Sequence of Events ‐
CROSS‐CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS
Steno's Laws
Nicholas Steno (1669)
• Principle of Superposition
• Principle of Original Horizontality
These laws apply to both sedimentary and
volcanic rocks.
Principle of Superposition
In a sequence of undisturbed
layered rocks, the oldest rocks are
on the bottom.
Fig. 10.3
Principle of Original Horizontality
Layered strata are deposited
horizontal or nearly horizontal
or nearly parallel to the
Earth’s surface.
Earth Issues 10.1
Sequence of Events
education.usgs.gov/lessons/schoolyard/CoolGeologyActivity.html
Cross‐cutting Relationships
earthscienceinmaine.wikispaces.com/11.2+Relative+Ages+of+Rocks
Cross‐cutting Relationships
evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE1Whathappenedwhen.shtml
Cross‐cutting Relationships
evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE1Whathappenedwhen.shtml
Cross‐cutting Relationships
volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/magma_pathways/act6.html
Fig. Story 10.11
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WEATHERING
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13_10.JPG
13_04au.jpg
13_22.JPG
13_20.JPG
DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS
From: SEPM Sequence Stratigraphy Web: sepmstrata.org/exercises.html
Submarine Canyons & Deep Sea Fans
Offshore Los Angeles
USGS Image
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
sepmstrata.org/deepwater/DeepwaterClasticArchitecture.html
Clastic Depositional Systems
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Clastic Depositional Systems
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Clastic Depositional Systems
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
sepmstrata.org/deepwater/DeepwaterClasticArchitecture.html
Tide‐Dominated Niger Delta
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Geomorphology
of Coast
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Delta Morphology
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Meandering Fluvial System
Allen, 1964
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall