Instruction: Fruit flies (Drosophila) and Flylab
INTRODUCTION
Fruit flies are well known flies which are often used in genetics experiments. They are very
useful because you can see a lot of phenotypes on the outside of the body. So we are going to
look after them to find out how genetics works. Each of you will get three properties (genes)
of the flies and you are asked to answer the following questions:
1. Is the allele that causes the phenotype of the gene you inquire dominant or recessive?
2. Is the allele of this gene a lethal factor?
3.
4.
Is this gene a X-bound gene?
Are two of the genes or all three genes coupled?
Material & Methods
To find out the questions you can use the program "FLYLAB" which you can find on the Internet.
FLYLAB is a kind of a simulation program, with which you can simulate breeding fruit flies.
By asking the program to execute all kinds of crossings you can find the answers on the questions
above. You will find pictures of the flies that are born and statistics of the numbers of the different
phenotypes that arise. You have to write down all the statistic so you can explain you answers on the
questions later on. After the computer lesson(s) you must write a report that will be examined.
The three genes you have to examine are:
-stubble (bristols), incomplete (wing veins) and bar (eye shape)
Because the program FLYLAB is only useably when you are registered you have to do the following
things. Note that you can use the program just for 1 day. When the time is expired you have to register
again. Before you are going to register you must have an email address.
-
Log in on the site with the address:
www.biologylab.awlonline.com
click on:
free trial
click on:
Register here
fill in your emailaddress and click on:
next
fill in your first name, last name and zipcode and click on:
next
fill in: other, school, Travemünde (or the city where you live), Germany (country where you live)
and click on: next
fill in your "USER ID": (use your own name)
choose a question and answer the question
and click on: I agree
and on: next
When everything is OK, you are ready now and you only have to wait for a password, you
will receive in your mailbox. When you received your password then you have to go to:
www.biologylabsonline.com
Choose: Flylab
enter you login name and your password
and click on:
start lab
Now you have to wait a few moments before you will see some flies on your screen.
On the left side of the screen you can choose the properties for the male and the female fly.
When you chose you can let the mate and after a few seconds you will see the offspring. In the first
place with pictures of the flies and beneath them the numbers and the phenotypes. When you want to
see the statistic you have to choose statistics.
note down all the statistics you see.
Try to find the answers on all the questions.
Introduction into Flylab (Powerpoint presentation)
OVERVIEW OVER FLYLAB
GENERAL CONTROLS
INFOBAR
The tabs at the top of the screen allow you to access the Introduction, the Notebook,
Assignments, Genetic Abbreviations, and Help.
Introduction: This provides an overview and links to background information on the
lab.
Notebook: Record your own notes on the results of the lab--your hypotheses, details
about results, and conclusions. You can also move data from the Results pages
directly to the Notebook - see Exporting.
Assignments: Doing the assignments is critical to understanding the concepts of this
lab. The Assignments here were written to benefit a wide range of general biology
classes and you should find them helpful, but check with your instructor before
proceeding with any Assignments.
Genetic Abbreviations: FlyLab uses a different convention for labeling mutations.
This screen shows you a chart of those labels.
Glossary: The glossary contains definitions for selected terms in the lab.
Help: Brings you to this screen.
MAIN SCREEN
Offspring Popup Menu: Scroll down the menu in this window to choose the average
number of offspring you want to produce in your mating: 100, 1000, or 10,000. The
actual number will vary around this average due to simulated "experimental error."
Design Flies: Clicking the design box under either fly takes you to the design screen
(see details below).
Mate: When you have finished designing or selecting both of your flies, click Mate.
Images of the new offspring will appear in the bottom view.
Select: This button appears below the image of offspring flies. Clicking this button
selects a single offspring of the displayed phenotype for mating. The offspring image
will be copied to the top of the screen.
Remove: This button appears below the image of parent flies. Clicking this button
allows you to remove the parent fly so you can replace it by designing another fly or
selecting an offspring.
INPUT CONTROLS
DESIGN SCREEN
Design both your female and/or male fly by clicking on the Design box under each fly and
choosing genetic characteristics (mutations) from each Category: Bristle, Body Color,
Antennae, Eye Color, Eye Shape, Wing Size, Wing Shape, Wing Vein, Wing Angle. You can
select only one characteristic from each category. When you have selected a characteristic,
a male or female symbol will appear in the category button on the left-hand side after you
have selected it.
Once you have started an experiment and designed a fly with one or more mutations, the
options available to you for the chosen traits will be limited to Wild Type and the one
mutation that you have already used. For example, if you design a female with curly wings
and select the fly for mating, then the wing shape options available for the male are limited to
wild type and curly wings. The options of the other traits will be unaffected. All options
become available again after you click on the New Mate button.
Wild Type: This is the default value in each category. "Wild Type" represents the
normal phenotype found in the "wild."
When you have finished selecting all your desired characteristics, click on the Select
button and your newly designed fly will appear on the mating screen.
Reset All:Click this button to change all previously chosen characteristics back to
wild type.
New Mate:Use this to start a new mating where you design both parent flies.
DATA/RESULTS
DATA/RESULTS
Analyze Results: This button appears on the left side of the screen after each mate. Click it
to get the following screens:
Summary of Results: This lists the Parents followed by a table of offspring: the
phenotype, number, proportion, and ratio. This Summary can be added to the Lab
Notebook by clicking Add Data to Notebook. The Results initially appear broken down
by sex and phenotype.
At the top of the screen, you can choose Ignore Sex to remove this sex as part of the
categorization, and Use Sex to add it back in.
Chi-Square Analysis: Allows you to enter a hypothesis to explain the data and
perform a chi-square statistical analysis of your hypothesis. The chi-square analysis
computes hypothetical numbers (expected) based on your ratios and tests to see if
these values differ significantly from the observed numbers. Enter your hypothetical
values for the relative frequencies of the phenotypes into the text fields in the
hypothesis column. Your values can be entered as integer numbers representing
ratios (e.g. 4 and 1), integer numbers representing percentages (e.g. 80 and 20), or
decimal numbers representing proportions or probabilities (e.g. 0.80 and 0.20). Once
you have entered a value into each field, click Test Hypothesis at the bottom of the
screen. You will see a box providing the results of a chi-square statistical test of your
hypothesis: a table of phenotypes, observed numbers, expected numbers based on
your hypothesis, and the chi-square terms. The sum of this last column is your chisquare test statistic. The Level of Significance represents the probability that
deviations of the observed data from your hypothesis are due to random chance.
At the top of the screen, you can choose Ignore Sex to remove this sex as part of the
categorization, and Use Sex to add it back in.
Exporting: Data can be exported (copied) from the Lab Notes to a standard HTML
page. From here you can use the web browser menu to print your results or save
them to disk.
Add Data to Notebook: Click to copy data on a results page to the Notebook.
Return to Lab: Once you are done viewing or exporting results data, choose this to
go back to the lab screen.
HOW TO MAKE A REPORT:
CONTENT:
- Write on the title-page the title, your name, the class and the date.
- In the TABLE OF CONTENTS, which is in the report immediately after the title-page, are
only the headings of the chapters, the first page number of the different chapters and if
needed the first page number of the appendixes.
- Think about the following headings: INTRODUCTION, MATERIAL & METHODS,
RESULTS, DISCUSSION, SUMMARY en LIST OF LITERATURE.
- Write a smooth text with every heading, write connecting text also!!
- In a report try to avoid the verb ‘have to’. You should write like you invented it all by
yourself.
- In the INTRODUCTION you should write the intention of your experiment (the
Observations and the Problems) and the Hypothesis(es) which you want to test. This also
has to be one smooth text.
- MATERIAL and METHODS should be separated.
- The chapter METHODS you should write in the past tense and using the third person.
- If it is needed you have to make a picture of the situation or a drawing of the construction.
- You should separate the METHODS and the RESULTS.
- Are the RESULTS clearly arranged?
- Are the RESULTS arranged according your hypothesises in the INTRODUCTION?
- Did you make a note of all data?
- In the RESULTS you should only mention your results en you should not discuss them yet.
That should be in the DISCUSSION.
- In the DISCUSSION you have to talk about the following items:
a. what was/were your Hypothesis(es) again?
b. do you see any link between your hypothesis(es) and your RESULTS?
c. does this agree with one another?
d. is/are your hypothesis(es) right or wrong?
- You always have to refer to the number of your graph/table/figure in your text.
- Take care that you do not make your Hypothesis(es) right by reasoning, while they are
wrong.
- In the DISCUSSION you should refer to the RESULTS and always refer to the number of
your figures/tables and/or graphs.
- There should never be something new in the SUMMARY. Only the Problem(s) and the
(most important) Conclusion(s). You also should not refer in a SUMMARY.
LITERATURE.
- You note literature as follows:
- first you write the family name of the first writer and after this his/her initial(s) of the
first writer, then the second writer. No titles of the writers;
- the family names of the first writers, of the different books or articles, should be in
alphabetical order;
- are there more then two writers, than you write just the name and initial(s) of the first
writer and after this you write et al.;
- after that the year of publication;
- then the title of the book or article;
-
when it is a book:
- the publisher and
- place of publication;
-
when it is an article:
- the name of the journal,
- the volume and
- the pages.
If you use a Internet site to collect your information, then you also have to write this in the
literature list. Do this as follows:
- write the address and
- write when you visited the site.
- Example:
Jahns, H.M, 1981. Elseviers gids van varens, mossen en korstmossen.
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Ketel, D.H. and Lotz, L.A.P., 1998. Influence on allocation and detoxification of
metribuzin in Chenopodium album on the reliability of prediction of the minimum
lethal herbicide dose rate. Weed research, 38, 267-274.
- In your text you refer the cited literature as follows:
bla bla bla (Jahns, 1981) bla bla bla.
- For the internet:
www.biologienet.nl, visited 10 October 2004
- In your text you refer the Internet site as follows:
bla bla bla (www.biologienet.nl) bla bla bla.
LAY-OUT.
- Write in correct English and again write a smooth text with every heading. Do not use the
style of a telegram.
- You have to hand in a report, which is made at the computer. You also should be able to
make graphs and tables with the computer.
- You have to number the pages.
- In the graphs and such you are allowed to use different colours, but if you print it ni blackand-white you (also) have to use different textures (e.g. /// or \\\ or ### or ***).
- Take care of the marginal line (margins). On all sides it has to be + 2.5 cm (1 inch) free
space.
- You should print the pages only on one side .
REPRODUCTION OF TABLES AND GRAPHS.
- With every figure, graphs and/or table goes:
a. a number,
b. a subscription,
c. and if needed a key ( a so-called legend)
- You always have to name the X- and Y-axes with the right units and a right graduated scale.
- On the X-axes you put the independent variable and on the Y-axes you put the dependent
variable.
- You have to adapt the X- and Y-axes-scale to your data. That means that you have to use at
least half of each axes.
- With comparable graphs you use on the X-axes and/or Y-axes the same scale.
- You should never use two pages for one graph/figure or table.
Adjesblad Virtual Flylab 5 VWO B1
Assessment criteria
Overall neatness/impression 0 1
Table of contents
01
INTRODUCTION
Observation
Problem
0 1
0 1 2
MATERIAL & METHODS
Material & Methods
0 1 2
RESULTS
Text
Figure/table
0 1 2
0 1 2
DISCUSSION
Dominant/recessive
X-chromosomal
Linked
Overall impression
0
0
0
0
SUMMARY
Problem/Conclusion
0 1 2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
total amount of credits to get: 25
total amount of credits gained:
percentage of mark
...%
final mark
......
....
1. Dit klopt niet. Het mannetje is dd.
2. Dit is niet zo'n zinvolle kruising.
3. De Probleemstelling ontbreekt.
Name: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Vormen zul je bedoelen. soorten
kunnen niet met elkaar paren!
5. Dit hoort in de MATERIAAL &
METHODE thuis.
6. Dit hoort in de RESULTATEN thuis.
7. Nu moet je gaan vertellen wat je
precies gedaan hebt.
8. Ik mis bijlage 1 hier? Waarom is die
anders wel opgenomen in je bijlage?
Dat moet je hier uitleggen.
9. Dit staat niet in bijlage 3 maar in bijlage
1!
10. Bijlage 3 bedoel je.
11. Hoe kom je nu aan deze dieren? Dat
moet je hier uitleggen.
12. Sorry maar hier klopt niets van. Het
gaat in bijlage 5 niet over vestigal.
13. Dit klopt niet => bijlage 5.
14. Dit klopt niet => bijlage 6.
15. You have to refer to the number of
your figure, table or graph.
16. Every figure, table, graph has:
a. a number
b. a subscription and if needed
c. a legend
17. bijlage 7 & 8.
18. Leg uit dat snap ik niet.
19. The Methods are not allowed in the
SUMMARY. In the SUMMARY you
only write the Problem(s) and the
most important Conclusion(s) and
nothing more!
20. In a report you have to write it as if
you invented it by yourself and you
never should mention that it is an
assignment. Besides you should
avoid to use the verb ‘have to’ as
much as possible. So do not write
16
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
we had to do this and we had to that
because the teacher told us to do.
This also counts for a sentence like:
‘We got the assignment…’.
In je DISCUSSIE moet je het volgende
bespreken:
a. wat was/waren ook al weer je
Hypothese(s)
b. wat zie je in verband met die
hypothese(s) in je RESULTATEN?
c. komt dit met elkaar overeen?
d. je hypothese(s) klopt/kloppen dus
wel of niet
Really? Why? Explain?
Dit klopt niet. Het is 2:1.
en dichaete.
Dit kan niet. Als A (stubble) niet
gekoppeld is met B (lobe) en C
(dichaete) wel gekoppeld is met A, dan
kan B nooit met C gekoppeld zijn.
Je moet dit anders noteren. Eerst de
achternaam van de 1e schrijver, dan
zijn voorletters (in dit geval dus Maier
E.) en dan "et al." omdat er meerdere
auteurs zijn. Dan de titel dus Nectar
VWO biologie 1, dan de uitgeverij, de
plaats van uitgifte en het jaar van
uitgifte dus Wolters-Noordhoff,
Groningen, 1998.
In de INHOUDSOPGAVE moet je niet
de INHOUDSOPGAVE vermelden.
Ho, ho, you have to explain how you
find your Conclusion. With a
calculation you show that it is right
what you are saying. It seemed to
me that this is more a SUMMARY
then a discussion of your Results.
The SUMMARY is missing.
30. Deze strepen duiden op een lege
inktcartridge of verstopte
spuitopeningen van de printerkop.
31. The real Observation is missing.
32. The connecting words are missing.
33. The Internet address is missing.
34. This is not right => fig. 3! (in fig. 4
the mother is wild and that is
dominant).
35. Ho, ho here is a lethal factor for
dichaete and then the results are
different than for two not-lethal
factors.
36. You can not use this one to
determine if there is a linkage,
because the results of a cross are
the same if it is linked or not.
37. You do not have to examine if
dichaete and dumpy are linked,
because you have found that purple
and dumpy are linked (see fig. 9, is
right) and that purple and dichaete
are linked (fig. 11, this is wrong, but
you do not know (see ad 36)), so if
purple is linked to dumpy and
purple is linked also to dichaete,
then dichaete will also be linked
with dumpy. The only question is if
there us crossing-over.
38. Also here you choose the wrong
continuation, otherwise you would
have seen that they were not linked
(see ad 36).
39. Dit snap ik niet.
40. Why did you not try this?
41. Ik zou een ander onderschrift gekozen
hebben.
42. Dit moet dus eerder!
43. Een eigenschap kan niet doodgaan.
Het organisme (het fruitvliegembryo)
gaat door voordat het geboren wordt.
44. Je hebt net steeds beweerd dat die
(BB) niet bestaat. Je moet dus zeggen:
Curly (B) is een letale factor dat
betekent dat homozygoot dominant
(BB) niet voorkomt.
45. Dit mag niet in een verslag.
46. Keurig maar wat heb je nu gedaan?
47. De streep staat verkeerd.
48. Dit moet uitgebreider. Waarom heb je
nu deze kruisingen uitgevoerd?
49. Je moet wel een 'lopend verhaal'
schrijven.
50. Wild kan toch ook heterozygoot zijn?
51. Dichaete/Curly is een letale factor
waarbij homozygoot dominant dood
gaat.
52. En hoe zit het dan bij dichaete?
53. Dit hoeft niet. Het kan ook homozygoot
dominant zijn: MM * MM => ook alleen
MM.
54. Dit kun je zo niet zeggen.
55. This heading should be MATERIAL
& METHODS.
56. Dit vind ik niet erg duidelijk.
57. De Methode moet in de verleden tijd.
58. This is not right.
59. Dit klopt wel, maar niet op grond van
jouw veronderstelling dat forked
dominant is.
60. Nee, want in fig. 1 is het mannetje niet
dominant maar recessief en het
vrouwtje is niet recessief maar
dominant!
61. Zie fig. 2
62. Dit hoort in de SAMENVATTING thuis.
63. This should be in the chapter
discussion.
64. Which properties did you explore?
65. And what about ‘crossing over’?
66. The Material is missing.
67. This has to be more detailed.
17
68. Fig. 3 is the same cross as figure 1,
not really significant.
69. This is not right => 1:3!
70. I think that some data is missing. Is
there another possibility why 2 wild
flies are producing different
offspring. It seemed to me a
mutation occurred, but this is not
possible in the program Flylab.
71. Indeed it seems not much. But
practically it was a bit more then 10
minutes. I think you were not
present at 18.10, but at 18.45. If you
do this with your boss later (or
maybe you are working already), I
think he will not accept it easily.
After all I was far too reasonable.
72. Ook de titelpagina hoort niet in de INHOUDSOPGAVE (zie ook ad. 27).
73. De titelpagina moet je niet nummeren.
74. Conclusie is geen apart hoofdje. Dit
hoort in de DISCUSSIE thuis.
75. Dit heb je vast ergens vandaan. Dan
moet je citeren en achterin een
LITERATUURLIJST opnemen.
76. Hoe doe je dat? Hoe voorkom je dat
mannetjes het ook krijgen?
77. Ik hoop dat je meer gedaan hebt dan
dit.
78. Een eigenschap kan niet heterozygoot
zijn, alleen dominant of recessief.
79. Onzin!! Volgens mij snappen jullie er
niet veel van.
Table of possible outcomes for Flylab experiments
All properties in Flylab
A, B & C: the 3 autosomal chromosomes
G is the genderchromosome
r = recessive
D = dominant
DL = dominant & lethal
w
vein
wing
shape
wing
size
eye shape
eye color
body color
bristle
rX
r
rX
r
DL
r
r
rX
rX
rX
antenneDL
r
r
r
rX
DX
r
D
DL
r
rX
r
DL
r
r
rX
rX
r
angle DL
fork
forked zzz
shaven xxx
singed GGG
spineless
xxx
stubblexxx
black xxx
ebony xxx
sable GGG
tan
GGG
yellow GGG
aristapedia
xxx
brown xxx
purple xxx
sepia xxx
white GGG
bar
GGG
eyelessxxx
lobe xxx
star
xxx
apterousxxx
miniature
GGG
vestigialxxx
curly xxx
curved xxx
dumpy xxx
scalloped
GGG
crossveinless
GGG
incomplete
xxx
dichaetexxx
shav
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
bristle
sing
GGG
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
spin
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
CCC
stub
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
CCC
blac
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
ebon
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
body color
sabl
tan
GGG GGG
xxx
xxx
GGG GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
GGG
GGG zzz
GGG GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG GGG
GGG GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG GGG
GGG GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
yell
GGG
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
ante
aris
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
CCC
brow
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
eye color
purp sepi
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
BBB
AAA xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
BBB
AAA xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
whit
GGG
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
bar
GGG
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
eye shape
eyel
lobe
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
zzz
AAA xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
BBB
AAA xxx
AAA xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
star
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
zzz
AAA
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
apte
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
zzz
xxx
AAA
xxx
AAA
AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
wing size
mini
vest
GGG xxx
xxx
AAA
GGG xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
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AAA
xxx
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GGG xxx
GGG xxx
GGG xxx
xxx
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AAA
xxx
AAA
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GGG xxx
GGG xxx
xxx
AAA
xxx
xxx
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AAA
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zzz
xxx
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zzz
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AAA
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AAA
GGG xxx
GGG xxx
xxx
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xxx
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curl
xxx
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BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
BBB
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
wing shape
curv dump
xxx
xxx
AAA AAA
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
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AAA AAA
xxx
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AAA AAA
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zzz
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AAA zzz
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scal
GGG
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GGG
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GGG
GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
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GGG
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
zzz
GGG
xxx
xxx
wing vein
cros inco
GGG xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG xxx
xxx
CCC
xxx
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG xxx
GGG xxx
GGG xxx
xxx
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
GGG xxx
GGG xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
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GGG xxx
xxx
xxx
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xxx
xxx
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xxx
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GGG xxx
zzz
xxx
xxx
zzz
xxx
CCC
angl
dich
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
CCC
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
CCC
xxx
xxx
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CCC
zzz
G
A
G
C
C
A
B
G
G
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C
A
A
B
G
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A
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AAA
G
G
C
C