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The Professions of Audiology & SpeechLanguage Therapy
The Speech Chain
Models of Communication
Components of Human
Communication
• Voice
• Articulation
• Language
• Fluency
• Hearing
A Definition
Disorders of Human Communication
Communication Disorder: a diagnosed condition
in which a person is unable to say correctly what
• Voice (phonation & resonance)
s/he wants to say , and/or is unable to understand
• Articulation (omit, distort, substitute, add)
some or most of what is being said.
• Language (syntax, semantics, pragmatics)
• Fluency (stuttering & cluttering)
• Hearing (conductive, sensorineural loss)
Such labels should place the person “before”
the label. “A child with cerebral palsy” vs “A
cerebral palsied child”
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Communication Disorders in
Society
Classification of Communication
Disorders
WHEN did the disorder occur?
•Developmental (i.e., congenital)
•Acquired (i.e., after birth)
Classification of Communication
Disorders
Organic Communication Disorder
What does it look like?
HOW did the disorder occur? (aetiology)
•Organic (i.e., structural)
•Functional (i.e., no structural cause)
Organic Communication Disorder
What does it look like?
Organic Communication Disorder
What does it look like?
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Functional Communication Disorder
What does it look like?
Classification of Communication
Disorders
Prevalence of Communication
Disorders
Boys & Girls
• 46,000,000 in USA (approx 1 out of 8-10)
• 2,700,00 in Australia
• ? In New Zealand
• 15% of Preschoolers (0-5 years of age)
• 10% of School-Age (6-17 years of age)
• Approx 500,000 with some form of hearing
impairment
Professions
• Speech-Language Therapy (Pathology) –
the study of human communication,
swallowing, speech-language therapy, and
its disorders.
• Audiology – The study of human
communication, normal processes of
hearing, and hearing loss.
Speech-Language Therapist
• A professional educated in the study of
human communication, speech-language
development, and its disorders. By
evaluating the speech, language, and
swallowing skills of children and adults, the
speech-language therapist determines
what communication or swallowing problem
exist (i.e., assessment) and the best way to
treat them (i.e., management).
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Audiologist
Professional Settings for SLTs
• Schools
• Hospitals
• Private Practice
• Universities (clinical supervision, teaching, research)
• Research Laboratories
• Other health care facilities
Professional Settings for AUDs
• A professional educated in the study of
human communication, normal hearing
processes, and hearing loss. The audiologist
determines if a person has a hearing loss,
what type of loss, and how the person can
benefit from using hearing aids (i.e.,
assessment). The audiologist can assist with
the selection, fitting, and purchase of the
most appropriate aids with training in their
effective use (i.e., management).
Services Provided by AUDs & SLTs
• Hospitals
• Screenings
• Physicians’ offices
• Evaluations
• Private Practice
• Treatment
• Universities (clinical supervision, teaching, research)
• Counseling
• Research laboratories
• Consultation
• Schools
• Industry
Number of Professionals
History of the Professions
• Approximately 120,000 (AUD/SLT) in USA
• Approximately 3500 (AUD/SLT) in OZ
• Approximately 800 (AUD/SLT) in NZ
• Approximately 13,000 (AUD/SLT) in UK
• Approximately 2000 (AUD/SLT) in India
John Thelwall
Alexander Melville Bell
1764-1834
1819-1905
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History of the Professions
Henry Sweet
Wilhelm Wundt
1845-1912
1832-1920
History of the Professions
Carl Seashore
Lee Edward Travis
1866-1949
1896-1987
History of the Professions
History of the Professions
Sara Stinchfield Hawk
Raymond Carhart
1885-1977
1912-1975
Professional Education:
University Department
• Speech and Hearing Sciences
• Speech Pathology & Audiology
Halle Quinn Brown
• Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology
1849-1949
• Speech & Language Therapy
• Communicative Disorders
• Communication Disorders
• Communication Sciences & Disorders
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SLT Educational Requirements: USA
• 4-year Bachelor Degree in Communication
Disorders (BSc or BA)
– Years 1 & 2 “related” areas of study
– Years 3 & 4 “major” areas of study
– Minimal fieldwork
SLT Educational Requirements: NZ
• 4-year Bachelor Degree (BSLT)
– Year 1, Intermediate Year
• “related” areas studied
• 2-year Masters Degree (MSc or MA)
– 4 semesters, 3 papers/semester
– 350 hours of fieldwork across 2 years
– Minimum of 3 sites
• Clinical Fellowship Year (CFY)
– 9 months of supervised work
• National Examination
• Certificate of Clinical Competency (CCC)
AUD Educational Requirements: USA
• 4-year Bachelor Degree in Communication Disorders
(BSc or BA)
– Years 1 & 2 “related” areas of study
– Years 3 & 4 “major” areas of study
– Minimal fieldwork
• 3-4 year Doctor of Audiology (AuD) degree
– Years 1-3, concentrated coursework
– 600 hours of fieldwork with some fieldwork
– Year 4, Externship
• 1st year of employment involves supervised fieldwork
(CFY)
• National Examination
• Certificate of Clinical Competency (CCC)
– Years 2-4, Professional Years
• PY1, 8 papers, 10% fieldwork
• PY2, 8 papers, 20% fieldwork
• PY3, 8 papers, 30% fieldwork
• BSLT meets requirements of NZSTA
AUD Educational Requirements: NZ
• 4-year Bachelor Degree
– Any degree considered, BSLT “preferred”
• 2-year Master of Audiology (MAud) degree
– Year 1, concentrated coursework with some fieldwork
• Summer 10-week block placement
– Year 2, some coursework, clinic work, but primarily
thesis
• 1st year of employment involves supervised
fieldwork (CFY)
• Certificate of Clinical Competency (CCC)
Qualities of an AUD/SLP
• People skills
• Problem solving skills
• Patience
• Compassion
• Excellent listening skills
• Good observational skills
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Ethics
Research Ethics
Defined: principles guiding research
practice that are in the best interest of
the participant (not the researcher).
A set of principles and
values that govern
behaviour to accord
with a notion of
morality. The process
of determining right
and wrong conduct.
Nuremberg Proceedings
On 9 December, 1946, an American military tribunal opened
criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians
and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes
and crimes against humanity.
During testimony at the Doctors
Trial, American medical expert Dr.
Leo Alexander points to scars on
Jadwiga Dzido’s leg. Dzido, a
member of the Polish underground,
was a victim of medical experiments
at the Ravensbrueck concentration
camp.
Research Ethics
• Research involving human participants
needs to meet ethical standards to
ensure no harm occurs to the
participants.
• Prior to undertaking research
with human participants, the
researcher MUST obtain approval from
a governing body (e.g., university).
1. Members shall hold paramount the
welfare of clients served professionally.
Professional Ethics
• The principles and standards that underlie one's
responsibilities and conduct in a particular field of
expertise (profession). The principles are in the best
interest of the consumer (not the provider).
• Code of Ethics: A list of ethical principles developed by
a specific profession to guide best practice…subject to
change.
• NZSTA Code of Ethics
• NZAS Code of Ethics
2. Members shall maintain high standards of
professional competence.
3. Members’ statements to clients served
professionally and to the public shall
provide accurate information about the
nature and management of communicative
disorders and about the profession and
services rendered by its practitioners.
4. Members engaged in research shall
conduct unbiased investigations relevant
to the understanding of communication
disorders.
5. Members shall honour their
responsibilities to their profession and
their relationships with colleagues and
members of allied professions.
6. Members shall uphold the dignity of the
profession and freely accept the
profession’s self-imposed standards.
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Cultural Considerations & Communication
Disorders
Some Cultural Styles
• Sharing Space
• Touching
• Eye Contact
• Time Ordering
Current Issues in the
Professions
Professional Licensure
• Evidence-Based
Practice (EPB)
Professional Licensure
Department of Communication
Disorders
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