The biosphere
Tissues
Ecosystems
Order
Organs and
organ systems
Response to
the environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Reproduction
Communities
Cells
Organelles
Regulation
Organisms
Energy processing
Atoms
Growth and
development
Molecules
Populations
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2
Sunlight
Leaves absorb
light energy from
the sun.
CO2
Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air
and release
oxygen.
Sunlight
O2
When energy is used
to do work, some
energy is converted to
thermal energy, which
is lost as heat.
An animal’s muscle
cells convert
chemical energy
from food to kinetic
energy, the energy
of motion.
Chemical
energy
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Leaves fall to
the ground and
are decomposed
by organisms
that return
minerals to the
soil.
Heat
Producers absorb light
energy and transform it into
chemical energy.
Chemical energy in
food is transferred
from plants to
consumers.
Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up by
the tree
through
its roots.
(a) Energy flow from sunlight to
producers to consumers
A plant’s cells use
chemical energy to do
work such as growing
new leaves.
(b) Using energy to do work
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4
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Prokaryotic cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
(a) Wings
(b) Wing bones
Nucleus
(membraneenclosed)
Membraneenclosed organelles
5
DNA (throughout
1 µm
nucleus)
6
Nucleus
A
C
DNA
Nucleotide
T
A
Sperm cell
T
Cell
A
Nuclei
containing
DNA
C
C
Egg cell
G
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryo’s cells with
copies of inherited DNA
T
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
A
G
T
A
(a) DNA double helix
(b) Single strand of DNA
7
Negative
feedback
8
Species Genus Family
A
Order
Class
Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Enzyme 1
B
Excess D
blocks a step.
D
D
Ursus
Enzyme 2
D
C
Ursidae
Enzyme 3
D
Carnivora
(a) Negative feedback
W
Mammalia
Enzyme 4
Positive
feedback +
Excess Z
stimulates a
step.
Z
Chordata
X
Enzyme 5
Animalia
Y
Z
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
Eukarya
(b) Positive feedback
9
(a) Domain Bacteria
10
(b) Domain Archaea
15 µm
2 µm
2 µm
5 µm
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Cilia of
Paramecium
Cilia of
windpipe
cells
100 µm
0.1 µm
Kingdom Plantae
Cross section of a cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
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12
Insect-eaters
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Bud-eater
Seed-eater
Warbler finches
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Tree finches
Insect-eaters
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
2 Elimination of
individuals with
certain traits
3 Reproduction of
survivors
Seed-eaters
Ground finches
4 Increasing
frequency of
traits that
enhance
survival and
reproductive
success
Cactus-flowereaters
1 Population with
varied inherited
traits
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus
ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
13
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #1:
Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test of prediction
Test of prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis
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