Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
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Printed: January 13, 2015
AUTHORS
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
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Exocytosis and
Endocytosis
• Define vesicle transport.
• Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Distinguish phagocytosis from pinocytosis.
What does a cell "eat"?
Is it possible for objects larger than a small molecule to be engulfed by a cell? Of course it is. This image depicts
a cancer cell being attacked by a cell of the immune system. Cells of the immune system consistently destroy
pathogens by essentially "eating" them.
Vesicle Transport
Some molecules or particles are just too large to pass through the plasma membrane or to move through a transport
protein. So cells use two other active transport processes to move these macromolecules (large molecules) into or
out of the cell. Vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm move macromolecules or large particles across the plasma
membrane. There are two types of vesicle transport, endocytosis and exocytosis (illustrated in Figure 1.1). Both
processes are active transport processes, requiring energy.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell
membrane. The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane. At this
point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and moves the substance into the cytosol. There are two main
kinds of endocytosis:
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FIGURE 1.1
Illustration of the two types of vesicle
transport, exocytosis and endocytosis.
• Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell. The plasma membrane
engulfs the solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.
• Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing
dissolved substances to enter the cell, as shown in Figure 1.2. When the channel is closed, the liquid is
encircled within a pinocytic vesicle.
FIGURE 1.2
Transmission electron microscope image
of brain tissue that shows pinocytotic vesicles. Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis.
Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the
outside of the cell, as shown in Figure 1.3. Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a
protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin. Newly made membrane proteins and membrane
lipids are moved on top the plasma membrane by exocytosis. For a detailed animation of cellular secretion, see http
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Chapter 1. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/constitutivesecretion/first.htm .
FIGURE 1.3
Illustration of an axon releasing dopamine
by exocytosis.
Summary
• Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes against a
concentration gradient.
• Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the
cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell.
• Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to
the outside of the cell.
• Both endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport processes.
Explore More
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
• Exocytosis and Endocytosis at http://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/science/biology/endocytosis-andexocytosis .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is bulk transport?
Describe how exocytosis occurs?
What are the types of endocytosis?
Some types of endocytosis are non-specific processes. What does this mean?
Describe the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Review
1. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
2. Why is pinocytosis a form of endocytosis?
3. Are vesicles involved in passive transport? Explain.
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References
1. Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats) for the CK-12 Foundation. Process of vesicle transport for exocytosis
and endocytosis . CC BY-NC 3.0
2. Louisa Howard, Miguel Marin-Padilla. Electron microscope of pinocytosis . Public Domain
3. Image copyright Andrea Danti, 2014. Axon signaling using exocytosis . Used under license from Shutterstock.com
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