Assessing Destructive Leadership in
Spanish-speaking Populations:
Adapting the Perceived Leader Integrity Scale
Overview
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Anasuya Datta
North Carolina State University
Florina G. Arredondo
Centro de Valores Éticos, Tecnológico de Monterrey
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Background about the study
Spanish Scale adaptation process
Measurement Equivalence of the English
and Spanish versions of the PLIS
Results
Conclusion
S. Bartholomew Craig
North Carolina State University
Why Translate the
PLIS into Spanish?
The Perceived Leader Integrity Scale
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The PLIS was developed by Craig &
Gustafson (1998) to measure specific
behaviors of the leader
Unidimensional scale composed of 32-items
rated on a four point Likert type scale
Sample Items: “Would falsify records if it
would help his/her work situation” and
“Would deliberately distort what I say”
Demonstrated reliability and validity
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§ Hispanic is the nation’s fastest growing minority
§ 58% (~13.0 million) increase in Hispanic population in the
nation
§ 37% Hispanics accounted for the 9% total labor force increase
between 1990 and 1998
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Reduce cost and save time
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Conduct comparative studies
(Hambleton & Kanjee, 1995)
High Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > .97)
Construct validity evidence
Factors Considered During
Translation Process
Spanish Translation Process
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A back translation procedure (Brislin, 1970)
Two forward translators independently
translated the English items into Spanish
The forward translators compared their
proposals and solved discrepancies
Three back translators independently
translated the Spanish items back into English
The target items were kept when there was
an agreement that the two source versions
were identical or comparable.
Enhance fairness
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Accessible vocabulary
Emotional load of the concepts
Cultural references
Syntax
Semantics
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Method
Item Response Theory
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Differential functioning (DF)
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IRT-based DFIT framework proposed by
Raju, van der Linden, and Fleer (1995)
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Data collection
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Comparison Group
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Two indices of DFIT measure item level
differential functioning (NCDIF) and test level
differential functioning (DTF).
English Speaking (N = 1731)
Spanish speaking (N = 439)
Item selection for the DFIT analysis
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True Score Function
Results
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Mexican (Ref) Vs. US-NZ (Foc)
Gives special favors to certain "pet"
employees, but not to me
Of the 28 items, five items showed DIF
4.5
4
No significant DTF was found
Item True Score
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3.5
3
2.5
REF
2
FOCAL
1.5
1
0.5
4.8
4.1
3.4
2
2.7
1.3
0.6
-0.1
-0.8
-1.5
-2.2
-2.9
-5
-3.6
-4.3
0
The ta
Why DIF?
Translation Differences
n Item 46
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The ta
English version:
“Would use my
performance appraisal
to criticize me as a
person”
REF
FOCAL
Theta
8
3
4.6
3.
2.2
4
1.
0.6
.2
.8
.6
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-0
3
4.6
3.8
2.2
0.
6
1.4
-1
-0
.2
-3
.4
-2
.6
-1
.8
0
Spanish version: “would
treat people depending
on gender, ethnic group
or social status”
-1
0.5
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.4
FOCAL
1
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-1
REF
2
1.5
Item True Score
2.5
-5
-4
.2
Item True Score
3
-2
4
3.5
-3
4.5
Item 15
Spa nish (Ref) Vs. English (Foc)
Would use my pe rformance appraisa l
to criticize me as a person
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Spanish (Ref) Vs. English (Foc)
W ould treat me better if I belonged
to a different ethnic group
Cultural Differences
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English version: “would
treat me better if I
belonged to a different
ethnic group”
-5
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-4
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Why DIF?
Spanish version:
“Would use feedback
as an excuse to
criticize other”
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Conclusions
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Improve understanding of different
managerial practices through measures of
perceived leader integrity
Item level scores from the Spanish PLIS
should be used with caution
Scale level scores from the Spanish PLIS
are okay to use to assess the overall level of
perceived leader integrity
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