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Lingnan University
Department of Sociology and Social Policy
SOC201 Classical Sociological Theory
1st Term, 2013-2014
Instructor: Professor Peter Baehr
Room WYL 209; Tel. 2616-7185; e-mail: pbaehr@LN.edu.hk
Recommended Study Year
No. of Credits/ Term
Mode of Tuition
Class Contact Hours
Category in Major Prog
Discipline
Prerequisite(s)
Co-requisite(s)
Exclusion(s)
Exemption Requirements(s)
:2
:3
: Lecture-Tutorial
: Three hours per week
: Stream Elective
: Sociology
: (a) SOC101 Introduction to Sociology, or (b) Grade D or above in AL Sociology, or (c) CUS106
The Marking of Modern Culture
: None
: None
: None
Brief Course Description
All of the social sciences celebrate thinkers who have made a fundamental contribution to their disciplines. This course introduces you
to three major thinkers of sociology - Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim - and the traditions of social thought they helped to
establish. These authors are typically regarded as classical thinkers because they helped establish the key coordinates of sociology as a
discipline. Sociological classics are not timeless, nor are they an authoritative guide to many modern problems. Nonetheless, they do
provide some vital intellectual resources for the student of society; people who think that they can dispense with the classics would be
best advised to understand them first. I will suggest that each of these thinkers offer complementary insights into modern society, and
into the methods with which it is best studied.
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Aims
This course has four chief aims. First, it will be historical, locating the classical authors in the events and movements of their time.
Second, it will be comparative; the thought of the classics authors on specific issues will be analyzed and similarities and differences
traced. Third, the course will be applied, examining the classics’ pertinence for contemporary social problems. Finally, it will attempt to
reveal salient continuities between classical and modern social theory.
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students
1. Will be able to identify the foundational theories of sociology
2. Will be able speak and write clearly on the three major theorists covered in this course
3. Will be able to recognize the variety of sociological approaches to social life and assess their potential (or lack of it) to shed light on
enduring issues of social integration and social cleavage.
Assessment of Learning Outcomes
The above learning outcomes will be assessed, respectively, by
1. Requiring students to write a term paper (30%) on at least one of the classical sociological authors, and write an examination (40%)
that encompasses two or more of them
2. Tutorial group presentations (20%). Class participation, measured by the instructors’ notes on attendees, will earn up to a further 10%
3. Regular instructor feed-back sessions throughout the term to gauge student comprehension.
Hence: Continuous Assessment (tutorial presentation, class participation, term paper) = 60% NOTE: THE TERM PAPER IS DUE AT
5.00 ON NOVEMBER 26TH
Examination = 40% NOTE: THE EXAM WILL BE HELD IN CLASS ON THE LAST LECTURE OF THIS COURSE –
DECEMBER 3rd
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Good Practices
1.
2.
3.
4.
The instructor will be regularly available to see students, talk to them by phone and communicate with them through email
The instructor will return all student work within two weeks of its submission
Students will attend all classes of this course and do so on time
Students will produce the work that is required of them on the day that it is required
5.
Students and the instructor will create a respectful atmosphere in which plural and contrasting views can be expressed
Indicative Content
A) Introduction
Origins of Sociology; the nature and purpose of classical sociological theory
B) Karl Marx
Marx’s Life and Times; Theory of Alienation
The Materialist Conception of History
Classes and Revolution
Marx’s Legacy
C) Max Weber
Weber’s Life and Times; Theory of the origins and nature of modern capitalism
The Three Types of Rulership
Class, Status Groups, Parties
Sociological Method; Weber’s Legacy
D) Emile Durkheim
Durkheim’s Life and Times; Sociology as a Science
Types of solidarity and the division of labour
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Suicide
The religion of society; Durkheim’s Legacy
E) Conclusions
The Nature of Classicality
Continuities: Modern Sociological Theory
Particularly Relevant Reading:
Marx, Karl, Karl Marx: Selected Writings, (ed. David McLellan) Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1977. (Hereafter referred to as ‘K.
Marx, Selected Writings’.)
Weber, Max, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (eds. H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills), London: Routledge, 1977. (Hereafter referred
to as ‘Gerth and Mills’.)
Durkheim, E. Durkheim, Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings (ed. A. Giddens), Cambridge University Press.
Aron, Raymond, Main Currents in Sociological Thought, Vol.1 & 2, Harmondworth: Penguin, 1967. These two volumes are probably the
best books ever written on the sociological tradition. They cover, with great lucidity, not only Marx, Durkheim and Weber but also
Montesquieu, Tocqueville, Comte and Pareto. (Chinese version in the Library under the French title Les étapes de la pensée
sociologique.)
Bottomore, Tom and Robert Nisbet, A History of Sociological Analysis. This is an edited collection that contains many useful essays on
key thinkers and topics. A number of the essays are referenced in the reading. (Hereafter referred to as ‘Bottomore and Nisbet)
Collins, Randall, Four Sociological Traditions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Another excellent book; clear and rigorous.
Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Tough going in parts but
sophisticated and subtle. (Herafter referred to as ‘Giddens’)
Morrison, Ken, Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought, London: Sage, 2006. The book that many students of
classical sociological theory find the clearest. (Hereafter referred to as ‘Morrison’) Page references are to the second edition
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Supplementary Readings
Abbott, Andrew, Methods of Discovery. Heuristics for the Social Sciences, New York: Norton, 2004.
Baehr, Peter, Founders, Classics, Canons, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2002.
Calhoun, Craig, et al. (eds.), Classical Sociological Theory, Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub. 2002.
Frisby, David, Sociological Impressionism: A Reassessment of Georg Simmel’s Social Theory, London: Routledge, 1992.
Mouzelis, N.P., Back to Sociological Theory: The Construction of Social Orders, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Parkin, Frank. Durkheim, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Parkin, Frank. Max Weber, London: Tavistock, 1982
Ritzer, George, Classical Sociological Theory, 2nd ed., N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Scott, John, Sociological Theory: Contemporary Debates, London: Aldershot, 1995.
Stones, Rob (ed.), Key Sociological Thinkers, London: Macmillan Press, 1998.
Turner, Charles, Investigating Sociological Theory, London: Sage, 2010.
Turner, Jonathan, The Structure of Sociological Theory, N.Y.: Wadsworth Company, 1986.
Turner, Jonathan, Leonard Beeghley & Charles H. Powers, The Emergence of Sociological Theory, 6th ed., Singapore: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2007.
Most of the reading can be found in the Library Reserve section as 3-hour items. When preparing for your presentations and term papers,
you are advised to acquire your reading well in advance.
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DETAILED COURSE DESCRIPTION
LECTURES
Lecture of September 3:
Introduction: Origins and distinctiveness of sociology. What is “society”?
Lecture of September 10
Karl Marx (1818 –1883): the context of his life and thought. Marx’s early writings: labour, alienation and praxis.
Reading
Giddens, chap. 1: Morrison, pp. 116-126; K. Marx, Selected Writings, Part I, esp. chapter 8.; S. Avineri, Social and Political Thought of
Karl Marx, chaps. 1-5; and D. McLellan, Marx Before Marxism, esp. chaps. 4-8; Bertell Ollman, Alienation; George Ritzer, The
McDonaldization of Society.
Lecture of September 17:
The historical materialist conception of history; the general schema of development; the base-superstructure model; the class theory of
the state. Ideology and “false consciousness.” The nature of power.
Reading (on the Marxian theory of history and class)
Giddens, chaps. 2 and 3; Morrison, pp. 42-76; Edward G. Grabb, Theories of Social Inequality, chap. 2; K. Marx, Selected Writings, Part
III, chap. 18, Part IV, chap. 30; G. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, Chap. 2, sections i, ii and iii, and G. de
Ste. Croix, “Class in Marx’s conception of history; ancient and modern,” New Left Review 146 July/August 1984, pp. 94-111; Tom
Bottomore, “Marxism and Sociology,” chapter 4 of Bottomore and Nisbet: Randall Collins, Four Sociological Traditions, pp. 47-81.
Lecture of September 24:
Capital: Marx’s mature investigations into the structure and dynamic of the capitalist mode of production; exploitation and the theory of
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surplus-value; contradiction, crisis-tendencies and the emergence of communism.
Reading
Giddens, chap. 4; Morrison, pp. 76-115; K. Marx, Selected Writings, Part IV, chap. 32; Terrell Carver, The Postmodern Marx, chapters
2-6; R.G. Rajan, Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy, Introduction and Chapters 1 and 4; Murray
Smith (2008), Causes and the Consequences of the Global Economic Crisis: A Marxist-Socialist Analysis,
http://www.bolshevik.org/economics/2008-11-25_EconomicCrisis.pdf
October 1: NO LECTURE – NATIONAL DAY
Lecture of October 8:
Max Weber (1864-1920): the context of his life and thought. Class, status-groups and parties; the theory of “social closure”. Weber’s
political sociology: the three types of ‘legitimate domination’; politics and ethics.
Reading
Giddens, chap. 11; Morrison, pp. 295-313; Gerth and Mills, chapters 4 and 7; F. Parkin, Max Weber, chapters 3 and 4; Frank Parkin,
Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique (chapters 4, 5 and 6 deal with “social closure”); Frank Parkin “Social Stratification,”
chapter 15 of Bottomore and Nisbet. R. Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought Vol. 2, pp. 185-258; Economy and Society Vol. II
Appendix II (“Parliament and government in a reconstructed Germany”); W. J. Mommsen, The Age of Bureaucracy, esp. pp. 72-94;
Randall Collins, Four Sociological Traditions, pp. 81-112.
Lecture of October 15:
Rationalisation, Protestantism and the uniqueness of the west.
Reading
Giddens, chap. 9 and pp178-184; Morrison, 278-287, 313-330, 373-386; M. Weber, ‘Author’s Introduction’ to The Protestant Ethic and
the Spirit of Capitalism; M. Weber, General Economic History, Part 4; M. Weber, ‘The Protestant sects and the spirit of capitalism’, in
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Gerth and Mills, chap. 12; F. Parkin, Max Weber, chap. 2; Randall Collins, ‘Weber’s Last Theory of Capitalism’ in Collins’ Weberian
Sociological Theory, chapter 2; Lawrence A. Scaff (1989) Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics and Modernity in the Thought of Max
Weber, chapter 6.
Lecture of October 22:
Weber’s “interpretive” sociology; the ideal-type; science and its limitations; modernity, conflict and ‘life-spheres’; eroticism as an
escape from rationalization.
Reading
Giddens, chaps. 10 and 11; Morrison, pp. 330-361; Gerth and Mills, chap. 5 (“Science as a vocation”) and chap. 8 (“Religious rejections
of the world and their directions”); Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought Vol. 2, chapter on Max Weber; Lawrence A.
Scaff, Fleing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber, chap. 3; Guy Oakes, Weber and Rickert:
Concept Formation in the Cultural Sciences, pp. 1-40;
Lecture of October 29:
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917): the context of his life and thought. The rules of sociological method. The social and the moral.
Reading
Giddens, chaps. 5 and 6; Morrison, pp. 185-199; Edward Tiryakian, “Emile Durkheim,” chapter 6 of Bottomore and Nisbet; R. Aron,
Main Currents in Sociological Thought Vol 2, chapter on Durkheim; Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, pp. 51-77; Emile Durkheim,
The Rules of Sociological Method (read it all; the text is short); F. Parkin, Durkheim, chap. 1; K. Thompson, Emile Durkheim, pp. 48-70,
92-108; and R. Bendix, ‘Two sociological traditions’, in R. Bendix and G. Roth, Scholarship and Partisanship [Bendix’s essay contrasts
Weber and Durkheim]; Jean Terrier, Visions of the Social, chapter 4 (“’In Us, but Not of Us’: The Location of Society According to
Durkheim”.)
Lecture of November 5:
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Suicide and Mental Life
Reading
Giddens, pp. 82-89; Morrison, pp. 199-231; E. Durkheim, Suicide; K. Thompson, Emile Durkheim, pp. 109-121; S. Lukes, Emile
Durkheim: His Life and Work, chap. 9; Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought Vol 2, pp. 33-45.
Howard I. Kushner & Claire E. Sterk (2005) “The Limits of Social Capital: Durkheim, Suicide, and Social Cohesion”, American Journal
of Public Health 95(7), pp.1139-1143. [for an alternative view of Durkheim’s work, with discussion on fatalistic & altruistic suicide]
+Wu Fei (2010) Suicide and Justice: A Chinese Perspective, Routledge, especially Ch 1 & 10 [Insightful perspectives; with discussion
on rural Chinese women.]
+ David Cook and Olivia Allison (2007) Understanding and Addressing Suicide Attacks: The Faith and Politics of Martyrdom
Operations.
+Paul S.F. Yip (2008) Suicide in Asia: Causes and Prevention, Hong Kong University Press [with statistical data and discussion on
older persons]
+ Online statistical database on Hong Kong’s suicide figures, with category breakdown for 1981-2009 (URL:
http://csrp.hku.hk/WEB/eng/customized.asp). Compiled by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention,
University of Hong Kong.
Lecture of November 12:
Durkheim on solidarity and conflict: from mechanical to organic solidarity; the forced division of labour. Durkheim’s political
sociology.
Reading
On solidarity and conflict:
Giddens, chap. 5; Morrison, 158-185; Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, pp. 123-154; F. Parkin, Durkheim, chap. 1; and K. Thompson,
Emile Durkheim, pp. 70-92; S. Lukes, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, chap. 7; Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological
Thought Vol 2, pp. 21-33; Randall Collins, Four Sociological Traditions, chapter 3 (“The Durkheimian Tradition”); Jean Terrier,
Visions of the Social, chapter four “(“’In Us, but Not of Us’: The Location of Society According to Durkheim”.)
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Also: Philip Carl Salzman, “The Middle East’s Tribal DNA,” Middle East Quarterly 15 (1) 2008; on the web at:
http://www.meforum.org/1813/the-middle-easts-tribal-dna
And:
Xu Feng (2008), “Gated Communities and Migrant Enclaves: the Conundrum for Building ‘Harmonious Community/ Shequ’”, Journal
of Contemporary China 17(57) 633-651.
On Durkheim’s political sociology: Giddens, pp. 95-118; Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, pp. 155-202, 219-246; Emile Durkheim,
Elementary Forms of Religious Life, chap. 7; F. Parkin, Durkheim, chaps. 3 and 4; and K. Thompson, Emile Durkheim, pp. 121-166; S.
Lukes, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, chaps. 11, 13 and 23.
Lecture of November 19:
The nature of classical theory and the challenge of thinking
Reading
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1989. “Sociology and Discourse: On the Centrality of the Classics,” in Jeffrey C. Alexander (ed) Structure and
Meaning. New York: Columbian University Press; Baehr, Peter, Founders, Classics, Canons, chapters 1-4; McLaughlin, Neil (1998)
“How to Become a Forgotten Intellectual: Intellectual Movements and the Rise and Fall of Erich Fromm, Sociological Forum 13 (2):
215-246. Swedberg, Richard., “Theorizing in sociology and the social sciences: turning to the context of discovery,” Theory and Society
(2012)
41:
1-40.
Find
here:
http://www.soc.cornell.edu/faculty/swedberg/Theorizing%20in%20Sociology%20and%20Social%20Science.pdf
Or download from Swedberg’s homepage: http://www.soc.cornell.edu/faculty/swedberg/
Lecture of November 26:
Revision
December 3: FINAL EXAM IN CLASS
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TUTORIALS
Sept 5: Housekeeping; allocation of student work
Sept 12: No tutorial.
Sept 19: ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY; VIEWS OF SOCIAL LIFE
Sociology is usually thought of as a leftist, “progressive” subject. Similarly, it is often believed that “radical” means socialist. But,
according to Robert Nisbet, an important role in sociology’s emergence was played by conservative ideas that also had radical aspects
to them. Describe Nisbet’s argument (AND IF YOU DO THE ESSAY ON THIS, YOU MUST ALSO EVALUATE NISBET’S
ARGUMENT)
Reading:
Robert Nisbet, The Sociological Tradition, chapter 1.
Robert Nisbet, “Conservatism,” in Bottomore and Nisbet, chapter 3.
IF YOU DO THIS TOPIC IS AN ESSAY, COME TO ME FOR MORE TEXTS TO READ.
Sept 26: MARX 1
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels argue that the bourgeois class has played a progressive role in history but is now
doomed to be overthrown by the industrial working class in a social revolution. What are the mechanisms (causes), according to Marx
that lead to revolution? Why, in your view, has Marx’s prediction about social revolution not been proved accurate in most countries?
Might his theory still prove to be accurate?
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Reading:
K. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto, especially Parts I and II. This short pamphlet is found in many books and on the web.
For instance, with commentaries by supporters of Marxism, here: http://www.marxist.net/marx/
And dip into the reading under Lecture of September 17.
October 3: MARX 2
It is often said by Marxists that if people only knew what their real interests were, they would become more critical and radical. The
problem, Marxists continue, is that people’s real interests are concealed by ideology or false consciousness: frames of thinking that
mislead people into accepting conventional society as normal. Explain and assess this view and see if it applies to life in Hong Kong.
Reading:
‘K. Marx, Selected Writings,’ chapter 14 (“The German Ideology”), chapter 30 (“Preface to A Critique of Political Economy”).
Morrison, pp. 61-76.
Jorge Larrain, The Concept of Ideology, chapter 2 (“Marx’s theory of ideology”).
Steven Lukes, “In Defense of ‘False Consciousness,’” The University of Chicago Legal Forum. (I have the pdf of this and will send to
the class.)
Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View, 2nd. edition, 2004. Must be this edition. Chapters 2 and 3.
Tom Bottomore (editor), A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Look up the entries on “hegemony” and “ideology.” On “hegemony” also
look up works by and on Antonio Gramsci (e.g. his Prison Notebooks and the discussion of “intellectuals” and “education”).
October 10 WEBER 1
Max Weber argued that power was distributed in three main forms: class, status groups, and parties. He also said that
rewards/privileges/opportunities are controlled through various modes of “social closure.” Reconstruct his argument on these points and
consider how, in today’s world, “social closure” continues to operate.
Reading: See Reading under Lecture of October 8.
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October 17 WEBER 2
When Weber explained the origins of western capitalism, he provided causes that were both “motivational” (based in religion) and
“institutional”. Examine both of these types of cause – motivational, institutional – and show how they are connected.
See reading under Lecture of October 15; esp. the article by Randall Collins; part IV of Weber, General Economic History; and Weber,
“Author’s Introduction”. Those of you doing the essay should also read Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the ‘Spirit’ of Capitalism.
October 24 WEBER 3
Read closely Weber’s “Science as a Vocation.” Describe its most important arguments. (A hint: look at what Weber says about the
limits of science: about what it can do, and cannot do. What is the “calling” of science? What is meant by scientific “progress”? Where
does the “idea” come from?) After reading Weber’s view of science, do you think that sociology is or can be “scientific”?
Reading: “Science as a Vocation” is available in many books. Find it on the internet as well, for instance, here:
http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Science-as-a-Vocation.pdf
If you are answering this question as an essay, see the additional reading under Lecture of October 22.
October 31 DURKHEIM 1
Compare and contrast Durkheim’s idea of sociology as the study of social facts, with Weber’s “interpretive sociology”.
See reading under Lecture of October 29. Also see Max Weber, Economy and Society, chapter 1. Also on Weber, see relevant chapters in
Giddens, Morrison, and Aron.
November 7 DURKHEIM 2
What, according to Durkheim, are the main causes of suicide in modern society? Assess his theory of suicide in the light of suicidal
behaviour in Hong Kong.
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See reading under Lecture of November 5.
November 14 DURKHEIM 3
A key question for Durkheim is: what is the basis of social order? In other words, what binds people together in modern and pre-modern
societies? What is his answer to this question and how convincing do you think his answer is? (To answer this question, examine
Durkheim’s idea of solidarity and the sacred.)
Reading: See reading under Lecture of November 12
November 21 CONGREGATION.
November 28 Revision
ASSESSMENT
A) Tutorial Presentations = 20%
Tutorial presentations should be clear, invite discussion and be between 25 and 30 minutes long. They should end with at least
two questions posed to the tutorial group for discussion. Attendance in tutorials is mandatory; students who miss tutorials without
good reason (explained to me), will have marks deducted from the continuous assessment portion of their grade.
B) Participation = 10%
All students are expected to contribute to the tutorials by asking questions, by contributing ideas, all underpinned by reading for the
course.
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Term Paper = 30%
You can choose a title from the tutorial topics - students should ask me for extra reading but are expected to search for their own – or you
can formulate your own question provided it is first negotiated with me. Students are not allowed to choose, for the term paper, their
tutorial question. Term papers should be around 2000 words, typed, and double-spaced. The deadline is Tuesday 26 November 2013 at
5.00pm. Please submit one hard copy to my office = WYL 209, plus one soft copy to the online Moodle interface of this course. A
so-called rubric for the term paper (guidelines of what constitutes excellence and anything below that) will follow.
Term papers must be fully referenced either using footnotes or endnotes. A list of references on the final page of the paper is insufficient.
Typically, a term paper will utilize at least eight references, so you must read more than the texts listed below (do your own research in
the library!). Cite your sources (references) in detail – give the page numbers - and be careful to avoid plagiarism. This means that you
must note the sources of quotations, data and general information in the essay. These sources/references should appear in alphabetical
order in your list of references/bibliography.
Please note: According to Lingnan University and Social Sciences Programme policy, plagiarism is "presentation of another person's
work without proper acknowledgment of the source". Plagiarism (unattributed copying) will be heavily penalised and may attract a
zero mark and disciplinary action. The grading process will involve the use of anti-plagiarism software.
Those who need extra help in polishing their written English may make use of the Writing Tutorial Service offered by Lingnan’s Centre
for English and Additional Languages (CEAL). You can make an appointment via the link http://www.ln.edu.hk/ceal/wts/index.php.
End of Term Exam = 40%
A comprehensive examination in three parts requiring you to answer questions on Marx, Durkheim and Weber. The exam will take
place on Tuesday 3 December between 9.30 and 11.30.
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---------------------------------Peter Baehr September 2013
SOC201 Classical Sociological Theory
Course Schedule – 2013/14 first semester
Tuesday Lecture (9:30am-11.20am
LKKG05)
Date
Topic
3 Sep
Introduction. Origins
of Sociology
10 Sep
Marx 1
17 Sep
Marx 2
Thursday Tutorial
(11.30am-12.20pm WYL07)
Date
5 Sept
12 Sept
Topic
Housekeeping;
allocation of
student work
No tutorial
19 Sept
Sociology: Origins
17
24 Sep
Marx 3
1 Oct
NATIONAL DAY NO
LECTURE
8 Oct
Weber 1
15 Oct
Weber 2
22 Oct
Weber 3
29 Oct
Durkheim 1
5 Nov
Durkheim 2
12 Nov
Durkheim 3
19 Nov
Classicality
26 Nov
Revision
26 Sept
Marx 1
3 Oct
Marx 2
10 Oct
Weber 1
17 Oct
Weber 2
24 Oct
Weber 3
31 Oct
Durkheim 1
7 Nov
Durkheim 2
14 Nov
Durkheim 3
21 Nov
CONGREGATION
NO CLASS
Revision
28 Nov
DECEMBER 3, END OF TERM EXAMINATION (IN LECTURE ROOM)