First Romanesque
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702131/702831 European p Architecture A ‘First First Romanesque Romanesque’ & Ottonian COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice Europe in AD 998 Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 53 the Ottonian the Ottonian division of Charlemagne’s g empire p 843 temporary reunion 885-8 raids of the Magyars &c &c, C10th Germany regains territory in the Netherlands and Belgium, 925 Germany annexes northern Italy 951-961 Otto creates the German Empire, 962 Germany defeats the Magyars, 985 S Maria, Mittelzell, Reichenau, 819, 991-6 &c: interior Howard Saalman, Medieval Architecture (London 1968 [New York 1962]), fig 45 S Maria, Mittelzell: plan Saalman Medieval Architecture Saalman, Architecture, fig 44 S Maria, Mittelzell: westwork 1030 westwork, 1030-1048 1048 K J Conant Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1959), pl 8 St Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 961 onwards and C12th John Beckwith, Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque (London 1964), p 88 St Cyriakus, Gernrode:, 971 onwards west end Lewis, Architectura, p 271 St Cyriakus: drawings Henry Stierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture (2 vols, London 1977), I, p 141 St Cyriakus: interior Beckwith, Early Medieval Art, p 89 St Cyriakus H Demetrios, Salonika, late C5th Beckwith, ec , Early a y Medieval ed e a Art,, p 89 Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 23 St Michael, Hildesheim, 1001-1033: plan Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), p 59 St Michael, Hildesheim: isometric Stierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture, I, p 143 St Michael, Hildesheim: restoration view Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 72 St Michael, Hildesheim: views of nave & north transept Altet, The Early Middle Ages, p 157; Künstler, Romanesque Art, pl 141 St Michael, Mi h l Hildesheim detail of block capital Pevsner, Outline of European Pevsner Architecture [1968], p 67 block capital from Klein-Komburg, near Swabisch Hall Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 239 the revival of vaulting THE REVIVAL OF VAULTING the barrel vault (semi-cylindrical) the intersecting or groin vault th d the domed-up d vaultlt barrel vault, showing thrust After Lewis, Architectura, p 22 St.-Savin-surS S i Gartempe, France, 1075 onwards MUAS 9894 barrel and intersecting vaults Cichy, y, Great Ages g of Architecture,, p 429 comparison of intersecting and barrel vaulting MUAS 24,604 intersecting vaulting, without, and with wall and transverse ribs Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 139 a definition of Romanesque architecture the architecture of Romanised, Christianised Europe, as it developed round about AD 1000 influenced byy surviving g Roman buildings g in Europe, p and only secondarily by the Byzantine world characterised h t i db by b barrell and d groin i vaulting lti shows important links between the different countries of Europe shows considerable regional variations primarily i il an architecture hit t off churches h h and d religious li i buildings Ravenna & Syria Ravenna & Syria sources of the ‘First Romanesque’ blind arcading machicolation the corbelled shaft the corbel table the pilaster strip Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c 425 Miles Lewis Sant' Apollinare in Classe Ravenna Classe, Ravenna, c 532-549 clerestory south flank Miles Lewis Palace of Diocletian, Spalato: the Porta Aurea or north gateway: reconstr ction reconstruction view Axel Boëthius & J B WardPerkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528 St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, Syria, c 460-480 elevations of the nave wall and apse exterior Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 109 St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, c 460-480: apse detail Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 24 Palace of Diocletian, the Porta Aurea or north th gateway: t reconstruction t ti view i 'Palace Palace of the Exarchs' Exarchs [['Calchi Calchi Palace'], Ravenna, possibly C6th Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528 Ed A Longo, Ravenna, Rip Vietata ‘Palace of the Exarchs’: detail Miles Lewis the appearance of the arcaded corbel table & pilaster strip Orthodox Baptistery, Ravenna: detail of upper walls, probably c 450 Miles Lewis Ravennate influence Ravennate influence Lombard control of northern Italy 568-750 guild of magistri commacini commacini, or comacini by 643 brick buildings with arcaded corbel tables and pilaster strips triple apses raking g corbel tables arcaded galleries stone buildings similar Lombard or Lombardus – a stonemason Baptistery at Lomello, C8th view & plan Miles Lewis Paolo Verzone, From Theodoric to Charlemagne (London 1968 [1967]), p 128 St Peter, Mistail (Grisons), possibly C8th (tower later) Saalman, Medieval Architecture, fi 14 fig 14; Sti Stierlin, li Encyclopædia E l di off World Architecture, I, p 137 S Giorgio, Valpolicella, C8th or 10th?: plan Raffaele Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (London 1896), p 101 San Salvatore Salvatore, Brescia Brescia, early C9th: view down nave Abbey Church of Santa Maria, Pomposa, nave possibly pre-1000: nave looking west Donald Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (London 1965), p 21 Eva-Maria Wagner, Pre-Romanesque Art (London 1966 [Frankfurt am main 1965]), pl 155 emergence of the ‘First First Romanesque’ Romanesque emergence of the ‘First Romanesque’ brick buildings triple apses pilaster strips arcaded corbel tables raking corbel tables arcaded gallery around the apse San Vincenzo in Prato, Milan, c 833: east end Miles Lewis San Vincenzo in Prato: nave Miles Lewis San Vincenzo in Prato nave arcading Miles Lewis the First Romanesque in Italy S Vincenzo in Prato Prato, Milan S Pietro, Agliate B ti t Baptistery, Agliate A li t Duomo & campanile, Torcello Sta Maria Maggiore, Lomello S Michele Lomello Campanile of S Satiro, Milan S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan (with baptistery) Miles Lewis Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy, p 257 Baptistery, Agliate view & detail Miles Lewis Abbey Church of Sta Maria, Pomposa with the campanile of 1063 François Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 182 ; Brian Lewis Duomo Santa Maria Assunta at Torcello, 641, rebuilt 864, 1068 view across the lagoon Miles Lewis Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta Fosca Brian Lewis Duomo, Torcello: plan Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 31 Duomo, Torcello view of nave; engraving of synthronon MUAS 6,786 James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 498 Duomo, Torcello: detail of arcading Miles Lewis Santa Maria Maggiore, Lomello, c 1025 view from south nave Miles Lewis Sta Maria Maggiore, Lomello view of roof Miles Lewis San Michele, Lomello, C11th Miles Lewis S Michele, Lomello: pier details Miles Lewis San Satiro, Milan, campanile, mid-C11th view & detail Miles Lewis the spread of the First Romanesque France Bell tower, tower Puissalicon, Puissalicon Hérault St-Guilhem-le-Desert, Hérault St Martin du Canigou near Prades St-Martin-du-Canigou, Spain Sta Cecilia, Montserrat S Climente, Cli t T Tahull h ll St Jaime de Frontanyá bell tower, Puissalicon, Hérault, ?late C11th elevation Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xxxix St-Guilhem-leDesert Hérault Desert, Hérault, C11th & C12th east elevation view Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xl Country Life Life, CLVII, CLVII 4045 (9 January 1975), p 75 St-Martin-duCanigou near Canigou, Prades (French Catalonia), 10011026 Daryl McFall St-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades 1001-1026: view & isometric Gantner, L'Art Monumental Romane en France, pl 112 Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 62 St-Martin-du-Canigou: interior Henri Focillon, The Art of the West in the Middle Ages (2nd ed, 2 vols, London 1969 [1963]), II, pl 4 Europe in 1092 McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 63 spread of the First Romanesque Miles Lewis Sta Cecilia, Montserrat, 957 or later, view from the east Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 29 S Climente, Tahull,, 1132,, from the east Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, g , p 214 St Jaime de Frontanyá, 1070 J J M Timmers, A Handbook of Romanesque Art (London 1969), pl 178 Cathedral of Sankt-Maria-und-Stephan Speyer, Germany, 1030-1062 reconstruction Speyer Cathedral east end (gable and apse 1082-1182) MUAS 14,837 Speyer Cathedral plan reconstruction plan of original crypt Künstler, Kü tl Romanesque R A Artt in i Europe, E p 102 H F Kubach, Romanesque Architecture (London 1988 [Milan 1978]), p 53 Speyer Cathedral crypt MUAS 14,839 Speyer Cathedral, crypt details Miles Lewis Basilica (or Aula Regia), Trier, Germany, AD 310 MUAS 12,610 Speyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061, and modern view Kubach, Romanesque Architecture, p 57 Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 101 Intersecting & domical vaults Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 143
