The Respiratory System
This Lecture is Devised by Dr.
Mohammed Qasim & Dr. Rasha Ali
Baghdad College Of Medicine
Respiratory System
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
•Name the parts of the respiratory system.
•Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the respiratory system and
its parts.
•Comprehension of English language
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Lectures can be downloaded and
viewed from this site
• http://www.comed.uobaghdad.edu.iq/PageVi
ewer.aspx?id=1
Student Duties
• 1- Read the lecture before attending
• 2- Print out the Formative assessment of this lecture and hand it
to the lecturer ‘solved’. It is your homework. You should write on
it your name, the date, your group and the name of your lecturer.
• A piece of advice: Take a look at the exercises of the lecture
before your actual reading, it will help you design your strategy of
studying.
• Note (1): The methodology of the exercises in your formative
assessment in this lecture and in the other lectures of the
terminology module are similar to your Summative exam.
• Note (2): If you encounter new terms not available in your lecture,
look it up using a dictionary or invest your e-learning skills to
look it up in the website .
Structure and Function
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
•Exchanging air between the body and the outside
environment known as external respiration
•Bringing oxygen to the cells and removing carbon
dioxide from them referred to as internal respiration
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Inhale/Exhale
The passage of air from the external environment to the
lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one
inhalation and one exhalation.
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Combining Forms & Abbreviations
Combining Form
[adenoid(o)]Meaning
adenoid (o)
adenoid; gland
alveol (o)
alveolus
bronch (o)
bronchus
bronchiol (o)
bronchiole
capn (o)
carbon dioxide
epiglott (o)
epiglottis
laryng (o)
larynx
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Combining Forms & Abbreviations
Combining Form
[lob(o)] Meaning
lob (o)
mediastin (o)
lobe of the lung
mediastinum
nas (o)
nose
or (o)
mouth
ox (o)
oxygen
pharyng (o)
pharynx
phon (o)
voice, sound
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Combining Forms & Abbreviations
Combining Form
[phren(o)] Meaning
phren(o)
diaphragm
pleur(o)
pleura
pneum (o)
air
rhin (o)
nose
spir (o)
breathing
steth (o)
chest
thorac (o)
thorax
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Pathology
epiglottitis
adenoiditis
bronchitis
Inflammatory
laryngitis
Conditions
pharyngitis
pneumonitis
rhinitis
sinusitis
tonsillitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
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Breathing Patterns
eupnea
hyperpnea
Breathing Patterns
Bradypnea:
dyspnea
tachypnea
apnea
hypopnea
orthopnea
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Term
Analysis
Meaning
Apnea
A- (without); -pnea
(breathing)
Without breathing
Bradypnea
Brady- (slow); -pnea
(breathing)
Abnormal slowness of
respiration
Dyspnea
Dys- (difficult or painful);
-pnea (breathing(
Painful or difficult breathing
Orthopnea
Ortho (means straight); pnea (breathing)
Discomfort or difficulty in
breathing while lying flat;
difficulty is relieved by
sitting up
Tachypnea
Tachy- (fast); -pnea
(breathing)
Abnormal slowness of
Breathing
Upper Respiratory Infection
Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic
obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
•Emphysema
•Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma: a Greek word meaning a panting.
This disease has narrowing of the bronchi
leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.
Normal
bronchiole
Asthmatic
bronchiole,
showing
constriction
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Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis
Hem/o (blood); -ptysis (spitting). Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in
the spitting of blood.
Cystic Fibrosis
From the Greek word kystis (bladder, pouch); from the Latin word fibra (fiber); -osis
(abnormal condition). Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis
(ateles) is Greek meaning “incomplete”; -ectasis means (expansion). Collapsed
alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
Pneumonia
Pneumon/o (air, lung); ia (condition). Inflammation of a lung caused by Infection,
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chemical inhalation or trauma .
Disorders of the Pleura
Disorders of the Pleura
Pneumothorax
•Pneumon/o (air, lung); from the Greek word thorakos (breastplate, chest)
•Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
•Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
•Hem/o (blood); -thorax from the Greek word thorakos (breastplate, chest).
•Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.
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Otorhinolaryngologists
Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory
tract.
Surgical Removal Conditions
•Tonsillectomy
•Laryngectomy
•Adenoidectomy
•Pneumonectomy
•Lobectomy
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Surgical Repair
bronchoplasty
laryngoplasty
Surgical Repair
rhinoplasty
septoplasty
tracheoplasty
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Surgical Incisions
Surgical Incisions
•Laryngotracheotomy
•Sinusotomy
•Thoracotomy
•Tracheotomy
Tracheostomy tube
•Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth,
pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.
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Pharmacology
Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with
other system disorders.
Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:
Bronchodilators
•Dilate the bronchial walls
Expectorants
•Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus
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Mechanical Devices
Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration
Ventilators
•Actually serve as a breathing
substitute for patients who can not
breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
•Deliver medication through the
mouth or nose to ease breathing
problems
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Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Antitussive
Expectorants
(relieves coughing)
Decongestants
(promotes coughing
and expelling of mucus)
(decreases and prevents
mucus buildup)
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• Formative assessment for
Respiratory system:
Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Hiba has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for
something to help her with her dry cough.
Which of the following types of medication should Hiba consider taking?
A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive
Answer: A. Expectorant
C. Antibiotic
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Case study (asthma)
Read the following excerpt from an Emergency Room
record and answer the questions.
• Chief complaint: wheezing ,difficulty breathing.
• Present illness: this-8-y-old male with a history of asthma, comes in acute
distress. Moms states he was around a neighbors cat when he started
have difficulty in breathing .A home nebulizer treatment did not relieve his
dyspnea, so she brought him in.
• Examination: well-developed ,well-nourished 8-y-old in acute distress
,pulse oximetry 87% cyanosis noticed of lips and nail bed, oxygen in place,
audible wheezing heard throughout lungs.
• Impression: acute exacerbation of asthma
• Plan:1-start nebulizer with bronchodilater
•
2-oxygen via nasal cannula
•
3-monitor pulse oximetry
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• Cyanosis indicates the skin and nails appear ---------- .
• A) blue
• B) red
• C) white
• D) normal
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• The bronchodilator was to help------ the
respiratory passageway
• A)close
• B)clean
• C)open
• D)non of the above
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Q.2 Answer the Following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
1-gas exchange occurs in bronchi (true/false)
2-respiratory problems may be treated with all except----------.
A)bronchodilators
B)bronchoconstrictors
C)expectorants
D)mucolytics
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•
•
•
•
•
3-obstructive lung diseases include all except:
A)asthma
B)emphysema
C)cystic fibrosis
D)atelectasis
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Q3. Match the term in Column A with
the correct definition in Column B.
Column A
Column B
1-......................... Alveoli
A. The lid or flap that helps prevent food
and drink from entering the trachea
2- ........................ Diaphragm
B. The ” voice Box”
3-......................... Pulmonary
C. Indicating something in or associated
with lungs.
4- ........................ Trachea
D. The major muscle of the respiratory
system
5-........................ Epiglottis
E. Tiny “sacs” in the lungs that receive
oxygen from the bronchioles and transfer
it to the capillaries.
6- ........................ Pneumonia,
pneumonitis
f. The “windpipe”: air flows through it to
the bronchi
7-........................larynx
G. Inflammation of a lung, caused by
infection, chemical inhalation or trauma
Column A
Column B
8- ..................................... Bronchioles
H. Incision into the trachea
9- .................................... Asthma
I. Inner lining of the lung
10- .................................. Pharynx
J. The smallest extension of the bronchi,
which pass air directly to the alveoli
11- .................................. Emphysema
K. A lung disease characterized by
reversible inflammation and constriction
12- .................................. Bronchitis
L. Throat
13 - ................................. Dyspnea
M. Narrowing of a bronchial tube
14- ..................................tracheotomy
N. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the bronchial tubes
Column A
Column B
15- ....................................
Bronchiostenosis
O. Difficult breathing
16- ................................... Apnea
.inspection using a bronchoscope
17-................................. Visceral pleura
Q. Absence of breathing
18- ............................... Bronchoscopy
R. Condition in which the alveoli are
inefficient due to distension
Q4. Write the medical terms for each
definition
Definition
1- the process of
breathing in
2- spitting up of blood
3- inflammation of
the sinus
4- difficulty in
speaking
5- Air in the pleural
cavity
6- incision into the
pleura
Medical term
Q5. Use bronch/o or bronchi/o to build the following terms
1- Inflammation of the bronchi
2 drug used to open bronchi
3- drug used to constrict bronchi
4- chronic dilation of the bronchioles
Q6. Use the suffix –itis & –pnea to build the following
terms
1- rapid breathing
2- inflammation of the larynx
3- slow breathing
4- Inflammation of the bronchi
5- Painful or difficult breathing
6- inflammation of the sinus
7- difficulty breathing while lying down
8- inflammation of the epiglottis
Q.7 Multiple Choices
• 1-expectoration of blood is called
A- hematemesis
B- hemoptysis
C- anosmia
D- dysphonia
2- what is the term for slow breathing?
A- bradyphasia
B- tachypnea
C- bradypnea
D- tachyphasia
3- which procedure involves making an opening
in the trachea to facilitate breathing?
A- intubation
B- tracheocentesis
C- tracheoplasty
D- tracheostomy
4- what is the surgical puncture of the lung?
A-pneumoconiosis
B- pneumocentesis
C- pneumomelanosis
D- pneumogenesis
5- what is pleurisy (pleuritis)?
A- effusion of fluid into the air/tissue of the lung
B- softening of the lung
C- engorgement of the pulmonary vessels with
fluid
D- inflammation of the membrane that
surrounds the lung and lines the walls of the
chest cavity.
6- which of the following is the same as
pharyngodynia?
A- sore throat
B- inflammation of the pharynx
C- examination of the throat
D- a fungal condition of the pharynx
7- what is another term for pneumonia?
A- pleuropneumonia
B- Pneumonitis
C- pulmonary oedema
D- Bronchopathy
8- what is the collapse of part of a lung or
alveoli?
A- asthma
B- atelectasis
D- cystic fibrosis
D- brochiolitis
9- what is lobectomy?
A- incision of the lung
B- excision of a lung
C- excision of a lobe of an organ
D- bilateral incision of the skull
10- what type of drug is used to decrease the
viscosity of mucus?
A- antipyretic
B- mucolytic
C- antibiotic
D- diuretic