how to solve the American crisis: Booker T. Washington accepted segregation and hoped for slow progress; Du Bois wanted to fight segregation.
3. W.E.B. Du Bois “The problem of the 20th century is the color line.”
Born in New England. The first African American to receive his Ph.D from Harvard University. He became a history professor at Atlanta University. Washington and Du Bois had a long-term public argument over how to solve the American crisis. Booker T. Washington accepted segregation and hoped for slow progress; Du Bois wanted to fight segregation. He is regarded as the founder of the NAACP and served as editor of its newspaper, The Crisis. Under his leadership, the NAACP formed a legal team to fight segregation in the courts. He was criticized for asking the “Talented Tenth” to lead the fight, but
Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP legal team won the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954.
4. Marcus Garvey Back to Africa!
Born on the island of Jamaica in the Caribbean, he later became famous in New York City. He believed that African Americans would never receive justice where the dominant race was white. Instead, African
Americans should return to Africa. He founded many black-owned businesses in Harlem.
5. Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance
Born in the Midwest, he later became one of America’s finest poets. In the 1920s, he attended Columbia
University in New York City. As a college student, he lived in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance.
There, he began writing poetry, plays, and novels. Like college students today, he took time off for travel; he worked his way from Africa to Europe. During the 1930s, he studied and wrote while at the nation's first African American college, Lincoln University, near Philadelphia. Every weekend he took the train to
New York City. He was proud of African Americans; he celebrated African Americans. His most famous poems are “A Dream Deferred” and “I, too, sing America.”
1. We must accept our situation in the South.
2. We must fight discrimination in the South - and everywhere else.
3. We must stop lynchings in the South.
4. We must go back to Africa.
5. We must honor and celebrate ourselves as African Americans.
6. Founder of the NAACP.
7. Founder of the “Back-to-Africa” movement.
8. Author of The Red Record.
9. Author of “A Dream Deferred.”
10. Editor of The Crisis.
11. Author of Up From Slavery.
12. Willing to trade economic gains for political and social equality.
13. Wanted to use the courts to fight all forms of discrimination and segregation.
14. A poet.
15. A college professor.
16. Head of a school in Alabama.
17. Lived in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance.
18. He went back to Africa.
19. He wrote “I, too, sing America.”
The Answers
1. Booker T
2. WEB
3. Ida B. Wells
4. Garvey
5. Langston Hughes,
Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. DuBois.
6. WEB
7. Garvey
8. Ida B. Wells
9. Langston Hughes
10. WEB
11. Booker T
12. Booker T
13. WEB
14. Langston Hughes
15. WEB
16. Booker T
17. Langston Hughes
18. WEB move to Ghana.
(Garvey went home to
Jamaica.)
19. Langston Hughes page 95

A game to learn how to categorize.
A game for those students who learn best by doing.
A game to assess learning.
The week before
Go to Office Depot or Office Max and buy 5 bells. You know:
You bop it to call for service.
Make 5 signs: Wells, Washington, DuBois, Garvey, Langston Hughes
Ask the school custodian for a wide table and 5 chairs.
A panel of “experts”
In the front of the classroom, place the table and chairs.
In front of each, place a sign and bell.
Ask for volunteers to sit as a panel of experts.
"You are responsible only for responding to facts which relate to your category."
The Reader
Choose a student to read the facts.
Explain: "When the reader read a fact which deals with your particular category, ring your bell."
The Answer Guy
Choose a student to play this role. We suggest a guy or gal who has been absent.
Give the student the answer sheet.
Explain: "When a student gives a wrong answer, you must bellow GONG .”
Encourage the class to join in on the GONG.
(p.s. Your music department probably has a gong.)
How to find a cheap gong on the internet:
We typed in “buy gong” and came up with a neat one for $19.95: www.grothmusic.com/cgi-local/SoftCart.exe/online-store/scstore/p-
WH510.html?L+scstore+tczh8042ffea74ea+1045614491
How to begin
Ask students to test their bells.
"Do not ring your bell until the full statement has been read."
“If you engage in frivolous bell-ringing, another student will take your place.”
The Reader reads the facts, one by one.
The Answer Man states whether the answer is correct or incorrect.
What if several students ring their bells?
All the better!
Ask the class whether or not the incorrect answer is possible, based upon the student's explanation.
Keep in mind that when you enter higher levels of thinking, certain answers are going to be "in the ballpark" and, therefore, acceptable.
More advanced
Using the same topic, read from the encyclopedia.
Ask students to explain their answers.
That is, exactly why does this fact relate to your category?
page 96

The forerunners of the Civil Rights Movement
Goal: Define each and draw a distinction between them.
Break into two teams. Choose a scorekeeper.
On the chalkboard, write
Wells Washington DuBois Garvey Langston Hughes
1. Break into two teams: Team A and Team B. Try guys vs gals.
2. Line up, single file - at least 15 feet from the board.
3. The teacher reads the power.
4. Two students race to the board and put a check under the correct answer.
5. Teacher gives correct answer. Students erase their check marks and go to the back of the lines.
Do it over and over again, until every student has mastered the material.
1. We must accept our situation in the South.
2. We must fight discrimination in the South - and everywhere else.
3. We must stop lynchings in the South.
4. We must go back to Africa.
5. We must honor and celebrate ourselves as African Americans.
6. Founder of the NAACP.
7. Founder of the “Back-to-Africa” movement.
8. Author of The Red Record.
9. Author of “A Dream Deferred.”
10. Editor of The Crisis.
11. Author of Up From Slavery.
12. Willing to trade economic gains for political and social equality.
13. Wanted to use the courts to fight all forms of discrimination and segregation.
14. A poet.
15. A college professor.
16. Head of a school in Alabama.
17. Lived in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance.
18. He gave up on America and went back to Africa.
19. He wrote “I, too, sing America.”
The Answers
1. Booker T
2. WEB
3. Ida B. Wells
4. Garvey
5. Langston Hughes
6. WEB
7. Garvey
8. Ida B. Wells
9. Langston Hughes
10. WEB
11. Booker T
12. Booker T
13. WEB
14. Langston Hughes
15. WEB
16. Booker T
17. Langston Hughes
18. WEB move to Ghana.
(Garvey went home to
Jamaica.)
19. Langston Hughes page 97

The growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture. page 99

To listen to 1920s radio broadcasts: http://www.yesterdayusa.com/streams.htm
Photo: Radio and little girl http://www.temple.edu/history/30sradio.gif
The Wireless
Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
Back then, the radio was called “the wireless.”
Because the sound was sent over the air, not wires like a telephone.
Marconi was an inventor in Italy; he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909.
In 1912, the Titanic used his radio to send its distress message.
The first commercial radio station - KDKA in Pittsburgh.
The first presidential election returns were broadcast.
The first religious broadcast.
The first boxing match. Jack Dempsey won and became an overnight sensation.
The first World Series was broadcast.
For the story of baseball, visit:
The Black Sox scandal http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/5830/johnspage.html#top http://www.chicagohs.org/history/blacksox.html
They were the all-white Chicago White Sox “fixed” the World Series.
Overnight, radio stations sprung up all over the nation.
By the end of the year, there were 500 stations.
In 1926, NBC became the first radio network.
Radio changed life in the 1920s as the computer has changed our lives today.
Radio conquered distance
For the first time, the farmer in Iowa heard the same thing as the sophisticate in New York City.
After the automobile, it was the leading invention.
Diffusion of mass culture
For the first time, there was a sharing of popular culture.
People everywhere heard the same news, music, speeches, stock market reports, and commercials.
“The radio is giving pleasure to patients in hospitals. The shut-in's slow-passing hours are brightened by music, song and story coming out of the air. The broker receives the latest stock quotations. The farmer learns how produce is selling away over yonder. The pimply youth lounging in the drug store gets the sporting scores.
The flapper hears the newest and silliest dance tunes. The housewife obtains the latest cooking recipes. Great newspapers are sending out news events from all over the world. A famous clergyman preaches, and thousands of devout listeners are edified. A president utters epoch-making words, and chin whiskers wag in profound approval in the Red Front Grocery in Peeweecuddyhump. To the skirl of the pipes and with a glow in his good heart and a cluck on his merry tongue, a beloved Scottish comedian sings a rollicking ballad of the heilands and the heather, and the occupants of ten thousand sick beds are happy with him.”
- Tom Morgan, “A Wireless Warning,” in The Country Gentleman (1922) page 100

During the 1920s, the movie industry became an industry.
Hollywood became the film capital of the world.
At first, the motion pictures were silent movies with stars like Charlie Chaplin.
But in the 1920s, the “talkies” began.
Motions pictures were Big Business
By 1929, 100 million people a week went to the movies.
There were more film studies (20) and they pumped out far more movies than they do today (800 a year).
For a nickel, you could see a double feature -- two movies for the price of one.
The favorite movies were swashbucklers, historical extravaganzas, and melodramas.
The impact
Young people imitated what they saw in the movies!
For young women, movies were an instruction manual as to how to dress and behave!
Charlie Chaplin
Drawing: http://www.animationalley.com/images/re/168.jpg
Charlie Chaplin was the king of the silent movies.
Al Jolson
Photo: http://bestwebs.com/roaring1920/index.shtml
In 1927, Al Jolson was the star of “The Jazz Singer” - the first movie with sound.
Walt Disney
Cartoon: http://www.dogpower.net/icons/mickdraw.jpg
In 1928, he introduced Mickey Mouse in "Steamboat Willie" - the first animated cartoon with a sound track.
Rudolph Valentino
Photo: http://www.geocities.com/~rudyfan/images.htm
Fans swooned over this Italian-born motion picture actor during the 1920s.
Greta Garbo
Photo: http://terra-museum-american-art.visit-chicago-illinois.com/greta-garbo.jpg
Swedish-born American actress popular for her reclusive nature.
She always played a sultry temptress. page 101

The Industrial Age
The telegraph and telephone united the United States.
1. Inventor
He was the first to send coded messages over an electrical wire.
3. The Company
The name of the company that sent telegraph messages.
2. The Code
The name of the telegraph code
4. Messages Sent
Overseas
Financier Cyrus
Field put a telegraph cable under what ocean?
5. Inventor
Schoolteacher who invented the telephone.
8. The Company
The name of his camera company.
6. The Company
The name of the first telephone company.
7. Inventor
Invented a camera that used rolls of film.
9. Inventor
Who invented the radio?
10. The First
Radio Station
KDKA was located in what city?
11. Nickname
What was the nickname for the radio?
12. President
On the radio, he had “fireside chats” with the American people.
The Answers
1. Samuel Morse
2. Morse code
3. Western Union
4. Atlantic Ocean
5. Alexander Graham Bell
6. Bell Telephone
7. Charles Eastmann
8. Eastmann-Kodak.
(Today, Kodak .)
9. Marconi
10. Pittsburgh
11. The Wireless
12. FDR
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
What general statements can be made?
THE WIRE
Both the telegraph and the telephone sent sounds over an electrical wire.
THE WIRELESS
The radio sent sounds over the air waves.
IMPACT
1. The U.S. is a big country. All three (telegraph, telephone, radio) united the United States.
2. The radio changed politics. The President is the only elected official who represents all the people.
He could now use the radio to communicate directly with people. This was very helpful during national crises (the Great
Depression, World War II) when people were scared to death.
3. Before the radio, we did not have celebrities. With the radio, people from different fields (boxing, baseball, politics) became celebrities.
page 102

Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies
(the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape. page 103

Scientific Management
Photo of a stopwatch http://www.unionwebdesign.com/gallery3/stopwatch.jpg
Frederick W. Taylor invented scientific management.
He stood next to a worker with a stopwatch and timed how long it took to do each time.
He came up with time-saving techniques.
As a result, American workers were more productive.
Henry Ford
Photo: Car assembly line
Photo: The Model T Ford http://homepages.tesco.net/c.pryor/car%20line.jpg
http://www.temple.edu/history/1908modelt.jpg
Henry Ford did not invent the car . . . he invented the assembly line!
Before, it took twelve hours to build a car.
With the assembly line, it took only one hour.
Thanks to the assembly line, the price of a car fell:
1908 $850
1925 $290
More and more families could afford to buy a car.
By the late 1920s, there was one automobile for every five Americans.
Productivity & Wages
During the 1920s, the average worker’s productivity rose by 75%, but his wages rose by only 11%.
Corporate profits rose by 62%.
Henry Ford paid his workers $5 a day (high pay), but on that, you could not afford to buy a car.
By 1929, 10% of Americans had a job related to the car:
Economic impact
1. Existing industries - To make the car, existing industries exploded, like steel, glass, rubber, and oil
2. Highways - building roads was a brand-new industry.
3. Service industries - gas stations, motels and restaurants sprung up along the highway.
4. Housing constructon - for the suburbs
The Suburbs http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/brinkley/3651/photos/postwar/Suburbs1.jpg
The suburbs never existed until the invention of the car.
Before the car, people lived near their jobs and walked to work.
With the invention of the car, people moved out of the cities - and into newly-built suburbs.
Social impact
Created a more mobile society.
Cars broke down the distinctions between urban and rural America. page 104

The Roaring 20s
You no longer had to live near your job.
2. The Company
What was the name of his company?
1. The Innovator
He invented an affordable car.
3. First Factories
Where were his auto plants located?
10. Nickname
What was the nickname of the city that made cars?
4. The Assembly
Line
Who invented the assembly line?
5.
Interchangeable
Parts
Who invented interchangeable parts?
9. Nickname
What was the nickname of the first car?
6. Large Scale
What do you call it when a factory produces thousands of cars?
7. Buying a Car
Monthly payments on a car.
8. Model
What was the first model?
The Answers
1. Henry Ford
2. Ford Motor Company
3. Detroit, Michigan
(Dearborn)
4. Henry Ford
5. Eli Whitney
6. Mass production
7. The installment plan
8. The Model T
9. The Horseless Carriage.
The Tin Lizzie
10. Motor City
(Later: MoTown!)
What general statements can be made?
AFFORDABLE
Henry Ford could have made a few expensive cars for the rich. Instead, he made lots of affordable cars.
He could sell a car for just
$290 because of ...
1. Scientific Management
2. Mass Production
3. The Assembly Line
THE IMPACT
Before the car, you had to live near the trolley line so you could get to work. Now, you could move outside the city.
The car gave rise to . . .
The suburb
The gas station
The motel
The drive-in restaurant
The drive-in movie
The traffic jam page 105

Read between the lines. Explain what these folks are really saying . . .
If you gave a problem to 5 different rock groups, they'd each come up with a different song.
Translate this famous saying into your own words
Here are some lessons from the past.
Read about the event, then . . .
Read between the lines: What is the person really saying?
The Rich
"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy - they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.” - F. Scott
Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Our Translation
(1925)
“If you are in the ballpark, you are right.”
The rich played fast and loose with other peoples’ lives.
The Film
Watch the film “The Great Gatsby” starring Robert
Redford. Watch the actions of Tom and Daisy. The represented the worst of the 1920s. How so?
The teacher states the situation:
“What do you think of the Roaring 20s?”
Break into 5 groups.
Do research about the situation.
Present your side of story.
Discuss the situation in class - giving each group time to present its views.
Team #1: The Boomers
Describe all the positive facts and consequences.
These are the sunniest students in the class. These optimists are ready to tell you all the positive aspects.
Team #2: The Busters
Describe all the negative facts and consequences.
These are the gloomiest students in the class. These pessimists are ready to tell you all the negative aspects.
Team #3: The Factoids
Present the facts and only the facts. No opinions whatsoever. These no-nonsense students excel in math and science. On paper, they boil it down to ten facts or less.
Team #4: The Emotionals
Present only your reactions (emotions and feelings) to the problem. These are the social butterflies . They care only about their emotional reactions. They are known for their compassion.
Team #5: The Outrageous Ones
Come up with a new way of looking at the situation that stuns everyone. Free spirits, they are divergent thinkers . They see it in a new light. They present a totally new way to look at it.
*Peace and prosperity (for some).
**Farmers did not experience prosperity.
***List 5 changes brought about by the automobile.
****What’s wrong with a growing gap between rich and poor?
*****In 1929, the stock market crash on Wall Street meant that everyone faced the same economic problems. page 106

page 107

Can you think of one term from A to Z?
Step #1: Recall
Step #2: Define
Step #3: Rap
Step #4: Individuals
Step #5: Teams
Without this sheet, go around the room. Can you remember one term, from A to Z?
Go to the library and define each term.
Using these terms, write a “Rap.” Perform it for the class.
Without this sheet, go around the room. “A is for . . .” Move to the head of the class.
Break into two teams. One point for a term; two points for defining the term.
merican Civil Liberties Union, Anti-Defamation League, anti-Semitism, assembly line, American Legion
olshevism, the Bull Market, Black Tuesday, back-to-Africa movement, bootlegger, Birth Control League
alvin Coolidge, consumer goods, civil liberties, creationism, Cotton Club, conspicuous consumption
awes Plan, deportation, diffusion of mass culture
ighteenth Amendment, evolution, ethnocentrism, Equal Rights Amendment, electrification
lapper, fundamentalism
reat Migration
arlem Renaissance, humanitarian, Hoovervilles
mmigration Act of 1924, isolationism, isolation, the Invisible Empire, installment plan, intolerance, Izzie + Moe
azz Age, “The Jazz Singer”
u Klux Klan, Kellogg-Briand Pact, KDKA
eague of Nations, laissez-faire economics, “the Lost Generation”
ass production, materialism, mass culture, modernism, Miss America pageant
ineteenth Amendment, NAACP, nativism, National Association of Manufacturers, National Urban League
is for the open shop (no unions allowed), country of national origin
rotectionism, Palmer Raids, Prohibition, popular culture, potent, Porgy & Bess
uota
ed Scare, revivals and revivalism, Red Summer of 1919, rugged individualism, to repeal
uburb, Spirit of St. Louis, speakeasy, Scopes Trial, speculation, scientific management, St. Valentine’s massacre
eapot Dome, Twenty-first Amendment, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, buying “on time”
rbanization, Universal Negro Improvement Association, the Untouchables
olstead Act
ashington Conference of 1921, Frank Lloyd Wright, white supremacy, WASP, WCTU, Wet/Dry, the wireless
enophobia
ou need to know what these stand for: ADL, ACLU, KKK, NAACP, UNIA
ee if you know these Amendments: 18th, 19th, and 21st

A game to learn terms.
And appreciate the logic of a multiple-choice test.
The goal: To learn terms and understand the logic of a multiple-choice test.
The day before: Go to the school library. Break into teams of five. Use the dictionaries and encyclopedia.
Student A writes the correct definition straight from the dictionary.
Student B dreams up the exact opposite of the real definition.
Student C dreams up a plausible wrong answer.
Student D dreams up a really plausible wrong answer.
Student E invents a truly stupid answer. (Hey, this is what makes the kids pay attention.)
Each team does this for all the terms checked below.
How to play: Back in class, place one table with 5 chairs and 5 stand-up cards that read A B C D or E.
Each student stands up and reads his/her “definition” with a straight face.
The class guesses: Write A B C D or E on a slip of paper, sign your name, pass it to “the counter” who was absent yesterday.
The teacher then asks: "Will the person with the real definition please stand up."
The winner: The student with the most correct answers. His or her team goes next.
Define these Terms
A merican Civil Liberties Union, Anti-Defamation
League, anti-Semitism, assembly line, American
Legion
B olshevism, the Bull Market
C alvin Coolidge, Al Capone, Aaron Copeland, George
Gershwin, consumer goods, civil liberties, creationism
D is for Clarence Darrow, the Dawes Plan, deportation
E ighteenth Amendment, evolution, ethnocentrism
F lapper, F. Scott Fitzgerald, fundamentalism
G reat Migration, Marcus Garvey, Georgia O’Keefe
H erbert Hoover, Warren Harding, Harlem
Renaissance, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes,
Hemingway
I mmigration Act of 1924, isolationism, isolation, “The
Invisible Empire”
J azz Age
K u Klux Klan, Kellogg-Briand Pact
L eague of Nations, laissez-faire economics, Charles
Lindbergh, “the Lost Generation”
M ass production, materialism, mass culture, modernism
N ineteenth Amendment, NAACP, nativism
O pen shop
P rotectionism, Palmer Raids, A. Mitchell Palmer,
Prohibition, popular culture
Q uota
R ed Scare, revivals and revivalism
S uburbs, Al Smith, “Spirit of St. Louis,” speakeasies,
Sacco & Vanzetti, the Scopes Trial, speculation
T eapot Dome, Twenty-first Amendment
U rbanization, Universal Negro Improvement
Association , V olstead Act m, W ashington Conference of 1921, Frank Lloyd Wright, X enophobia a. Henry Ford invented the automobile.
(Absolutely not.) a. Henry Ford invented mass production.
(Close, but no cigar.) a. Henry Ford invented standardized parts.
(Close, but no cigar.) a. Henry Ford invented the assembly line.
(You betcha. This is the correct answer.) a. Henry Ford invented Motown.
(Henry turned Detroit into Motor City.
Workers on his assembly lines invented Motown music.) page 109

Can you think of one person from A to Z?
Step #1: Recall
Step #2: Define
Step #3: Rap
Step #4: Individuals
Step #5: Teams
Without this sheet, go around the room. Can you remember one term, from A to Z?
Go to the library and define each term.
Using these terms, write a “Rap.” Perform it for the class.
Without this sheet, go around the room. “A is for . . .” Move to the head of the class.
Break into two teams. One point for a term; two points for defining the term.
Louis Armstrong
Calvin Coolidge, Al Capone, Aaron Copeland, George Gershwin, Charlie Chaplin, Countee Cullen
Clarence Darrow, W.E.B. Du Bois, Jack Dempsey, Walt Disney
Albert Einstein, Amelia Earhart, Gertrude Ederle, Duke Ellington
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Albert Fall, Leo Frank, Henry Ford
Marcus Garvey, Martha Graham, George Gershwin
Hoover, Harding, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Ernest Hemingway, Houdini, Dubose Heyward
J. Edgar Hoover, Jack Johnson, James Weldon Johnson, Al Jolson
Charles Lindbergh
Andrew Mellon, Aimee Semple McPherson, Guglielmo Marconi, Jelly Roll Morton, Claude McKay
Elliot Ness
Georgia O’Keeffe
A. Mitchell Palmer, Alice Paul, Dorothy Pakrer
Will Rogers, Paul Robeson, Babe Ruth, Jeannette Rankin
Sacco & Vanzetti, Bessie Smith, Al Smith, John Scopes, Margaret Sanger, Sonja Henie
Zora Neale Thurston, Frederick W. Taylor
Thorstein Veblen
Frank Lloyd Wright, Madame C. J. Walker, Mae West

Famous quotations from the 1920s.
Break into pairs.
Who said it?
What does it mean? Translate it into your own words.
1. “A return to normalcy.” Harding
2. “America First!”
3. “The business of America is business.”
4. "The man who builds a factory, builds a temple. The man who works there, worships there."
5. “A car in every garage and a chicken in every pot.”
6. "Recovery is just around the corner."
7. "Billions of dollars' of profits - and paper profits - had disappeared. The grocer, the window-cleaner, and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped from showy affluence into debt.
Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the newspapers printed the grim reports of suicides."
8. "I would not wish to a dog or to a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the earth-I would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things that I am not guilty of. But my conviction is that I have suffered for things I am guilty of. I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I was an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian; I have suffered more for my family and for my beloved than for myself; but I am so convinced to be right that if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already."
9. "Every instinct, every interest, every dictate of conscience and public spirit insists that white supremacy forever shall be maintained."
10. “Joe sent me.”
11. "Be assured that I planted well the seed of Negro or black nationalism which cannot be destroyed even by the foul play that has been meted out to me."
12. "I am not worried about my enemies. It is my friends that are keeping me awake at night."
13. “The economy is about to turn the corner.”
14. “The problem of the 20th century is the color line.”
15. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account of sex".
The Answers
1. Warren Harding
After World War I, the U.S.
returned to isolationism.
2. Warren Harding
We no longer care about
Europe. We care about the U.S.
3. Calvin Coolidge
The Republicans believed the federal government should help
Big Business. High tariffs, low taxes, no regulation.
4. Calvin Coolidge
During the 1920s, many people worshiped money. Many had
“get-rich-quick” schemes.
5. Herbert Hoover
His campaign slogan in 1928 stressed continued economic prosperity
6. Herbert Hoover
When the stock market crashed in 1929, the federal government took no action.
7. Frederick Lewis Allen, Only
Yesterday
The crash on Wall Street.
8. Bartolomeo Vanzetti.
At the trial of Sacco & Vanzetti.
He was convicted, not because of murder, but because of his radical philosophy and his ethnic heritage.
9. Ku Klux Klan
Whites are superior; others are inferior.
10. What you said in order to enter a speakeasy.
11. Marcus Garvey
From Atlanta Federal
Penitentiary.
12. President Warren Harding
His Cabinet members were crooks. His Secretary of the
Interior, Albert Fall, was the first
Cabinet member to go to prison. He took a bribe from an oil company.
13. Herbert Hoover
From 1929 to 1932, he said this to raise optimism. It never did. It was comparable to President
Lyndon Johnson’s phrase during the Vietnam War: “There is light at the end of the tunnel.”
14. W.E.B. Du Bois
The Souls of Black Folk (1903).
15. Alice Paul, 1923
This is the Equal Rights
Amendment.

Between the wars . . .
5. Amendment
Women won the right to vote.
1. President
Who was the first
President of the
1920s?
2. President
Who was the second President of the 1920s?
3. President
Who was the third
President of the
1920s?
4. President
Which man was
President when the
Great Depression hit?
6. Symbol
Woman with bobbed hair, short skirt, and no corset.
12. First Trans-
Atlantic Flight
First person to fly across the Atlantic.
13. First Trans-
Atlantic Flight
Name of his airplane.
14. Baseball
Famous for hitting home-runs in
Yankee Stadium.
8. African-
American Poet
Author of “I, Too,
Sing America.”
7. African-
American Culture
Name for the flowering of culture
(music, literature, art).
9. African-
American Music
What music emerged from the
African American experience?
10. African-
American Music
World-famous trumpet player emerged in the
1920s.
11. Black Pride
Lived in New York
City. Spoke of returning to Africa.
15. Swimming
First woman to swim the English
Channel.
17. First Talking
Movie
Ended the era of silent films.
18. The Art World
What new art form arose?
16. First Radio
Station
KDKA broadcast from this city.
19. Novel
Author of “The
Great Gatsby.” page 112
The Answers
1. Warren G. Harding
2. Calvin Coolidge
3. Herbert Hoover
4. Herbert Hoover
5. 19th Amendment
6. The flapper
7. The Harlem
Renaissance
8. Langston Hughes
9. Jazz
It was the Jazz Age.
10. Louis Armstrong
11. Marcus Garvey
12. Charles Lindbergh
13. “Spirit of St. Louis”
14. Babe Ruth
15. Gertrude Ederle
16. Pittsburgh
17. “The Jazz Singer” starring Al Jolson
18. Modern Art.
(“Momma,” Mrs. Rockefeller, opened MOMA - The
Museum of Modern Art in
New York City.)
19. F. Scott Fitzgerald
What general statements can be made?
THE ECONOMY
Prosperity.
Except among farmers.
STATUS OF WOMEN
Women who won the right to vote wore dresses down to their ankles, wore corsets, and had very long hair tied up on top of their head
(under a hat!).
The heck with that, said women of the 1920s.
THE MOOD
It was a time of incredible intellectual activity.
COMMUNICATION
In the 1920s, the radio was it .

Between the wars . . .
15. Revolution,
1917
Lenin and the
Bolsheviks led a communist revolution in this country.
16. Deportation of
Immigrants
U.S. government deported immigrants suspected of being radicals.
17. Attorney
General
Man in charge of deporting radical immigrants.
1. Oil Scandal
President who died in the midst of a scandal.
2. Oil Scandal
Name of the oil scandal of the
1920s.
3. Oil Scandal
First cabinet member to be sent to prison. Took bribes to get rich quick.
4. Get-rich-quick
Scheme
Biggest bankrobber of the 1920s.
5. Get-rich-quick
Scheme
Big land boom in this state. When a hurricane hit, the bubble burst.
6. Get-rich-quick
Scheme
Whose baby was kidnapped?
18. Execution of
Immigrants
Two Italian immigrants put to death without a fair trial.
19. End
Immigration
In 1924, closed the door to immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe.
20. Rebirth of a
Hate Group
Hate group that grew in membership.
7. Get-rich-quick
Scheme
How did “The
Great Gatsby” get rich?
8. Amendment
Outlawed the sale of alcohol.
10. Illegal Bar
An illegal bar, saloon or nightclub.
9. Nickname
Time period (or era) when alcohol was illegal.
11. The
Untouchables
Head of the FBI.
12. Amendment
You now have to pay income taxes.
21. Trial, 1925
Trial of science teacher who taught evolution
14. Amendment
Ended Prohibition.
Legalized the sale of alcohol.
13. Gangster
Chicago gangster who went to jail for not paying his income taxes.
The Answers
1. Warren G. Harding
2. Teapot Dome
3. Albert Fall
4. John Dillinger
5. Florida
6. Charles Lindbergh
7. He was a bootlegger.
Sold bootleg whiskey.
8. 18th Amendment
9. Prohibition.
10. A speakeasy.
11. J. Edgar Hoover
12. 16th Amendment
13. Al Capone
14. 21st Amendment
15. The Russian Revolution
16. The Red Scare
17. A. Mitchell Palmer
18. Sacco & Vanzetti
19. Immigration Act of 1924
(The Japanese were excluded as well.)
20. KKK
Ku Klux Klan
21. The Scopes Trial
What general statements can be made?
THE OIL SCANDAL
Laws were broken at the very highest levels.
THE LAW
Everyone broke the law.
THE MOOD
Wild and reckless, people wanted jumped on “get rich quick” schemes, including buy stocks on the Stock
Market.
NARROW-MINDED
Americans disliked immigrants, so they ended immigration.
page 113

We conducted 50 dreadful debates until we came up with . . .
"Resolved, the 1920s was great!"
The Boomers (half the class) present evidence and argue the positive.
The Busters (the other half) present evidence and argue the negative.
The Court: Choose 5 introverts to sit at a table in front of the class. They choose the Chief Justice.
The month before
Ask the Rotarians to donate a gavel to your class. This is an old-fashioned debate. Go heavy on the ritual.
The Court
Listen to the evidence. Add up the facts and draw conclusions. You will deliberate and render your decision:
Which team won? Who is the MVP? Choose a Chief Justice and give him/her the gavel. Make a formal announcement: “As Chief Justice, you are in charge of keeping order in the courtroom.”
The grading system
Give one grade for every comment.
A - excellent analysis of facts.
B - very good analysis.
C - repeating another student, with elaboration.
D - a half-baked thought, has a tiny kernel of merit.
E - fuzzy thinking. The student has missed the point.
F - interrupting another student.
To get the floor, simply say "WELL . . . "
Once you have uttered that magic word, the floor is yours. An F for every interruption. Civility is crucial.
How to begin
Heavy on the ritual. Flip a coin and turn to one team: “Call it.” It is heads and they called heads: “What is your pleasure? Would you like to go first or have the opposition go first?” It is heads and they called tails, turn to the other team: “What is your pleasure?” The teams alternate: A student from Team A speaks, then a student from
Team B speaks.
A debate is like an airplane taking off.
First it has to crawl down the runway! Do not worry if the debate starts off slowly. Ignore the silence: Be busy writing on your gradesheet. Once the kids see you have no intention of intervening, they’ll play along. Some kids were born to debate. Let them model for the rest.
The teacher’s role
Recede to the back of the classroom. Do not look up. Be busy filling out names on your gradesheet. Remember:
Give a grade every time a student makes a comment.
How to end
Ten minutes before the end of class, the judges leave the room to deliberate. Remind them: Which team won?
Who is the MVP? While they are out, pass around the gradesheet. When a student looks at his/her line of grades, he/she will know how to improve next time. Examples: “My name has no grades beside it. I’d better say something next time!” "I repeat what others say. I’d better say something original next time." "Half-baked!
Next time I’ll do the reading." "A string of Fs. I’d better stop interrupting others!" As kids leave class, post the gradesheet on the bulletin board outside your classroom. In red, label the MVP.

Sometimes we watch the tv station E .
You know, the folks who rank everybody?
(Hollywood’s sexiest man . . .)
Break into groups of 3.
Choose your top 5 favorites: The Hall of Fame
Choose your lowest 5: The Hall of Shame
Class Discussion:
Who is on everybody’s favorite list?
Who is extremely unpopular?
Louis Armstrong
Calvin Coolidge
Al Capone
Aaron Copeland
George Gershwin
Charlie Chaplin
Countee Cullen
Clarence Darrow
W.E.B. Du Bois
Jack Dempsey
Walt Disney
Albert Einstein
Amelia Earhart
Gertrude Ederle
Duke Ellington
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Albert Fall
Leo Frank
Henry Ford
Marcus Garvey
Martha Graham
George Gershwin
Herbert Hoover
Warren Harding
Zora Neale Hurston
Langston Hughes
Ernest Hemingway
Houdini
Dubose Heyward
Sonja Henie
J. Edgar Hoover
Izzie and Moe
Jack Johnson
James Weldon Johnson
Al Jolson
Charles Lindbergh
Leopold and Loeb
Andrew Mellon
Aimee Semple McPherson
Guglielmo Marconi
Jelly Roll Morton
Claude McKay
Elliot Ness
Georgia O’Keeffe
A. Mitchell Palmer
Alice Paul
Dorothy Parker
Will Rogers
Paul Robeson
Babe Ruth
Jeannette Rankin
Sacco & Vanzetti
Bessie Smith
Al Smith
John Scopes
Margaret Sanger
Billy Sunday
Zora Neale Thurston
Frederick W. Taylor
Thorstein Veblen
Frank Lloyd Wright
Madame C. J. Walker
Mae West page 115

Face off between a gal and a guy.
Yeah, yeah. You wanted us to call this “Honk if you love history.” But that ain’t always the case.
How much do you know about this topic?
The honker is a bulb horn, invented by Harpo Marx.
If you get the answers wrong, you are not dumb.
You only sound dumb.
One concept, a cluster of facts
1. Two chairs at the front of the room.
2. A guy and a gal sit facing each other, knee to knee*.
3. Teacher provides one concept: Thomas Jefferson
4. Guy responds with a related fact.
5. Gal responds with a related fact.
Pair keeps going until they stall.
Give a pair three chances.
At the end of each pair, the teacher makes corrections and additions. “You could have added . . .”
Move on to the next pair.
Teacher: Isolationism
Mars refused to sign refused to join anti-foreigner ethnocentrism
Venus the Versailles Treaty the League of Nations reaction to World War I xenophobia
Explain the game to the class
Just another zany way to review for a test? Nope . . .
1. One Concept
If you really know this topic, you can go on forever.
2. Cluster of facts
You must recall a cluster of facts that surround that big concept.
3. Relaxed on test day
Puts a student on the spot in class.
Puts him/her at ease when taking the test.
When the guy reads a test question, he actually hears the gal talking.
*Guaranteed to make anyone nervous.
That’s the idea.
We are trying to kill a student’s fear of the test.
If you can survive the classroom, the test will be a breeze.
1. Put a table and two chairs at the front of the room.
2. Put two honkers* on the table and put two guys in the chairs.
3. Read a test question. Silence in the room.
4. Read the question again.
Honk when you hear the right answer.
5. Allow this pair ten questions. Move on to the next pair. Try Team A vs Team B.
“All of the following statements about blah-blah are true, except . . .” is a typical question on the test.
It is the type of question that makes students freeze up. Honk when you hear the wrong answer.
Explain the game to the class
Just another zany way to review for a test? Nope . . .
1. Reasoning skills
Right or wrong, you can ask a student why he honked.
“What were you thinking?”
2. Listening skills
All of the following statements are true, except . . .
allows you to listen for an answer that DOES NOT FIT.
3. Relaxed on test day
Puts a student on the spot in class.
Puts him at ease when taking the test.
When he reads a test question, he actually hears the horn honk in his mind’s ear.
*On the internet, simply type in “clown horn.”
We found honkers at www.bubbasikes.com/novelties.html
#IN-21 Bulb horn cost: $6.50
www.magicmakers.com/retail/clown%20stuff/horn.html
#03128 Bulb horn cost: $7.20
page 116

Dang, that teacher has guts . . .
The Goal
The state test is tough
Some students hit one tough question and freeze up for the rest of the test!
Show students how to make an error and bounce back.
Demonstrate your human-ness by joining the gang . . .
The set-up
Table in front of the class.
Five chairs.
Five signs: a, b, c, d, e
Five bells, one for each student to ring.
You are the 5th student!
Choose four students and become the fifth!
(Become a or b because they answer are the only ones that answer the True/False questions.)
The Reader
Give the test to one student to read aloud.
If a is the answer, Student a must ring his/her bell.
The Scorekeeper
Five students keeps score.
(Each scorekeeper keeps track of one person at the table.)
The number of questions you answered correctly.
The number of questions you answered incorrectly.
When you get an answer wrong
When get an answer wrong, grouch about it for the rest of the class. “Dang! Who would’ve thought that . .
.” That is one answer they will never forget on the test!
Accept the challenge
Nothing surprises students more than role reversal.
It says, “Yep, I am human too.”
It says, “What the heck, I’ll give it my best shot.”
It says, “If you can do it, so can I.”
If you get a bunch wrong, tell them that you did not eat breakfast and did not get a good night’s sleep. Researchers have proved that this affects test scores.
Do you remember Bruce Willis in the film,
“The Last Man Standing”?
Great shoot-out.
Homework: Read your textbook chapter.
Read the test aloud
1. All the guys stand up.
2. The teacher asks test questions of each guy.
3. When a guy is wrong (or silent), he must sit down.
4. The next guy tries it.
5. The winner is the last man standing.
Create a poster: “The Bad Guys of History.”
This week’s winner: ___________________.
Run this game only once a week.
Get a polaroid camera.
(This is more important than you can imagine.)
Each week, take the winner’s picture.
Put the photo on the poster.
Put the poster on your classroom door.
Now it’s time for the gals . . .
Exactly the same.
Create a poster: “Great Women in History.” page 117

page 119

The Roaring Twenties
If you answer them in order, you will score well. They are in logical order.
If you jumble them up, you will score less well. That’s how it’s done on the real test.
All of our definitions come from the
American Heritage dictionary.
1. The Roaring Twenties was known as the a. Jazz Age.
b. Cold War.
c. Great Depression.
d. Civil Rights movement.
e. Progressive Era.
2. When was the first Red Scare?
a. 1914 b. 1919 c. 1929 d. 1932 e. 1947
3. The decade of the 1920s began with great ____ and ended with great ____.
a. hope; despair b. despair; hope
4. Put these events in chronological order
A. World War I
B. Progressive Era
C. Return to “normalcy”
D. Stock market crash
E. The Great Depression a. A, B, C, D, E b. B, C, D, E, A c. C, D, E, A, B d. D, E, A, B, C e. B, A, C, D, E
5. Put these events in chronological order
A. Volstead Act
B. Al Capone
C. 18th Amendment
D. 21st Amendment
E. St. Valentine’s Day massacre a. A, B, C, D, E b. B, C, D, E, A c. C, D, E, A, B d. D, E, A, B, C e. C, A, B, E, D
The Answers
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. e
Always look for the first one. Then the last.
5. e
Anytime we see
Prohibition, we think
18 and 21.
18 launched the mess.
21 ended it.
page 120

6. Put these events in chronological order
A. 1919 strikes
B. Red Scare
C. Immigration Act of 1924
D. execution of Sacco & Vanzetti
E. Bolshevik Revolution a. A, B, C, D, E b. B, C, D, E, A c. C, D, E, A, B d. D, E, A, B, C e. E, A, B, C, D
Cause & Effect
7. Which happened first?
a. World War I b. the “Lost Generation” c. Harlem Renaissance d. Great Migration e. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
8. Which happened first?
a. isolationism b. appeasement c. containment d. World War I e. World War II
9. Which happened first?
a. Red Scare b. Palmer Raids c. Russian Revolution d. Immigration Act of 1924 e. Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
10. Which happened first? a. bootlegging b. speakeasies c. organized crime d. Eighteenth Amendment e. Twenty-first Amendment
11. Which happened first?
a. jazz b. Cotton Club c. Great Migration d. Harlem Renaissance e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
6. e
The Reds ran the
Russian Revolution.
7. a
The war ended in 1918.
8. a
From 1776 onward, the
U.S. was isolationist.
Exceptions:
1898 Spanish-Am War
World War I
Ever since World War II, we have stopped being isolationists. We have become internationalists.
9. c
The Reds ran the
Russian Revolution.
10. d
18 starts it.
21 ends it.
11. c
African Americans move north, then it all starts. page 121

12. Which happened first?
a. Marconi b. KDKA c. RCA d. NBC e. CBS
13. Which happened first?
a. Amelia Earhart b. Charles Lindbergh c. Eddie Rickenbacker d. Wilbur & Orville Wright e. The Red Baron
14. Which happened first?
a. Watergate b. Teapot Dome c. Credit Mobilier
15. Which happened first?
a. advertising jingles b. the invention of radio c. Amos and Andy show d. the NBC network e. the CBS network
16. Which happened first?
a. motel b. suburbs c. highways d. automobile e. billboards
17. Which happened first?
a. Herbert Hoover was elected.
b. The Great Depression began. c. The stock market crashed on Wall Street.
d. Federal regulatory agencies stop monitoring business.
e. The Republican Party supports laissez-faire capitalism.
18. Which happened first?
a. Black Tuesday b. factory closings c. buying on margin d. stock market crash e. the Great Depression
19. Which happened first?
a. Bessie Smith produces her first record.
b. Alice Paul helps pass the 19th Amendment.
c. Gertrude Ederle swims the English Channel.
d. Amelia Earhart flies across the Atlantic Ocean.
e. The Miss America pageant begins at Atlantic City.
page 122
12. a
He invented the radio.
13. d
They invented the plane.
14. c
1870s scandal
15. b
This caused the rest.
16. d
This caused the rest.
17. e
This caused the rest.
18. c
This caused the rest.
19. b
This helped caused the rest.

20. Which happened first?
a. the flapper dress b. the permanent wave c. women got the vote d. the cosmetics industry e. women stopped wearing corsets
21. Which came first?
a. Model T Ford b. assembly Line c. Model A Ford d. the station wagon e. the Corvette
22. Which was invented first?
a. radio b. stove c. light bulb d. refrigerator e. vacuum cleaner
23. Which happened first?
a. TWA airlines b. Amelia Earhart c. Spirit of St. Louis d. trans-Atlantic flight e. Boeing aircraft
24. Who came first?
a. Billy Sunday b. Billy Graham c. Aimee Semple MacPherson d. the novel Elmer Gantry
25. Which happened first?
a. Al Capone b. Prohibition c. speakeasies d. The Great Gatsby e. Elliot Ness and the Untouchables
26. Which happened first?
a. Jazz b. Harlem Renaissance c. The Cotton Club d. The Great Migration e. Paul Robeson on Broadway
20. c
This helped precipitated the rest.
21. b
This caused the rest.
22. c
You must have electricity before you can have electrical appliances.
23. c
Lindbergh flew his plane across the Atlantic.
TWA is Trans World
Airlines. Around the world.
24. a
The novel Elmer Gantry was written about Billy
Sunday.
25. b
Prohibition caused the rest.
26. d
The Great Migration caused the rest. page 123

27. Which happened first?
a. Florida land boom b. Teapot Dome scandal c. Election of Warren Harding d. Election of Herbert Hoover e. Election of Calvin Coolidge
28. Which happened first?
a. young women become flappers b. the hemline goes up c. women get the vote d. women bob their hair e. the first Miss America pageant
29. Which happened last?
a. stock speculation b. buying on margin c. Florida land boom d. stock market crash e. banks cover stockbrokers
30. Which happened last?
a. jazz b. the blues c. Dixieland d. work songs e. Negro spirituals
31. What happened last?
a. there was no more labor shortage b. foreign-born radicals liked the Russian Revolution c. American turned inward d. they built the Statue of Liberty e. the Immigration Act of 1924
32. Which happened last?
a. The Academy Awards b. Charlie Chaplin in “City Lights” c. Rudolph Valentino in “The Sheik” d. Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse.
e. Thomas Edison invented the movie projector.
27. c
28. c
We like to ask this question a lot.
29. e
Stockbrokers covered the investors.
Banks covered the stockbrokers.
Who covered the banks?
Nobody.
The banks closed.
30. a
Jazz was a blending of all the rest.
31. e
Close the door on foreigners.
32. a page 124

Political Parties
33. Which political party won every presidential election of the 1920s?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
34. Which political party lost every presidential election of the 1920s?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
35. Which party represented the prosperous middle class?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
36. Which party represented cities, immigrants, and the working class?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
37. During the 1920s, the ____ represented the small towns, and the ____ represented the big cities.
a. Republicans; Democrats b. Democrats; Republicans
38. Which political party rejected the League of Nations? a. Republicans b. Democrats
39. Which party represented isolationism, nativism, and protectionism?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
40. In the 1920s, which party de-regulated Big Business?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
41. The election of 1920 was memorable because it was the first time that a. a Democrat won.
b. a Republican won.
c. women could vote d. African Americans could vote.
e. native Americans could vote.
42. Which relatively unknown man was elected in 1920 simply because he looked
“presidential”?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
43. During World War I, the President was a a. Democrat.
b. Republican.
44. During the 1920s, the presidents were all ____.
a. Republicans b. Democrats
45. During the 1920s, who controlled Congress?
a. the Republicans b. the Democrats
39. a
40. a
41. c
42. a
43. a
44. a
45. a
33. a
34. b
We really rub it in.
35. a
36. b
37. a
38. a page 125

46. When the Great Depression hit, who was held responsible?
a. the Republicans b. the Democrats
47. During the 1920s, everybody voted ____.
In the 1930s, everybody voted ____.
a. Republican; Democrat b. Democrat; Republican
The Presidents
48. Which man was not president during the 1920s?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
49. What did Warren G. Harding call for in 1920?
a. The U.S. should join the League of Natioins.
b. Government should regulate Big Business.
c. A return to normalcy.
d. A progressive era of reforms.
e. Lower tariffs and higher taxes.
50. Which president died in office in 1923?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
51. Whose administration was tainted by scandals and corruption?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
52. Teapot Dome took place during which administration?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
53. Which statement is not true?
a. The election of 1920 was the first time that women nationwide got to vote for President.
b. In 1920, women voted for the man who looked “presidential.” c. The Republican political machine chose its presidential nominee, saying: "He looks like a President." d. The man who was elected in 1920 became an outstanding President.
54. Which president relied upon his Cabinet to run the country?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
55. His Attorney General conducted the Red Scare.
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
56. Who was the first president to deliver a speech on the radio?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt page 126
46. a
47. a
48. d
49. c
He invented the word normalcy. It was vague, but everybody knew what was “normal.”
Isolationism, nativism, and white supremacy.
50. a
51. a
Teapot Dome
52. a
53. d
Historians regard
Warren Harding as one of our worst presidents.
54. a
55. a
56. a

57. He was the Governor of Massachusetts. He crushed the Boston police strike of
1919. Who was he?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
58. When President Harding died in 1923, the Vice President became president. a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
59. Which president was associated with the 1920s economic boom?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
60. When his four years was up in 1928, he quit, saying six words: “I do not choose to run.” a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
61. He was a humanitarian. After World War I, he took shiploads of relief to the starving people of Europe. a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
62. At nine years old, he was an orphan. He was a self-made man. He became an engineer and made millions. He was Secretary of Commerce under Coolidge.
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
63. Who was president when the stock market crashed on Wall Street?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
64. Who was president when the Great Depression began?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
65. President Coolidge believed that prosperity for all Americans depended on the success of a. the American farmer.
b. government regulation of business.
c. high imports.
d. American business.
66. Which statement about the election of 1928 is true?
a. Herbert Hoover, the Republican, was a Dry.
b. Al Smith, the Democrat, was a Wet.
c. both d. neither.
67. Who won the election of 1928?
a. the Protestant.
b. the Catholic.
57. b
58. b
59. b
60. b
61. c
62. c
63. c
64. c
65. d
66. c
67. a
In those days, small-town
American did not like
Catholics.
The first Catholic to be elected President was
JFK in 1960. Forty years later!
page 127

68 All of the following statements about Herbert Hoover are true, except: a. After World War I, he took U.S. food relief to Europe.
b. During the Harding and Coolidge administrations, he was Secretary of
Commerce.
c. He was elected president in 1928.
d. He supported Prohibition.
e. When the Depression hit, he established relief programs for the unemployed.
69. Why did Herbert Hoover win the 1928 election?
a. The economy was roaring.
b. Hoover promised more prosperity.
c. Al Smith was Catholic.
d. all of the above e. only A and B
70. When the Great Depression hit, he refused to use the power of the federal government to help people.
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
71. During the 1920s, the federal government ____ the employer of last resort.
a. was b. was not
72. In 1932, he was not re-elected. a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge
73. Who was elected in 1932?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Woodrow Wilson c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
74. What were “Hoovervilles”?
a. communities built for GIs returning from World War I.
b. communities built for GIs returning from World War II.
c. homemade shacks built during the Great Depression.
d. federal housing for the poor during the Great Depression.
68. d
69. d
70. c
71. b
72. c
73. d
74. c
They were named after
Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the
Depression. page 128

Foreign policy
75. Warren Harding’s landslide victory ____ President Woodrow Wilson’s policy of internationalism.
a. supported b. repudiated
76. After World War I, the average American was a. tired of foreign wars.
b. in favor of an expansionist foreign policy.
c. both d. neither
77. What was U.S. foreign policy in the 1920s?
a. isolationism b. expansion in Europe c. internationalism d. signed the Versailles Treaty e. joined the League of Nations
78. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 ____ the use of war to solve international problems.
a. upheld b. condemned
79. This outlawed the use of war to solve international conflicts.
a. Dawes Plan b. Versailles Treaty c. Washington Conference d. Kellogg-Briand Pact e. Volstead Act
80. Which statement is true?
a. The League of Nations was an idea created by a U.S. President.
b. The U.S. did not join the League of Nations.
c. both d. neither
81. Which statement is true?
a. The U.S. signed the Treaty of Versailles.
b. The U.S. joined the League of Ntions.
c. both d. neither
82. Isolationism was the rejection of ____ outside of the United States.
a. ideas b. groups c. races d. foreign powers e. all of the above
75. b
76. a
77. a
78. b
79. d
80. c
81. d
We wanted nothing to do with foreign affairs.
82. e page 129

83. It ended World War I.
a. The Washington Conference.
b. The Dawes Plan c. The Kellogg-Briand Pact d. The League of Nations e. The Versailles Treaty
84. The U.S. and sixty other nations agreed never to use war as a means of solving international conflicts.
a. The Washington Conference.
b. The Dawes Plan c. The Kellogg-Briand Pact d. The League of Nations e. The Versailles Treaty
85. The U.S. loaned gold to Germany in order to stabilize its economy.
a. The Washington Conference.
b. The Dawes Plan c. The Kellogg-Briand Pact d. The League of Nations e. The Versailles Treaty
86. The U.S. and other countries agreed to limit the size of their navies.
a. The Washington Conference.
b. The Dawes Plan c. The Kellogg-Briand Pact d. The League of Nations e. The Versailles Treaty
87. Its purpose was to preserve world peace.
a. The Washington Conference.
b. The Dawes Plan c. The Kellogg-Briand Pact d. The League of Nations e. The Versailles Treaty
83. e
84. c
85. b
86. a
87. d
Forerunner of the
United Nations.
page 130

88. At the end of World War I, what was U.S. foreign policy?
a. The U.S. withdrew from any role in the international community.
b. The U.S. refused to join the League of Nations.
c. The U.S. decided to look after “America First!” d. all of the above e. none of the above
89. In 1920, the “return to normalcy” meant a. the days before World War II, when the U.S. was not involved in
European affairs.
b. a rejection of the Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations.
c. the U.S. would not serve as “world policeman” in the League of Nations.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
90. The “return to normalcy” meant all of the following, except: a. nativism b. isolationism c. xenophobia d. protectionism e. internationalism
91. A national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries. a. nativism b. xenophobia c. isolationism d. ethnocentrism e. fundamentalism
92. Which group was formed in the 1920s to promote world peace?
a. United Nations b. League of Nations c. The Invisible Empire d. National Association of Manufacturers e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
88. d
Make sure you read all the choices.
89. d
90. e
Internationalism is the opposite of isolationism.
91. c
92. b page 131

Economic policy
93. Which president believed in laissez-faire economics?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. all of the above e. none of the above
94. The Great Depression that began in 1929 ____ America's faith in laissez-faire capitalism.
a. shook b. restored
95. Which president believed in government intervention in the economy?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. all of the above e. none of the above
96. Which was U.S. economic policy in the 1920s?
a. low tariffs b. support of trade unions c. tax cuts for the wealthy d. government regulation of business e. government projects to create jobs
97. During the 1920s, which political party de-regulated business?
a. Republicans b. Democrats
98. During the 1920s, the government helped a. farmers.
c. businessmen.
b. labor unions.
d. immigrants.
99. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Many employers broke the unions in their industry.
b. The U.S. government supported collective bargaining.
c. both d. neither
100. During the 1920s, Wall Street experienced a spectacular a. Bull Market.
b. Bear Market.
101. During the 1920s, the U.S. shifted from a ____ society to a ____ society.
a. producer; consumer b. consumer; producer
93. d
94. a
95. e
96. c
97. a
98. c
99. a
100. a
101. a page 132

102. What was the tariff policy of the U.S. government during the 1920s?
a. high tariffs b. high taxes on foreign imports c. designed to protect American industry d. promote the purchase of American goods e. all of the above
103. During which era was business not regulated by the federal government?
a. the Progressive Era of Theodore Roosevelt b. the administrations of Harding, Coolidge, Hoover c. the New Deal of Franklin Roosevelt
104. Which was not a policy of the federal government in the 1920s?
a. low taxes b. low government spending c. low tariffs d. low immigration
105. It created the highest-ever tariffs for foreign-made goods. a. WTO b. NAFTA c. The Hawley-Smoot Act
106. Who did not benefit from federal government policies in the 1920s?
a. Chamber of Commerce b. Wall Street stockbrokers c. investors in the stock market d. American Federation of Labor e. National Association of Manufacturers
107. In the 1920s, the Republican Party believed in all of the following, except: a. isolationism b. immigration c. nativism d. speculation e. deportation
108. In the 1920s, the Republican Party believed in all of the following, except: a. open shop b. collective bargaining c. protectionism d. laissez-faire e. nativism
109. Which group promoted laissez-faire economics?
a. United Nations b. League of Nations c. The Invisible Empire d. National Association of Manufacturers e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
102. e
Read all of the choices.
103. b
104. c
105. c
106. d
107. b
108. b
109. d page 133

110. An economic doctrine that opposes government regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws. a. laissez-faire b. isolationism c. interventionism d. nativism e. protectionism
111. The theory of protecting domestic producers by limiting, by tariffs or quotas, the importation of foreign goods and services. a. laissez-faire b. isolationism c. interventionism d. nativism e. protectionism
112. Which statement is true?
a. During the Progressive era, reformers set up government agencies to regulate business.
b. During the 1920s, government regulated business. c. both d. neither
110. a
111. e
In 2004, John Edwards
(presidential candidate) called for protectionism.
An end to NAFTA.
112. a page 134

Economic Prosperity
113. What caused the economic prosperity of the 1920s?
a. mass production b. consumerism c. buying on credit d. high tariffs e. all of the above
114. During the 1920s, which statement best describes the situation of farmers?
a. rising incomes b. lower taxes c. falling prices
115. During the 1920s, did workers’ wages keep up with rising productivity and corporate profits.
a. yes b. no
116. During the 1920s, which statement about the middle class is correct?
a. rising incomes b. lower taxes c. invested in the stock market d. all of the above e. none of the above
117. Which family owned a car?
a. working-class families b. middle-class families c. both d. neither
118. All of the following statements are true, except: a. In the early 1920s, the U.S. raised tariffs to discourage imports.
b. European countries put up high tariffs.
c. By 1929, every American who could afford to buy a car had already bought a car.
d. Thanks to high tariffs, Europeans could not afford to buy American cars.
e. When Americans stopped buying American products, Europeans bought them.
119. Which was not true in the 1920s?
a. There was poverty in the midst of plenty.
b. Workers could afford to buy most consumer goods.
c. Farm overproduction led to farm failures.
d. High tariffs prevented U.S. companies from selling overseas.
e. The middle class put their savings in the stock market.
113. e
Supply and Demand.
Supply: mass production
Demand: The rest
114. c
115. b
116. d
117. b
118. e
119. b page 135

120. Which statement is true?
a. America emerged from World War I with a strong economy. b. In the 1920s, America became the wealthiest country in the world.
c. both d. neither
121. Which statement describes life in the 1920s?
a. All groups benefitted from economic prosperity.
b. There was a widening gap between the rich and the poor. c. both d. neither
122. Which did not cause economic prosperity in the 1920s?
a. mass production b. scientific management c. increased productivity d. decreased demand e. buying on credit
123. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. The assembly line produced more goods, quickly and cheaply.
b. Americans could buy things that previously only the rich could afford.
c. both d. neither
124. Which statement is true?
a. Frederick W. Taylor invented scientific management.
b. Scientific managers use a stopwatch to time each task.
c. Taylor came up with time-saving techniques.
d. As a result, American workers were more productive. e. all of the above
125. During the 1920s, there was a spectacular increase in workers’ a. productivity.
b. wages.
c. both d. neither
126. The economic prosperity of the 1920s was the result of increased a. supply b. demand c. both d. neither
120. c
121. b
122. d
123. c
124. e
125. a
126. c
Supply: The assembly line and mass production.
Demand: People went into debt to buy goods. page 136

127. During the 1920s, the U.S. shifted from a ____ society to a ____ society.
a. consumer; producer b. producer; consumer
128. Who wrote about “conspicuous consumption” in his book, Theory of the
Leisure Class. a. Adam Smith b. David Ricardo c. Thorstein Veblen d. Milton Friendman e. John Maynard Keynes
129. Which was not a common practice in the 1920s?
a. advertising b. buying on credit c. installment plans d. saving for the future e. speculating on the stock market
130. Which statement about advertising is true?
a. The advertising industry began in the 1920s.
b. Advertising creates demand for a product.
c. Ads appeared in magazines, on billboards, and at the movies.
d. Advertisiers sold the concept of debt.
e. all of the above
131. Thanks to ____, women became America’s greatest consumers in the 1920s.
a. radio b. television c. magazines d. newspapers e. store flyers
132. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. For the first time, Americans bought on credit.
b. This led to higher sales.
c. Americans changed their attitudes toward incurring debt.
d. all of the above e. only A and B
133. Before the 1920s, installment buying ____ considered respectable among the middle class. a. was b. was not
134. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. For the first time, people bought cars on the installment plan.
b. Increasingly, other consumer goods could be bought “on time.” c. both d. neither
127. b
128. c
129. d
130. e
131. c
Ladies Home Journal and many others.
132. d
133. b
134. c page 137

The exception to the rule
135. During the 1920s, which industry was plagued by overproduction?
a. automobile b. agriculture c. steel d. oil
136. During the 1920s, the price of wheat ____ by 60% and the price of cotton fell by 70%.
a. rose b. fell
137. During the 1920s, who was struggling to make a living?
a. farmers b. workers c. the middle class d. all of the above
138. During the 1930s, who was struggling to make a living?
a. farmers b. workers c. the middle class d. all of the above
139. The economic prosperity of the 1920s helped every group, except: a. farmers b. the wealthy c. corporations d. urban workers e. the middle class
140. All of the following statements about the 1920s are true, except: a. People bought consumer goods.
b. Consumer goods were refrigerators, typewriters, radios and cars.
c. Consumer goods created more jobs.
d. People bought consumer goods on credit. e. When people lost their jobs, they continued to buy consumer goods.
141. Which statement best describes the 1920s?
a. Economic prosperity was spread evenly across all classes.
b. There was an ever widening gap between rich and poor.
c. both d. neither
142. Which happened first?
a. The introduction of machines to farming b. farmers sold their surplus to Europe during World War I c. the end of World War I d. over-production e. farm failures
135. b
136. b
137. a
138. d
139. a
140. e
141. b
142. b page 138

143. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Farmers were 30% of the U.S. population.
b. The price for farm goods fell. c. Farmers were in an economic depression.
d. 20% of farmers went bankrupt.
e. all of the above
144. What was the main cause of the farm depression?
a. the price for farm goods fell b. speculation on the stock market c. government intervention in the economy d. the demand for food fell e. the U.S. imported food from overseas
145. During the 1920s, U.S. farmers ____ receive federal government subsidies and price supports. a. did b. did not
146. President Hoover believed in a. rugged individualism. b. laissez-faire economics.
c. both d. neither
143. e
144. a
145. b
146. c page 139

The Stock Market
147. During the 1920s, investors borrowed money from their stockbrokers.
When the price of their stock went up, they made a profit, and paid their stockbrokers. This was known as a. a panic.
b. the layaway plan.
c. buying on margin.
148. In 1929, investors borrowed money from their stockbrokers.
When the price of their stock fell, they lost money and could not pay back their stockbrokers. This created a. a panic.
b. the layaway plan.
c. buying on margin.
149. All of the following statements about the stock market in the 1920s are true, except: a. An investor in the stock market had to put up a big investment.
b. Prices of stocks and shares constantly went up.
c. Investors kept stocks for a short period and then sold them at a profit. d. As with consumer goods, it was possible to buy stocks on credit. e. Speculators sold their shares at a profit before paying the stockbrokers.
150. All of the following statements about the stock market in 1929 are true, except: a. less than 1% of Americans owned stocks and shares.
b. The Wall Street crash had an impact on the whole population. c. The fall in stock prices made it difficult for businessmen to raise the money needed to run their companies. d. Within a short time, 100,000 American companies were forced to close.
e. When workers lost their jobs, they relied on unemployment insurance.
151. During the 1920s, who invested on the stock market?
a. the middle class b. banks c. speculators d. all of the above e. only A and C
152. What happened in 1929?
a. Everyone wanted to sell their stocks.
b. No one wanted to buy stocks.
c. both d. neither
153. Buying stocks on margin ____ was a “get-rich-quick” scheme.
a. was b. was not
147. c
148. a
149. a
150. e
151. d
152. c
The value of your stock is whatever the market says it is. If the market says your stock is worth zero, then it is worth zero.
153. a page 140

154. All of the following contributed to speculation on the stock market, except: a. Communication revolution via telephone and wireless telegraph b. Radio delivered news of stocks quickly.
c. Farmers and workers invested on the stock market.
d. Rise of disposable income among upper-middle class e. Absence of any government regulation of Wall Street.
155. Which agency was supposed to regulate the stock market during the 1920s?
a. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) b. The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) c. World Trade Organization (WTO) d. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
156. Before the Great Crash of 1929, a. there was little support for federal regulation of the stock exchange.
b. the federal government prevented the fraudulent sale of stock.
c. both d. neither
157. During the 1920s, what was not happening on Wall Street?
a. Investors were tempted by promises of "rags to riches." b. Stock brokers offered easy credit to investors.
c. Stock brokers informed the public of the risks involved in investing. d. Twenty million investors tried to make their fortunes in the stock market.
e. Half of the $50 billion in new stocks became worthless.
158. Engagement in risky business transactions on the chance of quick or considerable profit. a. speculation b. defamation c. deportation d. laissez-faire e. evolution
159. Which statement is not true?
a. The investor bought $100 worth of stock. b. He gave $10 to the stockbroker.
c. The stockbroker borrowed the other $90 from a bank.
d. When the stock market crashed, the banks held worthless stock.
e. The banks never went bankrupt.
160. Which statement is true?
a. From 1921 to 1927, stocks were rising on Wall Street.
b. In 1928, stocks started soaring threw the roof.
c. In 1929, most stocks were worthless.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
161. There was a spectacular upward trend in the prices of corporate stocks.
This is known as a a. bull market.
b. bear market.
154. c
155. a
The Securities &
Exchange Commission did not exist until after the crash.
156. a
157. c
Investors thought stocks would go up forever.
158. a
159. e
Shocking, eh?
160. d
161. a page 141

162. During the 1920s, which federal agency took action to prevent the stock market boom from getting out of control?
a. The Federal Reserve b. The Federal Trade Commission c. The Securities & Exchange Commission d. all of the above e. none of the above
163. What happened on Black Tuesday?
a. Investors began to sell their stocks. b. Stockbrokers called in their margins. c. Banks called in their loans to stockbrokers.
d. Everybody panicked - everybody sold all their stocks.
e. all of the above
164. Which statement about the stock market crash is true?
a. In New York City, stockbrokers were jumping out of windows.
b. In the suburbs, men jumped in front of commuter trains. c. both d. neither
165. Which statement is true?
a. At first, the stock market crash hit only the wealthy.
b. When the stock market crashed, factories began to close.
c. both d. neither
166. Which statement is true?
a. In hard times, people get help from their families.
b. But not when everyone in your family is unemployed. c. both d. neither
167. Which statement about the Great Depression is true?
a. People were evicted from their homes.
b. They lived in shacks down by the railroad.
c. When men heard of a job, they hopped on the railroad and went there. d. The shack communities were nicknamed “Hoovervilles.” e. all of the above
168. For three years (1929 to 1932), the U.S. government did ____ to help people who were suffering. a. nothing b. everything it could
169. What happened in 1932?
a. Hoover and the Republicans were in disgrace.
b. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, was elected President.
c. both d. neither
162. e
163. e
164. c
165. c
166. c
167. e
168. a
169. c page 142

170. The 1920s witnessed a cultural clash between a. modernists and conservatives b. socialists and communists c. progressives and Big Business d. rural farmers and urban workers e. the North and the South
171. During the 1920s, the U.S. government drifted toward a. liberalism b. progressivism c. conservativism d. welfare statism e. modernism
172. During the 1920s, the U.S. government reflected life in the a. cities.
b. small towns.
The Causes
173. During the 1920s, the majority of people lived in ____ areas.
a. urban b. rural
174. What caused the rest of the cultural conflict?
a. fundamentalism b. urbanization c. black nationalism d. nativism e. modernism
175. What disturbed small-town America in the 1920s?
a. immigration b. urbanization c. the Great Migration d. all of the above e. none of the above
176. The residential region around a major city.
a. urban b. suburban c. rural d. boondocks e. region
170. a
171. c
172. b
173. a
174. b
175. d
176. b page 143

Life in the City
177. Who believed in the new modernism of the 1920s?
a. conservative Republican b. liberal Democrat c. both d. neither
177. b
178. d
178. A great or excessive regard for worldly concerns. a. modernism b. mass culture c. creationism d. materialism e. mass production
179. a
180. d
181. e
That game was invented during the Great
Depression.
179. The deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century. a. modernism b. mass culture c. creationism d. materialism e. mass production
182. c
183. a
180. Which was a popular dance of the 1920s?
a. Charleston b. Black Bottom c. Shimmy d. all of the above e. none of the above
181. Which was not an urban middle-class fascination in the 1920s?
a. mahjongg b. séances c. fortune telling d. ouija boards e. Monopoly
182. Which event began in the 1920s?
a. Macy’s Day parade b. ticker tape parades c. both d. neither
183. The Great Migration had an impact on which region?
a. urban b. suburban c. rural d. all of the above e. none of the above page 144

184. Immigration had an impact on which region?
a. urban b. suburban c. rural d. all of the above e. only A and B
185. In the 1920s, which statement is true? Immigrants made up a. 80% of New York City’s population b. 70% of Chicago’s population.
c. 40% of Philadelphia’s population.
d. 33% of Boston’s population.
e. all of the above
184. a
185. e page 145

Small Town America
186. During the 1920s, small-town America wanted a. no strikes.
b. no foreigners.
c. no radicals d. more fundamentalism e. all of the above
187. Small-town America in the 1920s was a period of a. tolerance and internationalism.
b. intolerance and isolation.
c. both d. neither
188. Which was not a feature of the 1920s?
a. heyday of the Ku Klux Klan b. hysteria of the Palmer raids c. restrictive immigration laws d. powerful trade unions e. prohibition
189. Between 1900 and 1915, 13 million immigrants arrived in the U.S.
The majority were a. Protestant.
b. Jewish.
c. Catholic.
d. all of the above e. both B and C
190. In the 1920s, small-town America did not believe in a. racism.
b. nativism.
c. diversity.
d. isolationism.
e. ethnocentrism.
191. In small-town America, the “conventional wisdom” was what?
a. The new immigrants are racially inferior to past immigrants and the native-born.
b. The new immigrants created slums, crime, delinquency, poverty, and epidemics.
c. The new immigrants took jobs from native-born Americans.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
192. During the 1920s, small-town America had what opinion about immigrants?
a. uneducated and poverty stricken b. criminals c. communists and anarchists d. cheap labor that lowered the wages of average Americans.
e. all of the above page 146
186. e
187. b
188. d
189. e
190. c
191. d
192. e

193. In small-town America, the “conventional wisdom” of the day was what?
a. The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
b. Other races are racially inferior.
c. both d. neither
194. A fundamentalist believed in a. the literal interpretation of the Bible.
b. the Bible as parable and metaphor.
c. both d. neither
195. Christian fundamentalists believed in a. evolution.
b. creationism.
c. both d. neither
196. Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson did not believe in a. revivalism.
b. evangelism.
c. modernism.
d. creationism.
e. fundamentalism.
197. An organized, militant evangelical movement originating in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century in opposition to Protestant liberalism and secularism, insisting on the literal meaning of the Bible.
a. nativism b. xenophobia c. isolationism d. ethnocentrism e. fundamentalism
193. c
194. a
195. b
196. c
197. e page 147

The Results
198. When a person believes in the superiority of his own ethnic group.
a. nativism b. xenophobia c. ethnocentrism
199. When a person has fear or contempt for foreigners.
a. nativism b. xenophobia c. ethnocentrism
200. When a person favors the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants.
a. nativism b. xenophobia c. ethnocentrism
198. c ethnic, ethno
199. b phobia = a fear of arachnophobia = fear of spiders
200. a page 148

Labor Unrest
201. Which took place in 1919?
a. labor strikes b. race riots c. both d. neither
202. Which statement is true?
a. During World War I, workers were patriotic, so they did not go on strike.
b. When World War I ended, millions of workers went on strike.
c. both d. neither
203. Which group went on strike in 1919?
a. steelworkers b. coal miners c. Boston police d. Seattle general strike e. all of the above
204. Why did workers go on strike in 1919?
a. To raise wages; the cost of living was rising.
b. To shorten hours and end the 12-hour day.
c. both d. neither
205. Which statement describes 1919?
a. The government helped employers crush strikes. b. Strikes were more violent than today.
c. Strikers were labeled as radicals. d. Unions and strikes were considered un-American.
e. all of the above
206. Which statement describes the labor situation in 1919?
a. Mayors sent in the local police to crush strikes.
b. Governors sent in state troopers to crush strikes.
c. Employers hired strikebreakers.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
207. What was employer policy in the 1920s?
a. the open shop b. company towns c. both d. neither
201. c
202. c
203. e
204. c
205. d
206. d
207. c page 149

208. The labor strikes of 1919 were a. led by communists.
b. condemned by the public.
c. protected by the federal government. d. helpful in winning collective bargaining.
e. supported by the Republican Party.
209. During the 1919 strikes, strikers ____ labeled as being “Reds.” a. were b. were not
The Red Scare
210. The strategy developed by Lenin in Russia between 1903 and 1917 with a view to seizing state power and establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat. a. eugenics b. evolution c. creationism d. Bolshevism e. anti-Semitism
211. During the Red Scare of the early 1920s, people were afraid of a. big government. b. Big Business.
c. conservatives.
d. nativists.
e. foreigners.
212. During the 1920s, an intense fear of communism gripped the U.S. This was similar to a. the Progressive Era.
b. World War I.
c. World War II.
d. McCarthyism.
e. the Vietnam era.
213. Who were the targets of the Palmer Raids?
a. labor unions c. African Americans b. immigrants d. bootleggers
208. b
209. a
210. d
211. e
212. d
213. b page 150

214. In the 1920s U.S., there was a Red Scare after the ____ Revolution.
a. Glorious b. French c. German d. Bolshevik e. Chinese
215. In the 1920s, there was a nationwide fear of a. anarchists b. socialists c. communists d. all of the above e. none of the above
216. What happened during the Red Scare?
a. Innocent people were jailed for expressing their views.
b. Civil liberties were ignored.
c. both d. neither
217. This organization was founded in 1919 "to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americanism." a. American Legion b. American Federation of Labor c. Industrial Workers of the World d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Broadcasting Association
218. In the U.S., there was a Red Scare following a. World War I.
b. World War II.
c. both d. neither
219. The public hysteria about communist subversion that swept the U.S. in 1919 and 1920 was known as a. the Red Scare.
b. the Progressive Era.
c. World War I.
d. World War II.
e. McCarthyism.
220. In 1920, who was not a founding member of the American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU)?
a. Clarence Darrow b. Upton Sinclair c. Jane Addams d. A. Mitchell Palmer e. Helen Keller
214. d
215. d
216. c
217. a
218. c
219. a
220. d page 151

221. Which statement is true?
a. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917. b. The revolution was led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
c. They told workers to overthrow the capitalist class. d. Americans were afraid workers in the U.S. would do the same.
e. all of the above
222. Which statement is true?
a. In the U.S., terrorists threw, planted, and mailed bombs.
b. This ignited a national hysteria against foreign-born radicals.
c. both d. neither
223. Which statement is true?
a. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer headed the Justice Department.
b. He rounded up 7,000 immigrants and deported 700.
c. These were the Palmer raids.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
224. When you send immigrants back to their country of origin, this is ____.
a. speculation b. immigration c. emigration d. deportation e. integration
225. During the Red Scare, most of those arrested were a. foreign born.
b. naturalized citizens.
c. both d. neither
226. Which is a violation of civil liberties?
a. When people are arrested for a crime.
b. When people are arrested for their thoughts, not their actions. c. both d. neither
227. When people are arrested for exercising their right to free speech, this is a violation of their ____ Amendment rights.
a. First b. Second c. Fourth d. Fifth e. Sixth
221. e
222. c
223. d
224. d
225. b
226. b
227. a page 152

228. When 7,000 people’s homes were searched without a warrant, this was a violation of their ____ Amendment rights.
a. First b. Second c. Fourth d. Fifth e. Sixth
229. When 7,000 people were arrested and held without bail, a lawyer, or a trial, this was a violation of their ____ Amendment rights.
a. First b. Second c. Fourth d. Fifth e. Sixth
230. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Russian and Italian immigrants were considered radicals, b. Congress cut off immigration from Russia and Italy.
c. both d. neither
228. c
229. e
230. c page 153

Immigration
231. Between 1900 and 1915, thirteen million immigrants arrived in the U.S.
The majority were from a. Asia.
b. Africa.
c. Latin America.
d. Southern and Eastern Europe. e. Northern and Western Europe.
232. What was the purpose of U.S. immigration policy in the 1920s?
a. to separate and disconnect the U.S. from foreign counties. b. to restrict and reduce the volume of immigrants into America. c. both d. neither
233. In the 1920s, the purpose of U.S. immigration policy was to shrink the volume of unskilled labor from a. Asia b. Eastern Europe c. Latin America d. all of the above e. only A and B
234. What was not a motive for U.S. immigration policy in the 1920s?
a. racism b. xenophobia c. ethnocentrism d. multicultural diversity
235. In the 1920s, the purpose of the immigration laws was to a. limit immigration based on national origin b. limit immigration from Southern Europe c. set yearly quotas on immigrants as a proportion of those who already lived in the U.S.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
231. d
232. c
233. e
234. d
235. d page 154

236. The Immigration Act of 1924 cut back the number of a. total immigrants.
b. immigrants from Asia.
c. immigrants from Southern Europe.
d. immigrants from Eastern Europe.
e. all of the above
237. The Immigration Act of 1924 ____ discriminatory against some ethnic groups.
a. was b. was not
238. The National Origins Act restricted the number of a. labor unions c. African Americans b. immigrants d. bootleggers
239. The National Origins Act established quotas that ____ southern and eastern
Europeans. a. welcomed b. discriminated against c. both d. neither
240. Which immigrants were totally banned in the 1920s?
a. Latin American b. Eastern European c. Western European d. Asian
241. A person who is politically opposed to immigrants and increased immigration is a a. nativist.
b. Democrat.
c. progressive.
d. anarchist.
e. prohibitionist.
242. During the 1920s, U.S. immigration policy was based on the concept of a. inclusion b. exclusion c. both d. neither
243. Which statement describes U.S. immigration policy in the 1920s?
a. “I lift my lamp beside the open door.” b. The U.S. shut the open door.
c. both d. neither
236. e
237. a
238. b
239. b
240. d
241. a
242. b
243. b page 155

244. A proportional share or allotment assigned to a group.
a. quota b. mass culture c. modernism d. materialism e. mass production
245. The National Origins Act of 1924 was designed to a. prevent the Great Migration. b. begin the Open Door policy on immigration.
c. appease nativism and ethnocentrism. d. prevent communist infiltration of the U.S.
e. oppose isolationism as a foreign policy.
246. The National Origins Act. was aimed at the a. “old immigrants.” b. “new immigrants.” c. both d. neither
247. In 1924, Congress cut off immigration from countries that were influenced by a. World War I.
b. the Russian Revolution.
c. both d. neither
248. Which statement about the Immigration Act of 1924 is true?
a. It created a permanent quota system based on national origin b. It put a ceiling on the total number who could come into the U.S.
c. both d. neither
249. The Immigration Act of 1924 a. favored immigrants from Western Europe.
b. shut the door on immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe.
c. slammed the door on immigrants from Asia.
d. all of the above e. only B and C
250. The quota system remained U.S. immigration policy until the a. 1930s.
b. 1940s.
c. 1950s d. 1960s.
e. It still exists today.
244. a
245. c
246. b
247. b
248. c
249. d
250. d page 156

251. The Immigration Act of 1924 ____ consistent with America’s foreign policy of isolationism.
a. was b. was not
252. Who agreed with the Immigration Act of 1924?
a. isolationists b. employers c. nativists d. fundamentalists e. all of the above
253. “America First!” is the slogan of a person who believe jobs must go to
____ Americans.
a. native-born b. foreign-born
254. Which statement is true?
a. Before the 1920s, industry needed labor, so industrialists went to
Europe to hire workers.
b. During the 1920s, there was no labor shortage.
c. both d. neither
255. The Immigration Act of 1924 reflected the wishes of a. small-town America.
b. Big Business.
c. both d. neither
256. Which statement about immigration is true?
a. The Republicans in Congress reflected the needs of business.
b. If employers needed labor, the door was open.
c. If not, the door was shut.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
257. The Immigration Act of 1924 reflected a. isolationism.
b. religious intolerance.
c. both d. neither
251. a
252. e
253. a
254. c
255. c
256. d
257. c page 157

The KKK
258. Movie that glorified the Ku Klux Klan.
a. Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer b. Charlie Chaplin in City Lights c. D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation
259. What happened during the race riots of 1919?
a. African Americans burned down ghettos in northern cities.
b. White men attacked African Americans in northern cities.
c. both d. neither
260. The Ku Klux Klan was pleased with a. the Great Migration.
b. immigration.
c. both d. neither
261. During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan expanded their attacks to include a. Jews b. Catholics c. immigrants d. all of the above e. only B and C
262. Which statement about the Ku Klux Klan is not correct?
a. The Klan had a rebirth in the 1920s.
b. Klansmen were elected to political office.
c. The Klan was powerful only in the South.
d. Membership rose to four million.
e. Klansmen were rarely convicted by Southern juries.
263. Which group promoted “100% Americanism”?
a. The American Legion b. Ku Klux Klan c. both d. neither
264. During the 1920s, the KKK a. was intolerant of anyone they considered to be “un-American.” b. terrorized anyone who was not a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
c. both d. neither
265. During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan believed in all of the following, except: a. nativism b. religious tolerance c. white supremacy b. religious fundamentalism e. electing people to political office.
258. c
259. b
260. d
261. d
262. c
263. c
264. c
265. b page 158

266. The KKK liked people who were WASP. That is, a. white b. Anglo-Saxon c. Protestant d. native-born e. all of the above
267. The Ku Klux Klan believed in a. racism.
b. anti-Semitism.
c. both d. neither
268. The KKK promoted a. racial hatred.
b. religious hatred.
c. both d. neither
269. The KKK lynched a Jewish businessman in Atlanta.
a. Leo Frank b. John Scopes c. Albert Fall d. Al Jolson e. Aaron Copeland
270. Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews or Judaism. a. eugenics b. evolution c. creationism d. Bolshevism e. anti-Semitism
271. The Ku Klux Klan did not believe in a. racism.
b. nativism.
c. tolerance.
d. isolationism.
e. ethnocentrism.
272. Which statement about the KKK in the 1920s is not true?
a. The Ku Klux Klan was a violent organization.
b. It was founded for the sole purpose of terrorizing African Americans.
c. The KKK had always stirred up racial hatred.
d. In the 1920s, it began stirring up religious hatred.
e. The KKK was not nativist.
273. During the 1920s, the KKK had millions of members in a. southern states like Georgia and Alabama.
b. midwestern states like Indiana.
c. western states like Texas, Oklahoma, and Oregon.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
266. e
267. c
268. c
269. a
270. e
271. c
272. e
273. d page 159

274. During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan a. dominated politics in a number of states. b. had members who were pharmacists, dentists, and realtors.
c. both d. neither
275. Who was a KKK member in the 1920s?
a. The mayor of Indianapolis.
b. The governor of Indiana.
c. both d. neither
274. c
275. c page 160

Scandals
276. Which president relied on his Cabinet to run the country?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
277. Political scandal during the Harding administration.
a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
278. The first cabinet member to be sent to prison. a. John Scopes b. Postmaster General Burleson c. Albert Fall d. Andrew Mellon e. A. Mitchell Palmer
279. What was the main issue surrounding Teapot Dome?
a. The Attorney General took bribes from bootleggers.
b. The head of the Veterans’ Bureau stole soldiers’ bonuses.
c. The Secretary of the Interior leased oil reserved for the Navy.
d. The Republicans broke into the Democratic Party headquarters.
e. insider trading
280. In the 1920s, Teapot Dome symbolized a. consumerism.
b. mass culture.
c. stock market speculation.
d. political corruption.
e. the cultural clash raging in America.
281. Who was involved in the Black Sox baseball scandal of the 1920s?
a. Lou Gehrig b. Babe Ruth c. Shoeless Joe Jackson d. Connie Mack e. Satchell Paige
282. What was Teapot Dome? It was a. an oilfield in Wyoming.
b. owned by the federal government.
c. kept in case of wartime.
d. all of the above e. only A and B
283. Which scandal took place in the 1920s?
a. Credit Mobilier b. Teapot Dome c. Watergate
276. a
277. b
278. c
279. c
280. d
281. c
Have you ever seen
Kevin Costner’s film,
“Field of Dreams”?
282. d
283. b
Credit Mobilier, 1870s
Teapot Dome, 1920s
Watergate, 1970s page 161

284. He was a small town guy overwhelmed by the responsibilities of the presidency. Every week, he played poker with his Cabinet members. Unfortunately, many of them were crooks. Who was this president?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
285. His Attorney General sold pardons to bootleggers. His chief of Veterans
Affairs stole money. His Secretary of the Interior went to jail. Who was this president?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
286. Who was Albert Fall?
a. Secretary of the Interior.
b. Took a $400,000 bribe from an oil company.
c. leased a federal oilfield to an oil company.
d. The first cabinet member to go to jail.
e. all of the above
287. Who were the Black Sox?
a. Harlem Globetrotters b. Negro Baseball League c. Chicago White Sox d. all of the above e. only B and C
284. a
285. a
286. e
287. c page 162

Trials
288. The trial in which immigrants were given an unfair trial due to their ethnic background and were eventually put to death. a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
289. Which event showed the religious disagreements in the U.S.?
a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
290. The Sacco-Vanzetti case showed a. Mafia control over organized crime.
b. how strong anti-immigrant sentiment was in the U.S.
c. both d. neither
291. The Scopes trial symbolized the a. conflict between traditionalism and modernism.
b. the power of fundamentalism.
c. both d. neither
292. Which trial did not take place in the 1920s?
a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
293. During the anti-immigrant hysteria, two Italian immigrants were singled out.
Who were they?
a. Leopold and Loeb b. Sacco and Vanzetti c. Houdini and Marconi d. LaGuardia and Guiliani e. Cuomo and Pataki
288. c
289. a
290. b
291. c
292. e
293. b page 163

294. The foreign-born were deported. a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
295. The foreign-born were executed.
a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
296. Who lobbied state legislatures to get the teaching of evolution out of public schools?
a. fundamentalists b. modernists c. Jews d. liberals e. Catholics
297. Violated a Tennessee law against the teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in public schools.
a. Scopes b. Teapot Dome c. Sacco & Vanzetti d. The Palmer Raids e. The Scottsboro Boys
298. Who defended the biology teacher who was arrested for teaching evolution?
a. Clarence Darrow b. William Jennings Bryan c. both d. neither
299. Who prosecuted the biology teacher who taught evolution?
a. Clarence Darrow b. William Jennings Bryan c. both d. neither
300. Change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals, and resulting in the development of new species.
a. biology b. evolution c. creationism d. Bolshevism e. anti-Semitism
294. d
295. c
296. a
297. a
298. a
299. b
300. b page 164

301. An anarchist is a person who wants a. communism.
b. no government.
c. both d. neither
302. In those days, anarchists believed they could a. stage massive strikes.
b. overthrow the government.
c. both d. neither
303. Which statement about Sacco and Vanzetti is true?
a. They were accused of armed robbery and murder in the course of the robbery.
b. There was little evidence, they had alibis, and another man confessed to the crime.
c. Their real “crime” was that they were anarchists.
d. They were sent to the electric chair.
e. all of the above
301. b
302. c
303. e page 165

Groups
304. Fundamental individual rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, protected by law against unwarranted governmental or other interference. a. civil liberties b. civil defense c. fundamentalism d. civil engineering e. civil disobedience
305. Which organization was founded in 1920 to defend people from the Red
Scare?
a. The American Legion b. Anti-Defamation League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association of Colored People
306. Who supported the Red Scare?
a. NAACP b. American Legion c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
307. Who believed in “100% Americanism”?
a. NAACP b. American Legion c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
308. Which organization was founded to defend the rights of Jewish Americans?
a. The American Legion b. Anti-Defamation League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association of Colored People
309. Which organization was founded to defend the rights of immigrants?
a. The American Legion b. Anti-Defamation League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association of Colored People
310. Who fought anti-Semitism?
a. NAACP b. American Legion c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association page 166
304. a
305. c
306. b
307. b
308. b
309. c
310. c

311. Which organization was formed as a result of the lynching of Leo Frank?
a. ADL b. ACLU c. KKK d. NAACP e. UNIA
312. Which organization endangered civil liberties?
a. ADL b. ACLU c. KKK d. NAACP e. UNIA
313. Who believed in “100% Americanism”?
a. NAACP b. Ku Klux Klan c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
314. Who led the anti-lynching campaign?
a. NAACP b. American Legion c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
315. Which organization was founded in 1909 to defend the rights of African
Americans?
a. The American Legion b. Anti-Defamation League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association of Colored People
316. Which organization was founded on the principle of black nationalism?
a. The American Legion b. Anti-Defamation League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association of Colored People
317. Who sponsored the back-to-Africa movement?
a. NAACP b. American Legion c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
311. a
312. c
313. b
314. a
315. e
316. d
317. e page 167

318. Which group promoted racial hatred?
a. United Nations b. League of Nations c. The Invisible Empire d. National Association of Manufacturers e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
319. Which organization was an example of nativism?
a. NAACP b. KKK c. UNIA d. ACLU e. ADL
320. By 1924, this organization's membership had grown to four million.
a. NAACP b. KKK c. UNIA d. ACLU e. ADL
321. Who defended the schoolteacher in the Scopes Trial?
a. NAACP b. American Legion c. Anti-Defamation League d. American Civil Liberties Union e. Universal Negro Improvement Association
322. Who was not a founding member of the ACLU?
a. Clarence Darrow b. Upton Sinclair c. J. Edgar Hoover d. Jane Addams e. Helen Keller
318. c
319. b
320. b
321. d
322. c page 168

The Causes
323. Prohibition was designed to reduce what?
a. consumption of alcohol b. crime c. political corruption d. poverty e. all of the above
324. This enforced prohibition and defined as illegal any beverage with more than
1% alcohol content.
a. Dawes Plan b. Versailles Treaty c. Washington Conference d. Kellogg-Briand Pact e. Volstead Act
325. Which statement is true?
a. The WCTU wanted to get rid of saloons.
b. There were more speakeasies in 1929 than bars in 1919.
c. both d. neither
326. The anti-drinking movement ____ a grassroots movement.
a. was b. was not
327. Which group supported Prohibition?
a. Churches and religious fundamentalists b. Businessmen who wanted to reduce absenteeism.
c. Women’s Christian Temperance Union d. The Anti-Saloon League e. all of the above
328. In many towns in Ohio and New York, women met at churches in order to a. ask tavern keepers to close their bars. b. pass local laws to ban liquor.
c. both d. neither
329. A county that outlawed the sale of liquor was known as a ___ county. a. wet b. dry
330. Why did people want to ban alcohol?
a. Reduce alcoholism.
b. Reduce crime and political corruption. c. Reduce the tax burden.
d. Reduce poverty. e. all of the above
323. e
324. e
325. c
326. a
327. e
328. c
329. b
330. e page 169

331. In 1919 Prohibition became a ____ affair.
a. local b. state c. national
332. Which statement is true?
a. In 1919, beer was the most popular alcoholic beverage.
b. In 1929, whiskey was the most popular alcoholic beverage.
c. both d. neither
333. Prohibition was a. passed by Congress.
b. ratified by three-fourths of the states. c. both d. neither
Results
334. Prohibition resulted in all of the following, except: a. speakeasies b. bootleggers c. organized crime d. lower alcoholism rates e. disrespect for the law
335. During Prohibition, who broke the law?
a. bootleggers b. citizens c. both d. neither
336. What happened to the U.S. government during Prohibition?
a. lower revenue b. higher expenses. c. both d. neither
337. Who built an empire on illegal liquor?
a. Al Smith b. Al Capone c. Albert Fall
338. Illegal bars that flourished during Prohibition.
a. saloons b. bars c. taverns d. speakeasies e. salons page 170
331. c
332. c
Whiskey is more potent.
333. c
334. d
If people are drinking more potent stuff
(whiskey instead of beer), you cannot say the alcoholism rate is falling.
335. c
336. c
Lower revenue - no tax on liquor.
Higher expenses - all those federal agents.
337. b
338. d

339. During Prohibition, bootleggers smuggled liquor over the border from a. Mexico.
b. Canada.
c. both d. neither
340. Which statement about Prohibition is true?
a. There were more bars during Prohibition. b. They were illegal and called “speakeasies.” c. both d. neither
341. Which statement about Prohibition is true?
a. people spent more money on alcohol during Prohibition.
b. people drank stronger alcohol.
c. both d. neither
342. Which statement about Prohibition is true?
a. The consumption of alcohol fell.
b. The consumption of alcohol rose again.
c. both d. neither
343. The more intense the law enforcement, the ____ liquor became.
a. weaker b. stronger
344. Which statement about bootlegging is true?
a. A small bottle of whiskey was easy to to transport. b. Whiskey was expensive because it packed a high alcohol content.
c. both d. neither
345. Which statement about bootlegging is true?
a. A big barrel of beer was harder to conceal. b. In terms of alcohol content, beer was weak.
c. both d. neither
346. Who was not involved in law enforcement during the 1920s?
a. Elliot Ness b. J. Edgar Hoover c. A. Mitchell Palmer d. Leo Frank e. Isadore and Moe
347. The man who drinks whiskey was ____ likely to become an alcoholic than the man who drank beer. a. less b. far more
339. c
340. c
341. c
342. c
343. b
Whiskey was more potent.
344. c
345. c
346. d
347. b page 171

348. Which event marked the beginning of organized crime in the U.S.?
a. St. Valentine’s Day Massacre b. Prohibition c. Red Scare d. the Great Chicago Fire e. the Twenty-first Amendment
349. What was the weapon of choice for bootleggers?
a. dagger b. .38 special c. submachine gun
350. Which statement is true?
a. Prohibition was one of the most flouted laws in American history. b. It was repealed in 1933.
c. both d. neither
351. What novel turned a bootlegger into a hero?
a. Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt b. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms c. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby d. Theodore Dreiser, An American Tragedy e. George Orwell, Animal Farm
352. What was the result of Prohibition?
a. a crime wave b. violent crimes increased c. organized crime d. all of the above e. only A and C
353. What was the result of Prohibition?
a. Before Prohibition, there were 4,000 convicts in federal prisons. b. By 1932, there were 26,000. c. both d. neither
354. What was the impact of Prohibition?
a. Two-thirds of all prisoners were convicted of alcohol and drug offenses.
b. The homicide rate increased during the 1920s. c. both d. neither
355. Who was not a gangster in the 1920s?
a. Al Capone b. Pretty Boy Floyd c. Bugsy Moran d. Clarence Darrow
348. b
349. c
350. c
351. c
352. d
353. c
354. c
355. d page 172

356. Prohibition ____ reduce political corruption.
a. did b. did not
357. Who took bribes from bootleggers and crime bosses?
a. mayors b. cops on the beat c. federal agents d. all of the above e. none of the above
358. Eliot Ness’s group was called “The Untouchables” because they ____ be bribed.
a. could b. could not
359. Prohibition ____ the tax burden.
a. raised b. lowered
360. Prohibition ____ reduce poverty.
a. did b. did not
361. Prohibition encouraged ____ for the law.
a. respect b. disrespect
362. Prohibition was a social experiment because a. immigrants demanded it.
b. government made decisions about an individual’s personal life. c. both d. neither
363. Which statement is true?
a. Prohibition ended in 1933.
b. Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1933. c. both d. neither
364. Who opposed Prohibition?
a. fundamentalists b. Women's Christian Temperance Union c. Anti-Saloon League d. Democratic Party e. The Bible Belt
356. b
357. d
358. b
359. a
360. b
361. b
362. b
363. c
364. d page 173

365. Prohibition failed because it a. was unenforceable. b. caused an explosive growth of crime .
c. both d. neither
366. What caused public opinion to turn against Prohibition?
a. alcoholism b. flappers c. criminal behavior d. law enforcement e. tavern keepers
367. Why did Prohibition fail? a. lack of enforcement b. growth of crime c. both d. neither
365. c
366. c
367. c

Amendments
368. Women got the right to vote.
a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
369. Prohibition began.
a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
370. Prohibition was repealed.
a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
371. Prohibition ended.
a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
372. The only constitutional amendment that was ever repealed.
a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
373. It prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages in the United
States.
a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
374. The purpose of the Eighteenth Amendment was to a. regulate people's morals.
b. enlarge the federal bureaucracy.
c. crack down on organized crime.
d. give women the vote.
e. give African Americans the vote.
368. b
369. a
370. d
Remember: 18 and 21
Repeal means “to end.”
371. d
372. d
373. a
374. a page 175

375. Under the ____ women achieved political power in the 1920s. a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 21st Amendment
376. Who wrote the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923?
a. Alice Paul c. Mary Chapman Catt b. Jeannette Rankin d. Nellie Tayloe Ross
377. During the 1920s, a woman’s hemline ____ an indicator of rapid social change.
a. was b. was not
378. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Women voted as a bloc.
b. Women voted the same as their husbands.
c. both d. neither
379. During the 1920s, what percentage of women worked outside of the home?
a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 40% e. 50%
380. During the 1920s, there were new job opportunities in what field?
a. teacher, nurse, social worker b. doctor, lawyer c. clerical and sales d. domestic help
381. Which statement is true?
a. In 1900, women were about 20% of college graduates.
b. In 1930, women were about 40% of the college graduates. c. both d. neither
382. In the 1920s, women ____ allowed to participate in the Olympics.
a. were b. were not
375. b
376. a
377. a
378. b
379. b
380. c
381. c
382. a
For the first time. page 176

383. During the 1920s, women ____ benefit from labor-saving devices.
a. did b. did not
384. In 1921, Margaret Sanger founded the a. Miss America pageant.
b. Ladies Home Journal.
c. Birth Control League. d. National Woman’s Party.
385. Which invention liberated women from the drudgery of housework?
a. electricity b. refrigeration c. vacuum, washing machine, iron d. all of the above e. none of the above
386. The birth control movement ____ liberate women in the 1920s.
a. did b. did not
387. Which had a bigger impact on women’s day-to-day lives in the 1920s?
a. the Equal Rights Amendment b. electrification c. the flapper dress d. the right to vote
388. The traditional Victorian woman would never ____ in public.
a. smoke b. go unescorted c. both d. neither
389. During the 1920s, a young woman with a new attitude was known as a a. bloomer.
b. flapper.
c. conservative.
d. Victorian.
e. New Ager.
390. During the 1920s, the typical young woman was not a a. modernist..
b. materialist.
c. feminist.
391. The flapper lived in what region?
a. urban b. rural c. small-town
383. a
384. c
385. d
386. a
387. b
388. c
389. b
390. c
391. a page 177

392. The flapper represented a. modernism.
b. independence.
c. both d. neither
393. The flapper was all of the following, except: a. short hair b. short dress c. wore a corset d. all of the above e. none of the above
394. The flapper a. smoked in public.
b. drank in public. c. both d. neither
395. Like her mother, the flapper wore a a. corset.
b. dress down to her ankles.
c. both d. neither
396. The flapper of the 1920s ____ represent the consumer culture.
a. did b. did not
397. The Miss America pageant began in Atlantic City in 1921 as a. a scholarship program. b. an advertisement for Atlantic City.
c. both d. neither
398. What told a flapper what to wear and how to behave?
a. movies b. magazines c. her mother d. all of the above e. only A and B
399. Cigarette advertising ____ geared toward women.
a. was b. was not
400. "Reach for a Lucky Strike instead of a sweet" established an association between smoking and a. cancer.
b. slimness. c. both d. neither page 178
392. c
393. c
394. c
395. d
396. a
397. b
398. e
399. a
400. b

401. In the 1920s, where would you find advertisements?
a. women’s magazines b. jingles on the radio c. neon signs and highway billboards d. skywriting e. all of the above
402. The advertising industry ____ begin in the 1920s.
a. did b. did not
403. Which began in the 1920s?
a. The Olympics b. women in Olympics c. both d. neither
401. e
402. a
403. b page 179

Outstanding women of the 1920s
404. Who drew up the Women’s Rights Amendment in 1923?
a. Alice Paul c. Mary Chapman Catt b. Jeannette Rankin d. Margaret Sanger
405. She established a cosmetics line. Her company was the forerunner of Avon and Mary Kay cosmetics. She became a millionaire and a philanthropist. a. Bessie Smith b. Billie Holiday c. Madame C. J. Walker d. Zora Neale Thurston
406. In 1926, she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel.
a. Amelia Earhart c. Martha Graham b. Gertrude Ederle d. Margaret Sanger
407. In 1928, she was the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air. She died in the Pacific Ocean on an around-the-world flight. a. Amelia Earhart b. Gertrude Ederle c. Martha Graham d. Margaret Sanger
408. She was one of the most popular and highest-paid blues singers, performed with Louis Armstrong, and influenced Billie Holiday a. Bessie Smith b. Billie Holiday c. Madame C. J. Walker d. Zora Neale Thurston
409. She was the queen of modern dance.
a. Georgia O’Keeffe c. Martha Graham b. Dorothy Parker d. Aimee Semple McPherson
410. She was a painter in Taos, New Mexico. She drew inspiration from nature, mostly scenes from the desert Southwest.
a. Georgia O’Keeffe b. Dorothy Parker c. Martha Graham d. Aimee Semple McPherson
411. She founded Planned Parenthood.
a. Alice Paul c. Mary Chapman Catt b. Jeannette Rankin d. Margaret Sanger
412. She was a Pentecostal minister and faith healer.
a. Georgia O’Keeffe c. Martha Graham b. Dorothy Parker d. Aimee Semple McPherson
404. a
405. c
406. b
407. a
408. a
409. c
410. a
411. d
412. d page 180

What
413. What was the Harlem Renaissance?
a. The organization led by Marcus Garvey.
b. New York City’s policy of urban renewal.
c. The "Lost Generation" who moved to Paris and Europe. d. African-American artists and authors who expressed black pride.
e. The musical revival led by Harlem’s Cotton Club.
414. What was the main subject matter of the Harlem Renaissance?
a. mainstream American culture in the 1920s b. African American life in the 20th century c. life under slavery before the Civil War d. life in Liberia and other countries in Africa e. how African Americans lived in exile in Paris
415. The flowering of African American culture during the 1920s is known as the a. Great Migration.
b. Harlem Renaissance.
c. Back-to-Africa movement.
d. black nationalist movement.
e. Civil Rights movement.
416. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural flowering of a. art b. literature c. music d. all of the above e. none of the above
417. The Harlem Renaissance was a. a social revolt against racism.
b. a celebration of African-American culture.
c. redefined African-American expression.
d. called the “New Negro Movement.” e. all of the above
418. Which statement is true?
a. Before the Harlem Renaissance, white writers described African
Americans as rural and backward.
b. During the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans defined themselves as urban, artistic, and full of racial pride. c. both d. neither
413. d
414. b
415. b
416. d
417. e
418. c page 181

Why
419. Which statement is not true?
a. The Great Migration took place between World War I and World War II.
b. During World War I, African Americans served as soldiers.
c. During World War I, 600,000 African Americans left the South and moved into Northern cities.
d. African Americans settled down in communities like Harlem in
New York City.
e. African Americans lived in integrated communities in northern cities.
420. Which statement is true?
a. Before World War I, 90% of all African Americans lived in the South.
b. By 1970, the majority of African Americans lived in the North.
c. both d. neither
421. The Great Migration created the first large ____ black communities in the
North. a. urban b. suburban c. rural
422. What pushed African Americans out of the South?
a. sharecropping b. Jim Crow laws c. the KKK d. lynch mobs e. all of the above
423. What was the No. 1 reason African Americans moved to northern cities?
a. better jobs b. better housing c. better schools d. the right to vote e. entertainment
424. What opportunities were unavailable or off-limits to African Americans in the
South?
a. libraries b. museums c. theaters d. night school for adults e. all of the above
425. For Southern blacks, the migration to northern cities ____
“a spiritual emancipation." a. was b. was not
419. e
420. c
421. b
422. e
423. a
424. e
425. a page 182

426. What existed in Northern cities?
a. race riots b. racial discrimination c. residential segregation d. all of the above e. none of the above
427. In the 1920s, for an African American, life in the North was definitely ____ than in the South.
a. better b. worse
428. Which group was founded in order to help people black migrants find jobs and housing?
a. American Legion b. National Urban League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
When
429. The Harlem Renaissance took place during which decade?
a. 1900s b. 1910s c. 1920s d. 1950s e. 1960s
430. What brought the Harlem Renaissance to an end?
a. World War I b. The Great Depression c. World War II d. The Civil Rights Movement e. black nationalism
Where
431. In the 1920s, Harlem was a crossroads. Harlem linked people from a. U.S. b. the Caribbean c. Africa d. Europe e. all of the above
432. The geography of Jazz: Put these in chronological order.
A. New York City
B. Chicago, along with the Great Migration
C. New Orleans, the home of Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong a. A, B, C b. B, C, A c. C, A, B d. A, C, B e. C, B, A
426. d
427. a
428. b
429. c
430. b
431. e
432. e page 183

How
433. In 1909, he was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its magazine, The
Crisis.
a. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. Booker T. Washington c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Marcus Garvey e. Malcolm X
434. He is regarded as the leading black intellectual of the early 20th century.
a. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. Booker T. Washington c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Marcus Garvey e. Malcolm X
435. In The Souls of Black Folks he argued that African Americans could never achieve social equality by emulating white ideals. Instead, equality could be achieved only by black pride and African cultural heritage.
a. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. Booker T. Washington c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Marcus Garvey e. Malcolm X
436. The first black nationalist in the U.S.
a. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. Booker T. Washington c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Marcus Garvey e. Malcolm X
437. During the Harlem Renaissance, literature ____ create a new consciousness about race.
a. did b. did not
438. In 1925, Alain Locke, the African American sociologist, wrote a book entitled a. Up from Slavery.
b. The Souls of Black Folk.
c. The New Negro.
d.
Native Son.
433. c
434. c
435. c
436. d
437. a
438. c page 184

Who
439. Author of Their Eyes Were Watching God about life in Eatonville, Florida.
Powerful use of Africn American folklore and folk traditions.
a. Claude McKay b. Countee Cullen c. Langston Hughes d. James Weldon Johnson e. Zora Neale Hurston
440. Regarded as the poet laureate of Harlem. a. Claude McKay b. Countee Cullen c. Langston Hughes d. James Weldon Johnson e. Zora Neale Hurston
441. Author of "The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” “A Dream Deferred,” and “I, Too,
Sing America.” a. Claude McKay b. Countee Cullen c. Langston Hughes d. James Weldon Johnson e. Zora Neale Hurston
442. Wrote a song, "Lift Every Voice and Sing,” the Negro National Anthem.
Served as executive director of the NAACP and editor of Opportunity: A Journal of
Negro Life, a magazine that printed poems and short stories.
a. Claude McKay b. Countee Cullen c. Langston Hughes d. James Weldon Johnson e. Zora Neale Hurston
443. Author of the famous poem "If We Must Die.” a. Claude McKay b. Countee Cullen c. Langston Hughes d. James Weldon Johnson e. Zora Neale Hurston
444. A poet born in Harlem. Graduated from New York University and Harvard
University. a. Claude McKay b. Countee Cullen c. Langston Hughes d. James Weldon Johnson e. Zora Neale Hurston
439. e
440. c
441. c
442. d
443. a
444. b page 185

445. The most famous poet of the Harlem Renaissance was a. Countee Cullen c. James Weldon Johnson b. Langston Hughes.
d. Claude McKay
446. Author of novels and short stories of Florida folklore.
a. Langston Hughes c. Ernest Hemingway b. Zora Neale Hurston d. F. Scott Fitzgerald
447. In the 1920s, who was a famous African American actor on Broadway? a. Paul Robeson b. Paul Winfield c. Sidney Poitier d. James Earl Jones e. Denzel Washington
448. Which was not an African American play on Broadway in the 1920s?
a. Shuffle Along b. Emperor Jones c. The Cotton Club d. All God’s Chillun Got Wings
449. Which statement about Jack Johnson is true?
a. In 1908, he became the first black heavyweight boxing champion.
b. He was nicknamed “The Great White Hope.” c. He was the first owner of the Cotton Club.
d. all of the above e. only A and C.
450. The music of the Harlem Renaissance was predominantly a. blues b. jazz c. Dixieland jazz d. rock ‘n’ roll e. gospel
451. Jazz was all of the following, except: a. invented in the Caribbean.
b. created by African Americans. c. a unique musical form which began in the South.
d. spread north, along with the Great Migration.
e. arose from African-American spiritual blues.
452. Born in New Orleans, he was the first great composer and piano player of jazz.
a. Louis Armstrong b. Duke Ellington c. Jelly Roll Morton d. Bessie Smith
453. “Empress of the Blues.” a. Louis Armstrong b. Duke Ellington c. Jelly Roll Morton d. Bessie Smith
445. b
446. b
447. a
448. c
It was a nightclub.
449. e
“The Great White Hope” was a white boxer.
450. b
451. a
452. c
453. d page 186

454. Born in New Orleans, he played the trumpet and was known as the
“Ambassador of Jazz.” a. Louis Armstrong b. Duke Ellington c. Jelly Roll Morton d. Bessie Smith
455. Born in Washington, D.C., he moved to New York City in 1919. In 1927, he and his band began playing at the Cotton Club. He is famous for “Sophisticated
Lady,” "Mood Indigo," and "In a Sentimental Mood." a. Louis Armstrong c. Jelly Roll Morton b. Duke Ellington d. Bessie Smith
456. During the 1920s, this was the most famous nightclub in New York City.
a. Sardi’s b. Studio 54 c. Copacabana d. Jazz Standard e. The Cotton Club
457. Which dance came first?
a. Lindy Hop b. West Coast Swing c. the Boogie Woogie d. the Jitterbug e. Rock 'n' Roll
454. a
455. b
456. e
457. a page 187

458. Born in Kansas, studied at the University of Nebraska, became illustrator of
The Crisis , magazine of the NAACP. Hired to paint murals of African American life for the New York City Public Library.
a. Aaron Douglas b. Palmer Hayden c. Sir Jacob Epstein d. William H. Johnson e. Lois Mailou Jones
459. Born in New England and studied at the Museum of Fine Art in Boston.
a. Aaron Douglas b. Palmer Hayden c. Sir Jacob Epstein d. William H. Johnson e. Lois Mailou Jones
460. Born in South Carolina, moved to Harlem, studied at the National Academy of
Design, and travelled through North Africa and Europe.
a. Aaron Douglas b. Palmer Hayden c. Sir Jacob Epstein d. William H. Johnson e. Lois Mailou Jones
461. Born in Virginia, served in World War I, and then moved to New York City.
Lived in Paris. Broke with tradition by painting African art.
a. Aaron Douglas b. Palmer Hayden c. Sir Jacob Epstein d. William H. Johnson e. Lois Mailou Jones
462. Born in New York, studied sculpture at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. a. Aaron Douglas b. Palmer Hayden c. Sir Jacob Epstein d. William H. Johnson e. Lois Mailou Jones
458. a
459. e
460. d
461. b
462. c page 188

463. Which statement is correct?
a. Before the 1920s, African Americans were ill-portrayed in comedy.
b. For the first time in the 1920s, African Americans appeared in drama.
c. both d. neither
464. Born in New Jersey, graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Rutgers University and from law school at Columbia University in New York City. In London, starred in
Othello. On Broadway, starred in Emperor Jones and All God's Chillun Got Wings.
a. Eubie Blake b. Ethel Waters c. Paul Robeson d. Dubose Heyward
465. Born near Philadelphia and became a singer in touring vaudeville shows.
Irving Berlin wrote four songs for this actor . Appeared in Hollywood films, notably
Pinky (1949), and A Member of the Wedding (1952). a. Eubie Blake b. Ethel Waters c. Paul Robeson d. Dubose Heyward
466. Wrote the musical play, Shuffle Along. It opened in 1921 and ran for 500 performances. The hit of the show was the song, "I'm Just Wild about Harry.” a. Eubie Blake b. Ethel Waters c. Paul Robeson d. Dubose Heyward
467. In 1927, wrote the play Porgy, which opened on Broadway. In 1935, it became George Gershwin’s musical hit, Porgy and Bess.
a. Eubie Blake b. Ethel Waters c. Paul Robeson d. Dubose Heyward
463. c
464. c
465. b
466. a
467. d page 189

468. Advocated the back-to-Africa movement.
a. A. Philip Randolph b. W. E. B. Du Bois c. Marcus Garvey d. Malcolm X e. Martin Luther King, Jr.
469. Marcus Garvey was extremely popular among African Americans because he a. rejected separation of the races.
b. emphasized racial pride.
c. insisted on an immediate end to Jim Crow.
d. sought accommodation and assimilation with whites.
e. believed the talented tenth could uplift the race.
470. Marcus Garvey founded which organization?
a. American Legion b. National Urban League c. American Civil Liberties Union d. Universal Negro Improvement Association e. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
471. The UNIA mission was a. black nationalism.
b. black capitalism.
c. both d. neither
472. The UNIA was concerned with ____ events.
a. African American b. international c. both d. neither
473. By the early 1920s, the UNIA had a. two million members in the U.S.
b. 700 chapters in 38 states.
c. several hundred chapters world-wide. d. all of the above e. none of the above
474. Marcus Garvey ____ express the idea: "Black is beautiful.” a. did b. did not
475. Which statement about Marcus Garvey is true?
a. He was a businessman.
b. He needed investors - an impossible task for an African American.
c. He was hoping to raise consciousness and raise capital.
d. He asked black investors to invest in black-owned businesses.
e. all of the above
468. c
469. b
470. d
471. c
472. c
473. d
474. a
475. e page 190

476. What was the Black Star Line?
a. a newspaper b. a factory c. a university d. a shipping line e. a novel
477. Marcus Garvey preached that African Americans should regard ____ as their home.
a. the Caribbean b. the U.S. South c. the U.S. North d. Europe e. Africa
478. Until the 1920s, African Americans were made to feel ____ of their African heritage.
a. proud b. ashamed
479. This African country was founded in 1822 by former slaves from the U.S. At that time, the U.S. President was Monroe, so the capital city was named Monrovia.
What is this African country?
a. Ghana b. Egypt c. Kenya d. Liberia e. Algeria
480. In 1922, to mark the 100th anniversary, Marcus Garvey suggested that
African Americans ____ this African country.
a. visit b. live in
481. Which statement is true?
a. In 1922, Marcus Garvey met with the Imperial Wizard of the KKK.
b. The KKK agreed that African Americans should return to Africa.
c. By doing this, Marcus Garvey lost many supporters. d. all of the above e. none of the above
482. What happened to Marcus Garvey in 1927?
a. incarceration b. deportation c. speculation d. immigration e. the Great Migration.
476. d
477. e
478. b
479. d
480. b
481. d
482. b page 191

483. Which statement is not true?
a. In 1918, when World War I ended, there was unemployment.
b. In 1919, there were race riots in many U.S. cities.
c. In 1921, Congress began cutting off immigration.
d. In 1921, Marcus Garvey applied for American citizenship. e. In 1922, the Ku Klux Klan was on the decline.
484. Which statement is not true?
a. In 1922, the federal government cracked down on Marcus Garvey.
b. The government charged him with mail fraud.
c. The government said he made false claims selling stock to investors.
d. Wall Street stockbrokers often made false claims.
e. Throughout the 1920s, stockbrokers were jailed for fraud.
485. Marcus Garvey was a. indicted on mail fraud.
b. sentenced to Atlanta federal prison.
c. deported to Jamaica.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
486. Marcus Garvey had a major impact on which African American leader?
a. Booker T. Washington b. W.E.B. Du Bois c. Malcolm X d. Martin Luther King, Jr.
487. A black nationalist ____ urge African Americans to patronize black-owned businesses.
a. does b. does not
488. Which statement is true?
a. Today, many places and events in Harlem are named after
Marcus Garvey.
b. Today, Marcus Garvey is respected in his home country, Jamaica.
c. both d. neither
489. Today, Rastafarians regard themselves as citizens of a. Jamaica b. Africa
483. e
484. e
They were not.
485. d
486. c
487. a
488. c
489. b page 192

490. Who invented the radio?
a. Enrico Caruso b. Rudolph Valentino c. Guglielmo Marconi d. Bartolomeo Vanzetti e. Fiorello LaGuardia
491. What forces contributed to American culture becoming standardized?
a. radio b. movies c. both d. neither
492. Which did not have an impact in the 1920s?
a. radio b. movies c. television d. cars e. appliances
493. What was the “wireless”?
a. telephone b. telegraph c. radio d. television
494. In 1912, the Titanic used this to send its distress message. a. telephone b. telegraph c. radio d. television
495. Which was the major invention of the 1920s?
a. telephone b. telegraph c. radio d. television
496. The first commercial radio station was a. WOR in Chicago.
b. KDKA in Pittsburgh.
c. NBC in New York City d. NPR in Washington, D.C.
e. KROQ in Los Angeles.
497. Which was not broadcast on radio in the 1920s?
a. presidential election returns b. religious services c. boxing matches d. the World Series e. NFL football
490. c
491. c
492. c
493. c
Sound travelled over the air waves. No wires were necessary.
494. c
495. c
496. b
497. e
The NFL did not become big until the 1930s. page 193

498. In 1926, ____ became the first radio network.
a. ABC b. NBC c. CBS d. HBO e. FOX
499. Radio changed life in the 1920s as the ____ has changed our lives today?
a. computer b. microwave c. automobile d. refrigerator
500. Which statement is true?
a. Radio conquered distance.
b. For the first time, the farmer in Iowa heard the same thing as the sophisticate in New York City.
c. both d. neither
501. Which statement is true?
a. Radio was responsible for the diffusion of mass culture.
b. For the first time, there was a sharing of popular culture.
c. People everywhere heard the same radio shows.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
502. Which was not broadcast on radio in the 1920s?
a. news b. music c. live opera d. commercials e. stock market reports
“The shut-in's slow-passing hours are brightened by music, song and story coming out of the air. The broker receives the latest stock quotations. The farmer learns how produce is selling away over yonder. The pimply youth lounging in the drug store gets the sporting scores. The flapper hears the newest and silliest dance tunes. The housewife obtains the latest cooking recipes. Great newspapers are sending out news events from all over the world. A famous clergyman preaches, and thousands of devout listeners are edified. A president utters epoch-making words, and chin whiskers wag in profound approval in the Red Front Grocery in
Peeweecuddyhump.”
- Tom Morgan, 1922
503. The author is referring to the a. telephone.
b. telegraph.
c. radio.
d. television.
e. newspaper.
498. b
499. b
500. c
501. d
502. c
503. c page 194

The Movies
504. Who invented the first movie projector?
a. Alexander Graham Bell b. Samuel Morse c. Thomas Edison d. Henry Ford e. Samuel Goldwyn
505. This 1927 movie ended the era of silent films. It was the first motion picture with actors speaking.
a. Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer b. Charlie Chaplin in City Lights c. D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation d. Spence Tracy in Inherit the Wind e. Clark Gable in Gone with the Wind
506. Who created the first animated film with sound?
a. Louis Mayer b. Walt Disney c. Sam Goldwyn d. Frederick Taylor e. Babe Ruth
507. Who was not a movie star in the 1920s?
a. Clara Bow b. Lillian Gish c. Greta Garbo d. Marilyn Monroe
508. Who was not a famous Hollywood star in the 1920s?
a. John Barrymore b. Charlie Chaplin c. Jackie Coogan d. Clark Gable e. Douglas Fairbanks
509. Which happened during the 1920s?
a. The movie industry became an industry.
b. Hollywood became the film capital of the world. c. both d. neither
510. Which happened during the 1920s?
a. The motion pictures were silent movies.
b. Movies with sound, the “talkies,” began.
c. both d. neither
504. c
505. a
506. b
507. d
508. d
509. c
510. c page 195

511. By 1929, how many people went to the movies every week?
a. 10,000 b. 100,000 c. 1 million d. 10 million e. 100 million
512. How did young people react to movies?
a. They imitated what they saw in the movies.
b. Movies were an instruction manual as to how to dress and behave.
c. both d. neither
513. He was the king of the silent movies. a. Al Jolson b. Walt Disney c. Greta Garbo d. Charlie Chaplin e. Clark Gable
514. In 1927, he was the star of the first movie with sound.
a. Al Jolson b. Walt Disney c. Greta Garbo d. Charlie Chaplin e. Rudolph Valentino
515. In 1928, he introduced Mickey Mouse in "Steamboat Willie.” It was the first animated cartoon with a sound track.
a. Al Jolson b. Walt Disney c. Greta Garbo d. Charlie Chaplin e. Rudolph Valentino
516. Fans swooned over this Italian-born motion picture actor during the 1920s.
a. Al Jolson b. Walt Disney c. Greta Garbo d. Charlie Chaplin e. Rudolph Valentino
517. Swedish-born American actress popular for her reclusive nature, she always played a sultry temptress. a. Al Jolson b. Walt Disney c. Greta Garbo d. Charlie Chaplin e. Rudolph Valentino
511. e
512. c
513. d
514. a
515. b
516. e
517. c page 196

The Causes
518. Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry when he invented the a. automobile.
b. assembly line.
c. internal combustion engine.
d. concept of standardized parts.
e. all of the above
519. During the 1920s, rural families were no longer so isolated because of which invention?
a. radio b. television c. refrigerator d. vacuum e. airplane
520. Henry Ford’s method of mass production made cars a. a symbol of wealth in the United States.
b. safer and more efficient to use.
c. more affordable and accessible for many Americans.
d. the largest producer of economic wealth in the nation.
e. all of the above
521. When the product is mechanically transported to the worker on a moving conveyor belt, so that the worker has a limited time to finish his specific task. a. assembly line b. mass production c. standardized parts d. time management e. robots
522. The manufacture of goods in large quantities, often using standardized designs and assembly-line techniques. a. modernism b. mass culture c. creationism d. materialism e. mass production
523. Which statement is not true?
a. Frederick W. Taylor invented scientific management.
b. He stood next to a worker with a stopwatch.
c. He timed how long it took to do each time.
d. He invented time-saving techniques, like the assembly line.
e. As a result, American workers were more productive.
524. Ford Motor Company was located in what city?
a. New York City c. Chicago b. Minneapolis d. Detroit
518. b
519. a
520. c
521. a
522. e
523. d
524. d page 197

525. In 1908, a car cost $850. In 1925, it cost $290.
The main reason the price of a car fell was a. the assembly line.
b. mass production.
c. standardized parts.
d. time management.
e. robots.
526. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. More and more families could afford to buy a car.
b. There was one automobile for every five Americans.
c. both d. neither
527. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. The average worker’s productivity rose by 75%.
b. Wages rose by 11%.
c. Corporate profits rose by 62%.
d. all of the above e. only A and C.
528. Which statement about the 1920s is true?
a. Henry Ford paid his workers $5 a day.
b. On that, you could afford to buy a car.
c. both d. neither
529. Which statement is true?
a. Before Henry Ford, it took twelve hours to build a car.
b. After Henry Ford, it took only one hour. c. both d. neither
The Results
530. After World War I, America experienced an economic transformation.
What was it? a. Families began moving to the Sunbelt.
b. Factories began producing consumer goods. c. Industry moved out of the Northeast and into California.
d. all of the above e. none of the above
531. During the 1920s, what was the largest industry in the U.S.?
a. radio b. television c. automobile d. vacuum e. airplane
525. a
526. c
527. d
528. a
529. c
530. b
531. c page 198

532. When you produce an oven for a bread factory, your are producing a. heavy industry.
b. consumer goods.
c. both d. neither
533. When you produce stoves for housewives, you are producing a. heavy industry.
b. consumer goods.
c. both d. neither
534. True or False: By 1929, 10% of Americans had a job related to the car.
a. True b. False
535. Which industry did not grow as a result of the automobile?
a. oil b. steel c. glass d. rubber e. car radios
536. The automobile caused the rise of all, except: a. housing construction b. highway construction c. services industries d. motels and restaurants e. production of car radios
537. Which statement about the automobile in the 1920s is true?
a. The suburbs never existed until the invention of the car.
b. Before the car, people lived near their jobs and walked to work.
c. With the invention of the car, people moved out of the cities.
d. Because of the automobile, people moved into the suburbs.
e. all of the above
538. Which statement about the automobile in the 1920s is true?
a. It created a more mobile society. b. It broke down the distinctions between urban and rural America. c. both d. neither
539. What was an early name for the automobile?
a. Model T b. Tin Lizzie c. Horseless carriage d. all of the above e. none of the above
532. a
533. b
534. a
535. e
That came later.
536. e
537. e
538. c
539. d page 199

Inventions & Innovations
540. Which invention was responsible for the diffusion of mass culture in the
1920s?
a. light bulb b. radio c. automobile d. airplane e. television
541. Which medical advance was made in the 1920s?
a. polio b. rabies c. penicillin d. malaria e. yellow fever
542. Which is not a consumer good?
a. automobile b. vacuum cleaner c. refrigerator d. wheat e. Wheaties
543. Which was not a scientific discovery of the 1920s?
a. insulin b. polio vaccine c. the iron lung d. penicillin
544. Which was not invented in the 1920s?
a. Band-aid b. Kleenex c. Scotch tape d. bandages
545. Which was not created in the 1920s?
a. Campbell Soup b. Wheaties c. frozen foods d. microwavable popcorn e. Milk Duds
546. During the 1920s, the very rich created the art deco style of furniture and architecture. Which building is art deco?
a. the Empire State Building in New York City b. the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.
c. both d. neither
540. b
541. c
542. d
A consumer good can be immediately consumed.
You have to turn raw wheat into something before you can eat it.
543. b
The polio vaccine was invented by Dr. Salk in the 1950s. Before that, polio victims had to lie in an iron lung.
544. d
545. d
546. a page 200

Government & Politics
547. Who was the first cabinet member to go to prison?
a. Albert Fall b. Andrew Mellon c. A. Mitchell Palmer d. J. Edgar Hoover e. Al Smith
548. Who was Al Smith?
a. Secretary of the Interior under President Harding b. Secretary of Commerce under President Coolidge c. The first Catholic to run for President. d. Henry Ford’s right-hand man.
e. Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan
549. During the Red Scare, he worked in the Justice Department. In 1924, he became head of the FBI. a. Albert Fall b. Andrew Mellon c. A. Mitchell Palmer d. J. Edgar Hoover
550. Who was sent to the electric chair in the 1920s?
a. Leopold and Loeb b. Sacco and Vanzetti c. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg d. all of the above e. none of the above
Economics
551. He wrote about “conspicuous consumption” in his book, Theory of the Leisure
Class. a. Adam Smith b. David Ricardo c. Thorstein Veblen d. Milton Friendman e. John Maynard Keynes
547. a
548. c
549. d
550. b
551. c page 201

Celebrities
552. Who flew The Spirit of St. Louis ?
a. Wilbur Wright b. Orville Wright c. Amelia Earhart d. Charles Lindbergh e. Frank Lloyd Wright
553. Who was a famous dancer in the 1920s?
a. Georgia O’Keeffe b. Martha Graham c. Zora Neale Thurston d. Clarence Darrow e. Frank Lloyd Wright
554. Who was a famous artist in the 1920s?
a. Georgia O’Keeffe b. Martha Graham c. Zora Neale Thurston d. Clarence Darrow e. Frank Lloyd Wright
555. Who was a famous architect in the 1920s?
a. Georgia O’Keeffe b. Martha Graham c. Zora Neale Thurston d. Clarence Darrow e. Frank Lloyd Wright
556. Who was a famous lawyer in the 1920s?
a. Georgia O’Keeffe b. Martha Graham c. Zora Neale Thurston d. Clarence Darrow e. Frank Lloyd Wright
557. Who was the first modern international hero? a. Charles Lindbergh b. Harry Houdini c. Frank Lloyd Wright d. Will Rogers e. Ernest Hemingway
558. Who was the most famous American architect?
a. Charles Lindbergh b. Harry Houdini c. Frank Lloyd Wright d. Will Rogers e. Ernest Hemingway page 202
552. d
553. b
554. a
555. e
556. d
557. a
558. e

Authors
559. After World War I, some Americans stayed in Europe and became writers in exile. They were known as the a. “Lost Generation.” b. Harlem Renaissance.
560. A person who lives in exile is known as a(n) a. patriot.
b. ex-patriot.
561. Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein belonged to the a. “Lost Generation.” b. Harlem Renaissance.
c. Great Migration.
d. “Invisible Empire.” e. WCTU.
562. Who wrote The Great Gatsby ?
a. Ernest Hemingway b. F. Scott Fitzgerald c. Langston Hughes d. Zora Neale Thurston e. H.L. Mencken
563. Who wrote A Farewell to Arms ?
a. Ernest Hemingway b. F. Scott Fitzgerald c. Langston Hughes d. Zora Neale Thurston e. H.L. Mencken
564. During the 1920s, all of these writers were opposed to mainstream culture.
They opposed commercialism, boosterism, fundamentalism. Except which author?
a. Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt b. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms c. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby d. Theodore Dreiser, An American Tragedy e. George Orwell, Animal Farm
Sport figures
565. Joe DiMaggio called him "the best and fastest pitcher I've ever faced.”
He played in the Negro Leagues during the 1920s. a. Mickey Mantle b. Satchel Paige c. Yogi Berra d. Jackie Robinson e. Roger Maris
559. a
560. b
561. a
562. b
563. a
564. e
565. b page 203

566. “A return to normalcy.” Who said it?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Henry Ford
567. “America First!” Who said it?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Henry Ford
568. “America First!” What did it mean?
a. isolationism b. nativism c. both d. neither
569. “The business of America is business.” Who said it?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Henry Ford
570. “The business of America is business.” This expresses the idea that government ____ regulate business.
a. should b. should not
571. "The man who builds a factory, builds a temple. The man who works there, worships there." Who said this?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Henry Ford
572. "The man who builds a factory, builds a temple. The man who works there, worships there." This statement ____ reflect the worship of money.
a. does b. does not
573. “A car in every garage and a chicken in every pot.” Who said this?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Henry Ford
574. "Recovery is just around the corner." Who said this?
a. Warren Harding c. Herbert Hoover b. Calvin Coolidge d. Franklin Roosevelt
575. “Recovery is just around the corner.” The speaker was referring to what event? a. World War I b. World War II c. Great Depression d. Prohibition e. all of the above
566. a
567. a
568. c
569. b
570. b
571. b
572. a
573. c
574. c
575. c page 204

"Billions of dollars' of profits - and paper profits - had disappeared.
The grocer, the window-cleaner, and the seamstress had lost their capital.
In every town there were families which had suddenly dropped from showy affluence into debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the newspapers printed the grim reports of suicides."
576. The above quote refers to which event?
a. The Red Scare b. Prohibition c. stock market crash d. Red Summer of 1919 e. Teapot Dome scandal
"I would not wish to a dog or to a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the earth-I would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things that I am not guilty of. But my conviction is that I have suffered for things I am guilty of. I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I was an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian; I have suffered more for my family and for my beloved than for myself; but I am so convinced to be right that if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already."
577. Who said the above quotation?
a. Leo Frank b. Guglielmo Marconi c. Rudolph Valentino d. Bartolomeo Vanzetti
578. "Every instinct, every interest, every dictate of conscience and public spirit insists that white supremacy forever shall be maintained."
The speaker above was a member of what organization?
a. ADL b. ACLU c. NAACP d. Invisible empire e. UNIA
579. “Joe sent me.” In the 1920s, where would you hear this phrase?
a. speakeasy b. communist cell c. on the radio d. KKK klavern e. at Teapot Dome
580. "Be assured that I planted well the seed of Negro or black nationalism which cannot be destroyed even by the foul play that has been meted out to me."
Who wrote this from prison?
a. Albert Fall b. John Scopes c. Marcus Garvey d. Al Capone
576. c
577. d
578. d
579. a
580. c page 205

581. "I am not worried about my enemies. It is my friends that are keeping me awake at night." Who said this?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
582. “The economy is about to turn the corner.”
Who said this in the early 1930s?
a. Warren Harding b. Calvin Coolidge c. Herbert Hoover d. Franklin Roosevelt
583. “The problem of the 20th century is the color line.” Who said this?
a. Marcus Garvey c. W.E.B. Du Bois b. Malcolm X d. Booker T. Washington
Use the following quotation for question 584-586:
"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of sex.”
584. What is this?
a. Eighteenth Amendment b. Nineteenth Amendment c. Twentieth Amendment d. Twenty-first Amendment e. Equal Rights Amendment
585. Who wrote this amendment?
a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton b. Carrie Chapman Catt c. Susan B. Anthony d. Alice Paul
586. When was this amendment passed?
a. the 1920s b. the 1970s c. both d. neither
581. a
582. c
583. c
584. e
585. d
586. d
It has never been passed. page 206