representative
directory
AND
data conversion
tables
Pharmaceutical • Biotech • Land Based • Micro Utilities
Beverage • Industrial sales • Military • Aftermarket
commercial marine • Offshore • Conversion Factors and Data
AQ UA- C H EM
Our Vision
Aqua-Chem strives to be a Customer-Driven
Solutions Provider of water processing
systems by integrating proven technology,
custom engineering, high quality
manufacturing, and superior parts
and service support.
2
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s
• Executive Management................................................................................................. 8
• Conversion Factors......................................................................................................... 22
• Properties of Saturated Steam.................................................................................... 24
• Frequently Used Formulas & Equivalents.............................................................. 32
• Salinity (Conductivity)
Readings Table............................................................................................................... 60
• pH Values........................................................................................................................... 61
• U.S. Gallons to Imperial Gallons
& Metric Equivalent Table.......................................................................................... 62
• Common Metric Equivalents
& Conversions................................................................................................................. 64
• Decimal Equivalents..................................................................................................... 66
• U.S. Gallons in Round Cylinders
for One Foot in Depth.................................................................................................. 67
• Approximate Density of Liquids............................................................................... 67
• Natural Functions of Angles...................................................................................... 68
• Geometric Formulas...................................................................................................... 69
• Surface & Volume of Solids.......................................................................................... 70
• Temperature Conversion Table................................................................................. 71
3
AQ UA- C H EM
At Aqua-Chem, Inc., the Global Leader in Water Purification, the customer’s voice is
always heard. Our quality design and technical expertise is the foundation that we
have built on for over 60 years. Aqua-Chem, Inc. is an ISO 9001 Company. We use
our extensive experience and in-depth understanding of water treatment applications
to develop an innovative and customized solution to the end user. This includes
biopharmaceutical firms, marine companies, municipalities and government entities.
Aqua-Chem specializes in the design and manufacture of equipment to produce high
purity water for key markets worldwide. We partner with customers in countries around
the world to deliver quality water for consumption, healthcare and industrial processes.
Our portfolio includes a full range of technologies including vapor compression
distillation, flash evaporation, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration and ion exchange.
From World War II to the present, on land and at sea, we’ve made sure that deployed
troops have safe drinking water. Our systems can operate from virtually any water
source: seawater, brackish, even fresh water contaminated by nuclear, biological and/
or chemical agents. We offer a number of alternatives to provide pure water or steam
for Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology, or Water for Injection applications. We offer Enviro
Technology to provide recycling solutions for water that will be discharged into the
environment. Aqua-Chem, along with Matrix and Specific Equipment Brands provide
complete water solutions in the markets we serve around the globe.
The Aqua-Chem team provides an array of engineering, manufacturing, installation,
training and maintenance services. Our worldwide team is available to assist you 24/7.
Our solutions focus on quality and longevity while reducing our ecological footprint
on the planet. We pride ourselves on the fact that Aqua-Chem is the premiere water
treatment and micro-utility company in the world. We look forward to understanding
your needs, helping you find a better solution – to better meet your challenges and your
company’s bottom line.
Our employees are the soul of the organization. Their passion and pride is reflected in
each unit that we manufacture. We appreciate your interest in our products and look
forward to being your turn key solutions provider.
4
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Water Solutions begin and end with Aqua-Chem.
A DIVISION OF
A DIVISION OF
Matrix, a Division of Aqua-Chem, was
founded in 1986 to provide state-of-theart reverse osmosis desalination systems
for marine and land-based applications.
Matrix watermakers are the toughest,
most reliable systems on the market
today.
Over time we have evolved to provide
innovative services to meet our client’s
needs, including wastewater treatment,
power generation, incineration systems,
and water treatment chemicals. Our
design build services can customize the
plant to meet your unique specifications.
We offer a range of packages tailored
to accommodate any budget. Our parts
and service department provides 24/7
worldwide support and is always ready
to give you the assistance that you need.
Specific Equipment Company, a Division
of Aqua-Chem, was founded in 1967
to provide fluid handling solutions to
customers around the world. Specific’s
portfolio includes fluid handling
systems for water and fuel as well as
reverse osmosis watermakers to purify
or desalinate water. The company
philosophy is to offer a solution that is
tailored to the customer’s requirements
– a “Specific Solution”.
We are proud of our reputation for
quality workmanship at competitive
prices and the reliability to deliver
on schedule. Our team is available to
assist you 24/7. Our solutions focus on
quality and longevity while remaining
environmentally friendly.
We look
forward to understanding your needs,
helping you find a better solution – to
better meet your challenges and your
company’s bottom line.
5
AQ UA- C H EM
executive management
DAVID J. GENSTERBLUM, President & CEO
THOMAS GILLCRIST, CFO
p. 865-544-2065
f. 865-524-5701
dgensterblum@aqua-chem.com
p. 865-549-5456
f. 865-546-4330
tgillcrist@aqua-chem.com
6
3001 E. Gov. John Sevier Hwy.
Knoxville, TN 37914
3001 E. Gov. John Sevier Hwy.
Knoxville, TN 37914
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Please visit Aqua-Chem’s website at
www.aqua-chem.com
for a complete list of Aqua-Chem’s Worldwide
Distributors and Representatives
7
AQ UA- C H EM
Vapor Compression Distillation
AQUA-CHEM Vapor Compression Distillation Units to produce USP Purified Water
and Water for Injection (WFI) for the Pharmaceutical and Biotech Markets. Our vapor
compression units feature Aqua-Chem’s Spray-Film® technology that generates high
heat transfer coefficients while keeping all of the evaporator tube surfaces adequately
wet during the evaporation process. This technology allows the operator to easily
observe the evaporation process and quickly clean or passivate our units without
flooding the evaporator vessel.
The vapor compressor is the heart of a vapor compression unit. Aqua-Chem began with
two compressor technologies - direct drive for our large units and belt drive for our
small units. Our large units today feature low-speed direct drive compressors which
have proven to be the most reliable compressors in the industry.
With VC evaporators, the majority of energy required is electricity. Evaporated vapor
is compressed and the latent heat of vaporization is used to continue the evaporation
cycle. As a result, only 40 to 60 Btu of mechanical energy are required for each pound
of evaporation.
Typical application of Vapor Compression evaporators include the following:
• Pharmaceutical/Biotech
USP/WFI
• Bottled Water
• Offshore Desalting
and Marine
Aqua-Chem’s Unique
Spray-Film® VC Process
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R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Basic heat transfer relationship:
Q = UAΔT
Where:
Q = Heat transferred by the condensing vapor
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient
A = Heat transfer surface area
ΔT = Effective temperature difference between
condensing vapor & boiling liquid
HP / 1000 LB. / HR. OF EVAPORATION
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
2
4
6
basis: 6% compressor recycle
3% bearing + gear losses
0 psig suction
77% ploytropic eff.
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Δ T GENERATED BY COMPRESSOR (°F SAT.)
Energy Consumption of Vapor Compression Evaporation
COST OF EVAPORATION ENERGY
($ / 1000 LBS. EVAPORATED)
1.0
20°F
COMPRESSOR ΔT
18°F
8
16°F
14°F
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
basis: 91% MOTOR
EFFICIENCY (0.82 KW / HP)
4
5
6
7
ELECTRICITY COST (¢ / KWH)
Cost of Energy for Motor-Driven Vapor Compression Evaporation
9
AQ UA- C H EM
Pharmaceutical/Biotech VC Stills
Aqua-Chem is a major supplier to the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Market since
1947. Our unique Spray-Film® Vapor Compression Stills produce Water for Injection
Distillate, used in the manufacture of intravenous solutions, drugs, and vaccines. Also
used for media in the Biotech Market. Engineering and manufacturing standards all
complly with CGMP’s as well as ASME and ISO9001. All systems come with complete
validation documentation, performance testing and LAL Challenge tests.
Model PR-6000 capable of producing 6000 GPH USP Purified & WFI water. With Low
Speed Beltless Compressor, shown to exceed 10 years of operating history without repair
maintenance.
Pharmaceutical Spray-Film® Vapor Compression unit. Model PR-6000.
10
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
PSG Pure Steam Generators
Aqua-Chem offers both standard and custom solutions for producing pure, clean
steam for sterilization processes in laboratories, hospitals, pharmaceutical and biotech
applications.
Our PSG Pure Steam Generators feature our u-tube design that allows the heat transfer
surfaces to expand and contract freely without stress.
Our extended warranty program is the best in the industry.
Our units are fully automatic, with PID loop control for pur steam and feedwater control.
All units undergo rigourous validation and testing prior to shipment.
Pure Steam Generator, Model PSG-4000 producing 4000 lbs/hr of pure steam.
11
AQ UA- C H EM
Marine
For many, the most reliable name in desalination is Aqua-Chem. Our seawater desalting
plants provide millions of gallons of fresh water daily throughout the world on all types
of commercial ships and military vessels.
We manufacture all types of marine distillers including: Flash, Spray-Film®, Vapor
Compression, Plate and Submerged Tube evaporators as well as Reverse Osmosis
systems. We can provide the right solution to your engine room designs. We also provide
various types of heat transfer equipment: such as lube oil coolers and heaters, fuel oil
coolers and heaters, electronic coolers, etc.
Six stage Flash Distillation Unit. 100,000 gallons per day.
Used on Nimitz Class aircraft carriers.
Shell and Tube Type titanium lube oil cooler
12
Plate Type
Heat Exchanger
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Military
Aqua-Chem has been serving the military’s needs for many years. One example is
providing our military with the capability to obtain drinkable water from virtually any
water source worldwide - from brackish and saltwater, to polluted water - including water
contaminated with nuclear fallout, as well as biological and chemical warfare agents
(NBC). Aqua-Chem’s versatile, totally self-contained RO systems are built to meet the
most demanding military requirements, making them ideal for military, civil emergency,
and harsh environment uses.
Tactical Water Purification System (TWPS)
TWPS unit deployed for use
TWPS unit packed for transport
US Navy High Purity
Reverse Osmosis Unit
13
AQ UA- C H EM
Offshore
Aqua-Chem is the industry standard for the many pure water demands of the Offshore
Market. Depending on the need, we have Spray-Film® Vapor Compression Units, RO
(Reverse Osmosis) systems, Plate Type and Flash Type Waste Heat Evaporator Units.
Rugged, reliable systems providing potable water for the Offshore Market.
Aqua-Chem Model
Zone 2 RO Unit
60 ton/day
AQUA-CHEM’s Plate-Pack Distillers,
SPD, units use heat from Diesel
jacket water to produce freshwater by
evaporating seawater under vacuum.
Steam or electricity can be used as an
alternate heat source.
14
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Land-Based reverse osmosis systems
Quality and reliability you can count on. Matrix SWRO Series Units are built using only
the most rugged components and conservative designs to provide a robust and longest
lasting unit. The SWRO Series is suitable for any land-based application from Hotels /
Resorts to Commercial / Industrial Facilities to Small Municipalities. Capacities range
from 10,000 USGPD (40 M3/Day) to 3,000,000 USGPD (12,000 M3/Day) in single train
configuration. Larger facilities are achieved by installing multiple trains.
1 MGD SWR
Design features:
• Duplex Stainless Steel High Pressure Pumps
• High Efficiency TEFC Motor
• FRP Pressure Vessels
• 6-moly High Pressure Piping
• TFC Spiral Wound Membranes
• NEMA 4x Control and Power Panels
• Optional FRP Skids
• Optional Prefiltration Systems
• Optional Post-Treatment Systems
• Optional Energy Recovery Systems with Energy
Consumption as Low as 2.5 kW-Hr/M3
• Custom Configurations to fit unique space requirements
15
AQ UA- C H EM
Industrial
Aqua-Chem engineers design synergistic water treatment solutions for every
application in the industrial market place. We design, build and service many types
of water treatment equipment. We have proven custom water treatment chemistries
for influent clarification, boiler, cooling, and wastewater systems. Aqua-Chem has
combined two industries (Equipment & Chemical manufacturing) , this provides one
solution for all of your water treatment needs.
Capabilities:
• Water Softeners
• Demineralization Systems
• Process Water Purification & Desalination Equipment
• Waste Heat Recovery
• Water Purification Equipment
• Micro-Utilities Design
• Plant Energy Audits
• Chemical Feed Systems
• Stocked Custom & OEM Parts
• Membrane System Maintenance Programs
• Membrane Maintenance & Cleaning Chemicals
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R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
micro-utilites
Land Based
Desalination
Waste Water
Treatment
Power
Generation
Solid waste
recycling
& incineration
our solutions:
Solid Waste Recycling & Incineration
MATRIX Solid Waste Solutions utilize clean technologies to control, sort and dispose
of solid waste streams for typical large-scale resort and municipal operations. After
evaluating existing or planned Greenfield development waste streams, MATRIX will
Design/Build a Turnkey solution that meets client expectations and environmental
concerns. MATRIX Solid Waste Solutions provide clean and sustainable disposal
through practical sorting, compacting, crushing and breaking recyclable materials and
incineration of burnable materials. One by-product of MATRIX process flow design is
composting of bio-degradable material and fly ash to create nitrogen rich soil for nursery
and grounds maintenance.
Power generation
MATRIX Power Solutions are provided through partnerships with specialty equipment
providers. Depending upon customer load profile and project phasing, MATRIX will
form the partnership group to provide a turnkey Design/Build and long-term Operate/
Maintain solution that will meet schedule and budget expectations. MATRIX power
solutions utilize light and heavy fuel engines along with renewable energy sources for
optimum efficiency and clean environmental performance.
Waste Water Treatment
MATRIX Liquid Waste Water Solutions utilize biological and membrane technologies
according to environmental and client requirements. Whether our client needs a
conventional biological utility with tertiary re-use for irrigation or specialty textile
treatment with dye and chemical separation for zero liquid discharge, MATRIX has the
technology and expertise to exceed expectations. Depending upon customer quality
and quantity requirements, MATRIX will manufacture the suitable technology; provide
complete turnkey Design/Build construction and Operate & Maintain the systems for
long term viability.
17
AQ UA- C H EM
Reverse Osmosis Systems
AQUA-CHEM designs and manufactures packaged, modular and portable Reverse
Osmosis systems in capacities up to 400,000 GPD. All AQUA-CHEM units are solidly
engineered, proven designs. Quality systems are available for all your Military, Marine
Shipboard, Platform, and Offshore Oil Rig applications.
Pre-Treatment Skid
(U.S. Navy RO System)
18
Sea Water
Model HPRO 2000 - 2,000 GPD
High Purity
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Matrix Emerald Series: Reverse Osmosis Systems
Emerald Series models are simple, reliable, and economical the Emerald Series delivers
Matrix high quality in a compact and quiet watermaker. The system delivers capacities
between 400 and 1200 gallons per day.
DESIGN FEATURES:
• Simple installation; cabinet or modular configuration in one package
• 5 micron cartridge filtration
• Timed freshwater flush assembly
• 316 stainless steel triplex high pressure pump with TEFC motor
• Corrosion resistant fiberglass pressure vessels
• 2.5 x 40 inch spiral wound, thin film composite membranes
• Powder coated non-corrosive aluminum frame
• NEMA 4X FRP control enclosure; waterproof wiring and conduit
• High-pressure relief valve for system protection
• Glycerin filled monel pressure gauges
• Product flow indicator
• 316 stainless steel high-pressure fittings
• Digital conductivity meter with LCD display
• Solenoid actuated divert valve for product quality assurance
• Operating manual available on paper and CD
• Standard installation kit
• Complete factory testing and sterilization
• Direct assistance from Matrix technicians during installation and
throughout the life of the system
19
AQ UA- C H EM
Matrix silver Series: Reverse Osmosis Systems
Matrix Silver Series units are extra heavy-duty and suitable for any application; be it
mega-yacht, cruise ship, oil rig, patrol boat, resorts, power plants, breweries, and other
environmentally hostile land-based applications. Matrix watermakers are the toughest,
most reliable systems on the market today. Capacities range from 600-105,000 GPD.
Higher capacity systems are available.
DESIGN FEATURES:
• High efficiency positive displacement pumps
• NEMA 4X Watertight electrical system
• Heavy duty, industrial use components
• Monel glycerin filled pressure gauges at all critical points
• Vibration Isolation mounts
• FDA approved fittings on all product water lines
• Powder coated non-corrosive aluminum frame
• Product and concentrate flow meters
• Product quality monitoring and safeguarding
• Fiberglass corrosion resistant pressure vessels
• TFC Spiral wound seawater membranes
• Low and high pressure shut-off protection
• Complete electrical circuit protection
• High efficiency TEFC motors
• Complete factory testing and sterilization
• Direct assistance from Matrix technicians during installation and
throughout the life of the system
20
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Beverage
Aqua-Chem vapor compression distillation systems kill bacteria and remove suspended
solids, dissolved minerals, and organic contaminants from feedwater for the production
of pure, good-tasting water by the bottled water industry. We offer a range of units that
produce as little as 200 GPH and as large as 7,300 GPH of distilled water. Our vapor
compression units feature Aqua-Chem’s Spray-Film® technology that generates high
heat transfer coefficients while keeping all of the evaporator tube surfaces adequately wet
during the evaporation process. This technology allows the operator to easily observe
the evaporation process and quikcly clean or passivate our units without flooding the
evaporator vessel. We provide a comprehensive operating manual with each unit to
assist customers with start-up and maintenance. All our units are factory tested prior
to shipment. The vapor compression units are fully packaged on a skid requiring the
customer to simply set the unit in place with minimal connections required.
Model BR-2500, with Low Speed Beltless Compressor.
Bottled Water VC Still
Model B200 - STEC-E
21
AQ UA- C H EM
Data Conversion Tables
22
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Special International Unit Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
h = heat-transfer coefficient
p.c.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°C.)
kg.-cal./(hr.)(m2)(°C.)
g.-cal./(sec.)(cm2)(°C.)
watts/(cm2)(°C.)
watts/(in.2)(°F)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft2)(°F.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft2)(°F.)
p.c.u./(hr.)(ft2)(°C.)
kg.-cal./(hr.)(m.2)(°C.)
g.-cal./(sec.)(cm.2)(°C.)
watts/(cm.2)(°C)
watts/(in.2)(°F.)
hp./(ft.2)(°F.)
1
0.2048
7380
1760
490
1
4.88
0.0001355
0.000568
0.00204
0.000394
µ = viscosity
centipoises
centipoises
centipoises
centipoises
centiimeters per second
g./(sec.)(cm.) or poise
lb./(sec.)(ft.)
lb./(hr.)(ft.)
kg./(hr.)(m.)
square feet per second
0.01
0.000672
2.42
3.60
929
k = thermal conductivity
g.-cal./(sec.)(cm.2)(°C./
cm.)
watts/(cm.2)(°C./cm.)
g.-cal./(hr.)(cm.2)(°C./cm)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F./in.)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F./in)
B.t.u./(hr.)(ft.2)(°F./in)
2903.0
694.0
0.8064
To Convert:
Multiply By:To Obtain:
KPA
0.145
lbs/sq.in.
MPA
1000
KPA
Gallons/day
6.944 x 10-4
Gal/min.
Gallons/day
4.167 x 10-2
Gal/hr.
Gallons/day
0.3472
lbs./hr.
Gallons/day
1.577 x 10-4
Metric tons/hr.
Gallons/day
3.785 x 10-3
Metric tons/day
Gallons/day
4.38 x 10-5
liters/sec.
23
AQ UA- C H EM
Properties of Saturated Steam - Temperature Table
Absolute Pressure
Temp
F
in Hg
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
24
mm Hg
lb/in2
Vacuum
in Hg
ref to
29.921
ln
bar at
32F
Specific
volume
sat vap
ft3/lbm
Vg
Total heat or enthalpy
Btu/lb
water
hr
evap
hfg
steam
hg
7.760
7.954
8.151
8.353
8.559
8.769
197.11
202.02
207.04
212.16
217.39
222.73
3.8114
3.9065
4.0035
4.1025
4.2036
4.3068
22.161
21.968
21.770
21.569
21.363
21.153
94.84
92.68
90.57
88.52
86.52
84.57
118.95
119.95
120.95
121.95
122.95
123.95
1007.6
1007.0
1006.4
1005.8
1005.2
1004.6
1126.5
1126.9
1127.3
1127.7
1128.2
1128.6
8.983
9.202
9.426
9.654
9.886
10.123
228.18
233.74
239.41
245.20
251.11
257.14
4.4122
4.5197
4.6294
4.7414
4.8556
4.9722
20.938
20.719
20.496
20.678
20.036
19.798
82.68
80.83
79.04
77.29
75.58
73.92
124.95
125.96
126.96
127.96
128.96
129.96
1004.0
1003.4
1002.8
1002.2
1001.6
1001.0
1129.0
1129.4
1129.8
1130.2
1130.6
1131.0
10.366
10.613
10.864
11.121
11.384
11.651
263.28
269.56
275.96
282.48
289.14
295.73
5.0911
5.2124
5.3361
5.4623
5.5911
5.7223
19.556
19.309
19.057
18.800
18.538
18.271
72.30
70.72
69.18
67.68
66.22
64.80
130.96
131.96
132.96
133.97
134.97
135.97
1000.4
999.8
999.2
998.6
998.0
997.4
1131.4
1131.8
1132.2
1132.6
1133.0
1133.4
11.923
12.201
12.484
12.773
13.068
13.368
302.85
309.91
317.10
324.44
331.92
339.54
5.8562
5.9926
6.1318
6.2736
6.4182
6.5656
17.998
17.720
17.437
17.148
16.854
16.554
63.41
62.06
60.74
59.45
58.19
56.97
136.97
137.97
138.98
139.98
140.98
141.98
996.8
996.2
995.6
995.0
994.4
993.8
1133.8
1134.2
1134.6
1135.0
1135.4
1135.8
13.674
13.985
14.303
14.627
14.957
15.293
347.31
355.23
363.30
371.52
379.90
388.42
6.7159
6.8690
7.0250
7.1840
7.3460
7.5110
16.248
15.936
15.618
15.295
14.965
14.629
55.77
54.61
53.47
52.36
51.28
50.225
142.99
143.99
144.99
145.99
147.00
148.00
993.2
992.6
992.0
991.4
990.8
990.2
1136.2
1136.6
1137.0
1137.4
1137.8
1138.2
15.635
15.983
16.339
16.701
17.070
17.445
397.12
405.96
415.01
424.22
433.58
443.09
7.679
7.850
8.025
8.203
8.384
8.568
14.287
13.939
13.582
13.220
12.851
12.477
49.194
48.189
47.207
46.249
45.313
44.400
149.00
150.01
151.01
152.01
153.02
154.02
989.6
989.0
988.4
987.8
987.1
986.5
1138.6
1139.0
1139.4
1139.8
1140.2
1140.5
17.827
18.216
18.611
19.016
19.426
19.845
452.81
462.69
472.72
483.02
493.41
504.06
8.756
8.947
9.141
9.340
9.541
9.747
12.094
11.705
11.310
10.905
10.496
10.076
43.508
42.638
41.787
40.957
40.146
39.354
155.02
156.03
157.03
158.04
159.04
160.05
985.9
985.3
984.7
984.1
983.5
982.8
1140.9
1141.3
1141.7
1142.1
1142.5
1142.9
20.271
20.702
21.144
21.592
22.050
22.514
514.87
525.84
537.06
548.43
560.07
571.86
9.956
10.168
10.385
10.605
10.830
11.058
9.651
9.219
8.777
8.329
7.871
7.407
38.580
37.824
37.086
36.364
35.659
34.970
161.05
162.05
163.06
164.06
165.07
166.08
982.2
981.6
981.0
980.4
979.7
979.1
1143.3
1143.7
1144.0
1144.4
1144.8
1145.2
22.987
23.467
23.956
24.456
24.960
25.475
583.86
596.06
608.48
621.15
633.97
647.05
11.290
11.526
11.766
12.011
12.259
12.512
6.935
6.454
5.966
5.467
4.962
4.447
34.297
33.639
32.996
32.367
31.752
31.151
167.08
168.09
169.09
170.10
171.10
172.11
978.5
977.9
977.2
976.6
976.0
975.4
1145.6
1146.0
1146.3
1146.7
1147.1
1147.5
26.000
26.531
27.073
27.625
28.185
28.755
660.40
673.89
687.65
701.67
715.89
730.37
12.770
13.031
13.297
13.568
13.843
14.123
3.921
3.390
2.848
2.297
1.737
1.167
30.564
29.989
29.428
28.878
28.341
27.816
173.12
174.12
175.13
176.14
177.14
178.15
974.7
974.1
973.5
972.8
972.2
971.6
1147.9
1148.2
1148.6
1149.0
1149.4
1149.7
29.333
29.921
745.05
760.00
14.407
14.696
0.588
0.000
27.302
26.799
179.16
180.17
970.9
970.3
1150.1
1150.5
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Properties of Saturated Steam - Temperature Table
Temp
F
Abs
press
lb/ln2
Specific
volume
ft3/lbm
Vg
Entropy,
Btu/lbm x F
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Sat
liquid
hf
Sat
vapor
hg
Sat
liquid
Sf
212
14.696 26.799180.17970.3
213
14.990 26.307181.17969.7
214
15.289 25.826182.18969.0
215
15.592 25.355183.19968.4
216
15.901 24.894184.20967.8
1150.5
1150.8
1151.2
1151.6
1152.0
0.31211.7568
212
0.31361.7552
213
0.31511.7536
214
0.31661.7520
215
0.31811.7505
216
220
17.186 23.148188.23965.2
224
18.556 21.545192.27962.6
228
20.015 20.073196.31960.0
232
21.567 18.718200.35957.4
236
23.216 17.471204.40954.8
1153.4
1154.9
1156.3
1157.8
1159.2
0.32411.7442
220
0.33001.7380
224
0.33591.7320
228
0.34171.7260
232
0.34761.7201
236
240
24.968 16.321208.45952.1
244
26.826 15.260212.50949.5
248
28.796 14.281216.56946.8
252
30.883 13.375220.62944.1
256
33.091 12.538224.69941.4
1160.6
1162.0
1163.4
1164.7
1166.1
0.35331.7142
240
0.35911.7085
244
0.36491.7028
248
0.37061.6972
252
0.37631.6917
256
260
35.427 11.762228.76938.6
264
27.894 11.042232.83935.9
268
40.500 10.375236.91933.1
272
43.249 9.755 240.99930.3
276
46.147 9.180 245.08927.5
1167.4
1168.7
1170.0
1171.3
1172.5
0.38191.6862
260
0.38761.6808
264
0.39321.6755
268
0.39871.6702
272
0.40431.6650
276
280
49.200 8.6439249.2
284
52.414 8.1453253.3
288
55.795 7.6807257.4
292
59.350 7.2475261.5
296
63.084 6.8433265.6
924.6
921.7
918.8
915.9
913.0
1173.8
1175.0
1176.2
1177.4
1178.6
0.40981.6599
280
0.41541.6548
284
0.42081.6498
288
0.42631.6449
292
0.43171.6400
296
300
67.005 6.4658269.7
304
71.119
6.1130
273.8
308
75.433 5.7830278.0
312
79.953 5.4742282.1
316
84.688 5.1849286.3
320
89.643 4.9138290.4
324
94.826 4.6595294.6
328
100.245 4.4208298.7
332
105.907 4.1966302.9
336
111.820 3.9859307.1
910.0
907.0
904.0
901.0
897.9
1179.7
1180.9
1182.0
1183.1
1184.1
0.43721.6351
300
0.4426
1.6303
304
0.44791.6256
308
0.45331.6209
312
0.45861.6162
316
894.8
891.6
888.5
885.3
882.1
1185.2
1186.2
1187.2
1188.2
1189.1
0.46401.6116
320
0.46921.6071
324
0.47451.6025
328
0.47981.5981
332
0.48501.5936
336
340
117.992 3.7878311.3
344
124.430 3.6013315.5
348
131.142 3.4258319.7
352
138.138 3.2603323.9
356 145.424
3.1044
329.1
878.8
875.5
872.2
868.9
865.5
1190.1
1191.0
1191.9
1192.7
1193.6
0.49021.5892
340
0.49541.5849
344
0.50061.5806
348
0.50581.5763
352
0.5110
1.5721
356
360
153.010 2.9573332.3
364 160.903
2.8184
336.5
368
169.113 2.6873340.8
372
177.648 2.5633345.0
376
186.517 2.4462349.3
380
195.729 2.3353353.6
384
205.294 2.2304357.9
388 215.220
2.1311
362.2
392
225.516 2.0369366.5
396
236.193 1.9477370.8
862.1
858.6
855.1
851.6
848.1
1194.4
1195.2
1195.9
1196.7
1197.4
0.51611.5678
360
0.5112
1.5637
364
0.52631.5595
368
0.53141.5554
372
0.53651.5513
376
844.5
840.8
837.2
833.4
829.7
1198.0
1198.7
1199.3
1199.9
1200.4
0.54161.5473
380
0.54661.5432
384
0.5516
1.5392
388
0.55671.5352
392
0.56171.5313
396
400
247.259 1.8630375.1
404
258.725 1.7827379.4
408
270.600 1.7064383.8
412
282.894 1.6340388.1
416
295.617 1.5651392.5
825.9
822.0
818.2
814.2
810.2
1201.0
1201.5
1201.9
1202.4
1202.8
0.56671.5274
400
0.57171.5234
404
0.57661.5195
408
0.58161.5157
412
0.58661.5118
416
420
308.78
424
322.39
428
336.46
432
351.00
436 366.03
806.2
802.2
798.0
739.3
789.7
1203.1
1203.5
1203.7
1204.0
1204.2
0.59151.5080
420
0.59641.5042
424
0.60141.5004
428
0.60631.4966
432
0.6112
1.4928
436
1.4997396.9
1.4374401.3
1.3782405.7
1.3218410.1
1.2681
414.6
Evap
hfg
Sat
vapor
Sg
Temp
F
25
AQ UA- C H EM
Properties of Saturated Steam - Temperature Table
Temp
F
Abs
press
lb/ln2
Specific
volume
ft3/lbm
Vg
Entropy,
Btu/lbm x F
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Sat
liquid
hf
Evap
hfg
Sat
vapor
hg
Sat
liquid
Sf
Sat
vapor
Sg
Temp
F
440
381.54
1.21687419.0785.41204.4 0.61611.4890
440
444
397.56
1.16806423.5781.11204.6 0.62101.4853
444
448
414.09
1.12152428.0776.71204.7 0.62591.4815
448
452
431.14
1.07711432.5772.31204.8 0.63081.4778
452
456
448.73
1.03472437.0767.81204.8 0.63561.4741
456
460
466.87
0.99424441.5763.21204.8 0.64051.4704
460
464
485.56
0.95557446.1758.61204.7 0.64541.4667
464
468
504.83
0.91862450.7754.01204.6 0.65021.4629
468
472
524.67
0.88329455.2749.31204.5 0.65511.4592
472
476
545.110.84950459.9744.51204.3 0.65991.4555
476
480
566.15
0.81717464.5739.61204.1 0.66481.4518
480
484
587.81
0.78622469.1734.71203.8 0.66961.4481
484
488
610.10
0.75658473.8729.71203.5 0.67451.4444
488
492
633.03
.072820478.5724.61203.1 0.67931.4407
492
496
656.61
0.70100483.2719.51202.7 0.68421.4370
496
500
680.86
0.67492487.9714.31202.2 0.68901.4333
500
504
705.78
0.64991492.7709.01201.7 0.69391.4296
504
508
731.40
0.62592497.5703.71201.7 0.69871.4258
508
512
757.72
0.60289502.3698.21200.5 0.70361.4221
512
516
784.76
0.58079507.1692.71199.8 0.70851.4183
516
520
812.53
0.55956512.0687.01199.0
524
841.04
0.53916516.9681.31198.2
528
870.31
0.51955521.8675.51197.3
532
900.34
0.50070526.8669.61196.4
536
931.17
0.48257531.7663.61195.4
536
540
962.79
0.46513536.8657.51194.3
544
995.22
0.44834541.8651.31193.1
548
1028.49
0.43217546.9645.01191.9
552
1062.59
0.41660552.0638.51190.6
556
1097.55
0.40160557.2632.01189.2
0.71331.4146
520
0.71821.4108
524
0.72311.4070
528
0.72801.4032
532
0.73291.3993
0.73781.3954
540
0.74271.3915
544
0.74761.3876
548
0.75251.3837
552
0.75751.3797
556
560
1133.38
0.38714562.4625.31187.7
564
1170.10
0.37320567.6618.51186.1
568 1207.72
0.35975
572.9
611.5
1184.5
572
1246.26
0.34678578.3604.51182.7
576
1285.74
0.33426583.7597.21180.9
0.76251.3757
560
0.76741.3716
564
0.7725
1.3675
568
0.77751.3634
572
0.78251.3592
576
580
1326.2
0.32216589.1589.91179.0
584
1367.7
0.31048594.6582.41176.9
588
1410.0
0.29919600.1574.71174.8
592
1453.3
0.28827605.7566.81172.6
596 1497.8
0.27770
611.4
558.8
1170.2
0.78761.3550
580
0.79271.3507
584
0.79981.3464
588
0.80301.3420
592
0.8082
1.3375
596
600
1543.2
0.26747617.1550.61167.7
604
1589.7
0.25757622.9542.21165.1
608
1637.3
0.24796628.8533.61162.4
612
1686.1
0.23865634.8524.71159.5
616
1735.9
0.22960640.8515.61156.4
0.81341.3330
600
0.81871.3284
604
0.82401.3238
608
0.82941.3190
612
0.83481.3141
616
620
1786.9
0.22081646.9506.31153.2
624
1839.0
0.21226653.1496.61149.6
628
1892.4
0.20394659.5486.71146.1
632
1947.0
0.19583665.9476.41142.2
636
2002.8
0.18792672.4465.71138.1
0.84031.3092
620
0.84581.3041
624
0.85141.2988
628
0.85711.2934
632
0.86281.2879
636
640
2059.9
0.18021679.1454.61133.7
644
2118.30.17269685.9443.11129.0
648
2178.1
0.16534692.9431.11120.4
652
2239.2
0.15816700.0418.71118.7
656
2301.7
0.15115707.4405.71113.1
0.86861.2821
640
0.87461.2761
644
0.88061.2699
648
0.88681.2634
652
0.89311.2567
656
660
2365.7
0.14431714.9392.11107.0 0.89951.2498
660
664
2431.1
0.13757722.9377.11100.6 0.90641.2425
664
668
2498.1
0.13087731.5362.11093.5 0.91371.2347
668
672
2566.6
0.12424740.2345.71085.9 0.92121.2266
672
676
2636.8
0.11769749.2328.51077.6 0.92871.2179
676
26
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Properties of Saturated Steam - Temperature Table
Temp
F
Abs
press
lb/ln2
Specific
volume
ft3/lbm
Vg
Entropy,
Btu/lbm x F
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Sat
liquid
hf
Evap
hfg
Sat
vapor
hg
Sat
liquid
Sf
Sat
vapor
Sg
Temp
F
680
684
688
692
696
700
701
702
703
704
2.708.6
2782.1
2857.4
2934.5
3013.4
0.11117
0.10463
0.09799
0.09110
0.08370
758.5
768.2
778.8
790.5
804.4
310.1
290.2
268.2
243.1
212.8
1068.5
1058.4
1047.0
1033.6
1017.2
0.9365
0.9447
0.9535
0.9364
0.9749
1.2086
1.1984
1.1872
1.1744
1.1591
680
684
688
692
696
3094.3
3114.9
3135.5
3156.3
3177.2
0.07519
0.07271
0.06997
0.06684
0.06300
822.4
828.2
835.0
843.2
854.2
172.7
159.8
144.7
126.4
102.0
995.2
988.0
979.7
969.6
956.2
0.9901
0.9949
1.0006
1.0076
1.0169
1.1390
1.1326
1.1252
1.1163
1.1046
700
701
702
703
704
704.5
705.0
705.47
3187.8
3198.3
3208.2
0.06055
0.05730
0.05078
861.9
873.0
906.0
85.3
61.4
0.0
947.2
934.4
906.0
1.0234
1.0329
1.0612
1.0967
1.0856
1.0612
704.5
705.0
705.47
27
AQ UA- C H EM
Properties of Saturated Steam - Temperature Table
Gauge
Press
Sat.
Temp.
Deg.F.
Heat of
Vaporization
“Hg
29
79
1049
28
101
1036
27
115
1029
26
125
1023
25
134
1018
24
141
1014
23
147
1010
22
152
1007
21
157
1004
20
161
1001
19
166
999
18
169
997
17
173
995
16
176
993
15
179
991
14
182
989
13
185
987
12
187
985
11
190
984
10
192
983
9
195
981
8
197
980
7
199
979
6
201
977
5
203
976
4
205
975
3
207
974
2
209
973
1
210
971
0
212
970
PSIG
0
212
970
1
216
968
2
219
965
3
222
964
4
225
962
5
228
960
6
230
959
7
233
957
8
235
955
9
237
954
10
240
952
11
242
951
12
244
950
13
246
948
14
248
947
15
250
946
16
252
944
17
254
943
18
255
942
19
257
941
20
259
939
21
261
22
262
937
23
264
936
24
265
935
28
Gauge
Press
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Sat.
Temp.
Deg. F.
267
268
270
271
273
274
275
277
278
279
281
282
283
284
285
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
297
298
299
300
301
302
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
312
313
314
315
316
317
317
318
319
320
321
321
322
323
324
324
325
326
327
Heat of
Vaporization
933
932
930
929
926
923
922
919
918
916
915
912
910
910
910
907
906
904
903
900
898
897
895
893
892
890
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Steam Table – Gauge Pressure
Gauge
Press
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
Sat.
Temp.
Deg.F.
Heat of
Vaporization
327
328
889
329
330
887
330
331
332
885
332
333
334
334
884
335
336
882
336
337
338
881
339
340
879
341
343
344
876
345
346
874
348
349
350
871
351
352
869
353
354
867
355
356
866
357
359
360
862
361
362
860
363
364
859
365
366
857
367
368
368
855
369
370
854
371
372
852
373
374
850
375
376
848
377
378
378
846
379
380
845
381
382
843
383
Gauge
Press
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
235
237
239
241
243
245
247
249
251
253
255
257
259
261
263
265
267
269
271
273
275
277
279
281
283
285
295
305
355
375
385
405
455
510
560
585
Sat.
Temp.
Deg. F.
384
384
385
386
387
388
388
389
390
391
391
392
393
394
394
395
396
397
397
398
399
400
400
401
401
402
403
403
404
405
405
406
407
407
408
409
409
410
411
411
412
413
413
414
415
415
416
416
417
420
423
437
442
444
449
460
472
481
486
Heat of
Vaporization
841
839
837
835
834
832
830
828
826
821
816
811
806
790
785
763
751
739
733
29
AQ UA- C H EM
Electrical Data
Volt (E) is the unit of electric pressure or electromotive force. It is the potential
which will produce a current of 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm.
Ampere (I) is the unit of electrical current (coulombs per sec).
Ohm (R) is the unit of electrical resistance – volts/ampere.
Watts (W) and Kilowatts (KW) are units of electric power.
Kilovolt-amperes (KVA) is a measurement of apparent electric power.
Kilowatt hour (Kshr) is a unit of electrical energy or work performed.
Joule (J) metric unit of energy = watt per sec.
1 Kwhr = 2,655,000 ft-lb = 1.341 hp-hr = 3413 Btu = 3,600,000 joules
Ohm Law Relationships (direct current)
E = IR = W/I = WR
W = I2R = E2/R = EI
I = E/R = W/E = W/R
R = E/I = W/I2 = E2/W
Electrical Formulas Symbols as above; plus
eff = efficiency (expressed as a decimal)
ph = power factor (expressed as a decimal)
hp = horsepower output
Required
Direct
Current
Kva
Alternating Current
Single-phase
3-phase*
IE
1000
1.73 IE
1000
Kilowats
IE
1000
IE(pf)
1000
1.73 IE(pf)
1000
Horsepower
(output)
IE(eff)
746
IE(eff)(pf)
746
1.73 IE(eff)(ph)
746
Joules
IE
sec
IE(eff)(ph)
sec
1.73 IE(eff)(ph)
sec
Amperes
(hp known)
746(hp)
E(eff)
746(hp)
E(eff)(pf)
746(hp)
1.73 E(eff)(pf)
Amperes
(kw known)
1000 kw
E
1000 kw
E(pf)
1000 kw
1.73 E(pf)
1000 kva
E
1000 kva
1.73E
Amperes
(kva known)
* For 3-phase systems, E is measured line to line and l is phase current.
30
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Hydraulic Data
Net Positive Suction Head
The Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is the total suction head in feet of liquid (absolute
at the pump centerline or impeller eye) less the absolute vapor pressure (in feet) of the
liquid being pumped.
It must always have a positive value and can be calculated by the following equations:
To help in visualizing the conditions that exist, two (2) expressions will be used: the first
expression is based on a suction lift. Liquid supply level is below the pump centerline
or impeller eye. The second expression is based on a positive suction (flooded) where
the liquid supply level is above the pump centerline or impeller eye.
For Suction Lift:
NPSH = Ha - hypa - h st - h fs
For Positive (Flooded) Suction:
NPSH = ha - hypa + h st - h fs
where:
h a hypa h st
h fs
= absolute pressure (in feet of liquid) on the surface of the liquid supply level (this will be barometric pressure if suction is from an open tank or sump; or the absolute pressure existing in a closed tank such as a condenser hotwell or deaerator).
= the head in feet corresponding to the vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature being pumped.
= static height in feet that the liquid supply level is above or below the pump centerline or impeller eye.
= all suction line losses (in feet) including entrance losses and friction losses through pipe, valves and fittings, etc.
Two values of net positive suction head must be considered: i.e. Net Positive Suction
Head Required (NPSHR) and Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA).
31
AQ UA- C H EM
Frequently Used Formulas and Equivalents
Velocity:
Q = AV or V - Q/A
V = 0.4085 gpm - 0.2859 bph - 0.0028368 gpm - 0.001985 bph
d2d2D2D2
where:
V = velocity of flow – ft/sec
Q = capacity – ft3/sec
A = area of pipe or conduit – ft2
d = diameter of circular pipe or conduit – inches
D = diameter of circular pipe or conduit – feet
gpm = U.S. gallons per minute
bph = barrels per hour (42 gals–oil)
Velocity equivalents:
ft/ec x 0.3048 = m/sec
m/sec x 3.2808 = ft/sec
Fluid flow – any liquid:
U.S. gpm x 0.002228 = ft3/sec
U.S. gpm x 0.2271 = m3/hr
U.S. gpm x 0.227 = metric tons per hour (water)
mgd (U.S.) x 694.5 = U.S. gpm
ft3/sec x 448.83 = U.S. gpm
m3/hr x 4.403 = U.S. gpm
U.S. gallon x 0.8327 = Imperial gallons
Imperial gallons x 1.201 = U.S. gallons
gpm = lb per hr
500 x sp gr
gpm = boiler hp x 0.069
Fluid flow – oil:
barrels x 42
barrels per hour x 0.7
barrels per day x 0.02917
U.S. gpm x 1.4286
U.S. gpm x 34.286
= U.S. gallons
= U.S. gpm
= U.S. gpm
= barrels per hour
= barrels per day
Head and pressure:
Head in feet = Head in psi x 2.31
sp gr
Head in psi = Head in feet x sp gr
2.31
32
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Frequently Used Formulas and Equivalents
Pumping Power –
1 horsepower
x 550 = ft-lb/sec
x 33000 = ft-lb/min
x 2545 = BTU/hr
x 745.7 = watts
x 0.7457 = kilowatts
x 1.014 = metric horsepower
Brake hp
=gpm x H (in feet) x sp gr (centrifugal terminology)
3960 x efficiency
=bph x H (in feet) x sp gr (centrifugal terminology)
5657 x efficiency
=gpm x psi (reciprocating terminology)
1714 x eff
=bph x psi (reciprocating terminology)
2449 x eff
Note: To obtain the hyd hp from the above expressions,
assume a pump efficiency of 100%.
In the above expressions:
gpm = U.S. gallons per minute delivered (one gallon - 8.331 lbs. at 60° F.)
bph = barrels (42 gallons) per hour – delivered - 0.7 gpm
H = total head in feet of liquid – differential
psi = lb per sq. in – differential
sp gr = specific gravity
pump bph
motor efficiency
Electrical hp input to motor =
KW input to motor =
pump bph x 0.7457
motor efficiency
Torque –
bph x 5252
rpm
Torque in lb-feet =
bhp = brake horsepower
rpm = revolutions per minute
33
AQ UA- C H EM
Frequently Used Formulas and Equivalents
Specific speed –
Impeller specific speed = Ns = rpm gpm
H 3/4
where
gpm = design capacity at best efficiency point
H = head per stage at best efficiency point
rpm = speed
Suction specific speed = S = rpm gpm
(NPSHR)3/4
where
gpm = design capacity at best efficiency point for single suction first stage
impellers, or one half design capacity for double suction impellers.
Affinity laws
At constant impeller diameter: (Variable speed)
RPM1 = gpm1 = H1
RPM2 = gpm2 = H2
At constant speed: (Variable impeller diameter)
D1 = gpm1 = H1
D2 = gpm2 = H2
Miscellaneous
Temperature equivalents:
Celsius/Fahrenheit conversions:
Deg C = 5/9 (F° -32°)
Deg F = 9/5 C° + 32°
34
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
A
abamperes
1. x 101
amperes
abcoulombs
2.998 x 1010
statcoulombs
abfarads
1. x 109
farads
abfarads
1. x 1015
microfarads
abhenries
1. x 10
henries
abhenries
1. x 10-5
millihenries
abohms
1. x 10-9
ohms
abohms
1. x 10-15
megohms
abvolts
1. x 10-5
volts
acres
1. x 10
sq.chains (gunters)
acres
1.60 x 102
rods
acres
1. x 105
sq.links
acres
4.047 x 10-1
hectacres or sq. hectometers
acres
4.35 x 104
sq. ft.
acres
4.047 x 10
acres
1.562 x 10-3
sq.miles
acres
4.840 x 103
sq.yards
acre-feet
4.356 x 104
cu.feet
acre-feet
3.259 x 105
gallons
amperes/sq.cm.
6.452
amps/sq.in.
amperes/sq.cm.
1. x 104
amps/sq.meter
amperes/sq.in
1.550 x 10-1
amps/sq.cm.
amperes/sq.in
1.550 x 103
amps/sq.meter
amperes/sq.meter
1.0 x 10-4
amps/sq.cm.
amperes/sq.meter
6.452 x 10-4
amps/sq.in.
ampere-hours
3.600 x 10
coulombs
ampere-hours
3.731 x 10-2
faradays
ampere-turns
1.257
gilberts
amp-turns/in.
-9
5
3
3
sq. meters
ampere-turns/cm.
2.540
ampere-turns/cm.
1. x 102
ampere-turns/in.
3.937 x 10
ampere-turns/in.
3.937 x 101
amp-turns/meter
ampere-turns/in.
4.950 x 10-1
gilberts/cm.
ampere-turns/meter
1. x 10-2
amp-turns/cm.
ampere-turns/meter
2.54 x 10-2
ampere-turns/meter
1.257 x 10
angstrom unit
3.937 x 10-9
inches
angstrom unit
1. x 10-10
meters
angstrom unit
1. x 10-4
microns or (mu)
acres
2.471 x 10-2
acres (U.S.)
acres
1.196 x 10
sq. yards
amp-turns/meter
-1
amp-turns/cm.
amp-turns/in.
-2
2
gilberts/cm.
35
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
acres
1. x 102
sq. meters
astronomical unit
1.495 x 10
atmospheres
7.348 x 10-3
tons/sq.in.
atmospheres
1.058
tons/sq.foot
atmospheres
7.6 x 101
cms. of mercury (at 0°C)
atmospheres
3.39 x 101
ft. of water (at 4°C)
atmospheres
2.992 x 101
in. of mercury (at 0°C)
atmospheres
7.6 x 10
meters of mercury (at 0°C)
atmospheres
7.6 x 102
millimeters of mercury (at 0°C)
atmospheres
1.0333
kgs./sq.cm.
atmospheres
1.0333 x 104
kgs./sq. meter
atmospheres
1.47 x 101
pounds/sq.in.
barrels (U.S. dry)
3.281
bushels
barrels (U.S. dry)
7.056 x 103
cu. inches
barrels (U.S. dry)
1.05 x 102
quarts (dry)
barrels (U.S. liquid)
3.15 x 101
gallons
barrels (oil)
4.2 x 10
gallons (oil)
bars
9.869 x 10-1
atmospheres
bars
1. x 106
dynes/sq.cm.
bars
1.020 x 104
kgs./sq.meter
bars
2.089 x 103
pounds/sq.ft.
bars
1.45 x 10
barye
1.00
dynes/sq.cm.
bolt (U.S. cloth)
3.6576 x 101
meters
btu
1.0409 x 101
liter-atmospheres
btu
1.0550 x 1010
ergs
btu
7.7816 x 10
foot-pounds
btu
2.52 x 102
gram-calories
btu
3.927 x 10-4
horsepower-hours
btu
1.055 x 103
joules
btu
2.52 x 10-1
btu
1.0758 x 10
btu
2.928 x 10-4
kilowatt-hours
btu/hr.
2.162 x 10-1
ft.-pounds/sec.
btu/hr.
7.0 x 10-2
gram-cal./sec.
btu/hr.
2.931 x 10-1
watts
btu/min.
1.296 x 10
ft.-pounds/sec.
btu/min.
2.356 x 10-2
horsepower
btu/min.
1.757 x 10-2
kilowatts
btu/min.
1.757 x 101
watts
btu/sq. ft./min.
1.22 x 10-1
watts/sq.in.
kilometers
8
-1
B
36
1
pounds/sq.in.
1
2
kilogram-calories
1
2
kilogrammeters
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
bucket (br. dry)
Multiply By
To Obtain
1.8184 x 104
cubic cm.
bushels
1.2445
cubic ft.
bushels
2.1504 x 103
cubic in.
bushels
3.524 x 10-2
cubic meters
bushels
3.524 x 101
liters
bushels
4.0
pecks
bushels
6.4 x 101
pints (dry)
bushels
3.2 x 101
quarts (dry)
C
calories, gram (mean)
3.9685 x 10-3
btu (mean)
candle/sq. cm.
3.1456
lamberts
candle/sq. in.
4.870 x 10-1
lamberts
centares
1.0
sq. meters
centigrade (degrees)
(°C x 9/5) + 32
fahrenheit (degrees)
centigrade (degrees)
°C + 273.18
kelvin (degrees)
centigrams
1. x 10-2
grams
centiliters
3.382 x 10-1
centiliters
6.103 x 10
centiliters
2.705
drams
centiliters
1.0 x 10-2
liters
centimeters
3.281 x 10-2
feet
centimeters
3.937 x 10-1
inches
centimeters
1. x 10
kilometers
centimeters
1. x 10-2
meters
centimeters
6.214 x 10-6
miles
centimeters
1. x 101
millimeters
centimeters
3.937 x 102
mils
centimeters
1.094 x 10
yards
centimeters
1 x 104cc
microns
centimeters
1. x 108
angstrom units
centimeter-dynes
1.020 x 10-3
cn-grams
centimeter-dynes
1.020 x 10-8
meter-kgs.
centimeter-dynes
7.376 x 10
pound-ft.
centimeter-dynes
9.807 x 102
cm.-dynes
centimeter-grams
1. x 10-5
meter-kgs
centimeter-grams
7.233 x 10-5
pound-ft.
centimeters of mercury
1.316 x 10-2
atmospheres
centimeters of mercury
4.461 x 10
ft. of water
centimeters of mercury
1.36 x 102
kgs./sq. meter
centimeters of mercury
2.785 x 101
pounds/sq. ft.
centimeters of mercury
1.934 x 10-1
pounds/sq. in.
centimeters/sec.
1.969
feet/min.
-1
-5
-2
-8
-1
ounce( (fluid) U.S.
cubic in.
37
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
centimeters/sec.
3.281 x 10-2
feet/sec.
centimeters/sec.
3.6 x 10-2
kilometers/hr.
centimeters/sec.
1.943 x 10
centimeters/sec.
6.0 x 10-1
meters/min.
centimeters/sec.
2.237 x 10-2
miles/hr.
centimeters/sec.
3.728 x 10-4
miles/min.
centimeters/sec./sec.
3.281 x 10-2
ft./sec./sec.
centimeters/sec./sec.
3.6 x 10
kms./hr./sec.
centimeters/sec./sec.
1.0 x 10-2
meters/sec./sec.
centimeters/sec./sec.
2.237 x 10-2
miles/hr./sec.
centipoise
1.0 x 10-2
gr./cm.-sec.
centipoise
6.27 x 10-4
pound/ft.-sec.
-2
-2
knots
centipoise
2.4
pound/ft.-hr.
chains (gunters)
7.92 x 102
inches
chains (gunters)
2.012 x 101
meters
chains (gunters)
2.2 x 101
yards
circular mils
5.067 x 10-6
sq. cm.
circular mils
7.854 x 10
sq. mils
circular mils
7.854 x 10-7
sq. inches
circumference
6.283
radians
-1
cords
8.0
cord ft.
cord ft.
1.6 x 101
cubic ft.
coulombs
2.998 x 109
coulombs
1.036 x 10
couloumbs/sq.cm.
6.452
coulombs/sq. in.
coulombs/sq.cm.
1.0 x 104
coulombs/sq. meter
coulombs/sq. in.
1.550 x 10-1
coulombs/sq. cm.
coulombs/sq. in.
1.550 x 103
coulombs/sq. meter
coulombs/sq. meter
1.0 x 10
coulombs/sq. cm.
coulombs/sq. meter
6.452 x 10-4
coulombs/sq. in.
cubic centimeters
3.531 x 10-5
cubic ft.
cubic centimeters
6.102 x 10-2
cubic in.
cubic centimeters
1.0 x 10-6
cubic meters
cubic centimeters
1.308 x 10
cubic centimeters
2.642 x 10-4
gallons (U.S. liquid)
cubic centimeters
1.0 x 10-3
liters
cubic centimeters
2.113 x 10-3
pints (U.S. liquid)
cubic centimeters
1.057 x 10-3
quarts (U.S. liquid)
cubic feet
8.036 x 10
bushels (dry)
cubic feet
2.8320 x 104
cu. cms.
cubic feet
1.728 x 103
cu. inches
cubic feet
2.832 x 10-2
cu. meters
38
-5
-4
-6
-1
statcoulombs
faradays
cubic yards
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
cubic feet
3.704 x 10-2
cu. yards
cubic feet
7.48052
gallons (U.S. liquid)
cubic feet
2.832 x 101
liters
cubic feet
5.984 x 101
pints (U.S. liquid)
cubic feet
2.992 x 101
quarts (U.S. liquid)
cubic feet/min.
4.72 x 102
cu. cms./sec.
cubic feet/min.
1.247 x 10-1
gallons/sec.
cubic feet/min.
4.720 x 10
liter/sec.
cubic feet/min.
6.243 x 101
pounds water/min.
cubic feet/min.
6.46317 x 10-1
million gals/day
cubic feet/min.
4.48831 x 102
gallons/min.
cubic inches
1.639 x 101
cu. cms.
cubic inches
5.787 x 10-4
cu. ft.
cubic inches
1.639 x 10
cu. meters
cubic inches
2.143 x 10-5
cu. yards
cubic inches
4.329 x 10-3
gallons
cubic inches
1.639 x 10-2
liters
cubic inches
3.463 x 10-2
pints (U.S. liquid)
cubic inches
1.732 x 10
quarts (U.S. liquid)
cubic meters
2.838 x 101
bushels (dry)
cubic meters
1.0 x 104
cu. cms.
cubic meters
3.531 x 101
cu. ft.
cubic meters
6.1023 x 104
cu. inches
-1
-5
-2
cubic meters
1.308
cu. yards
cubic meters
2.642 x 102
gallons (U.S. liquid)
cubic meters
1.0 x 103
liters
cubic meters
2.113 x 103
pints (U.S. liquid)
cubic meters
1.057 x 103
quarts (U.S. liquid)
cubic yards
7.646 x 10
cu. cms.
cubic yards
2.7 x 101
cu. ft.
cubic yards
4.6656 x 104
cu. inches
cubic yards
7.646 x 10-1
cu. meters
cubic yards
2.02 x 102
gallons (U.S. liquid)
cubic yards
7.646 x 10
cubic yards
1.6159 x 103
pints (U.S. liquid)
cubic yards
8.079 x 102
quarts (U.S. liquid)
cubic yards/min.
4.5 x 10-1
cubic ft./sec.
cubic yards/min.
3.367
gallons/sec.
cubic yards/min.
1.274 x 101
liters/sec.
5
2
liters
D
daltons
1.650 x 10-24
grams
days
8.64 x 104
seconds
39
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
days
1.44 x 103
minutes
days
2.4 x 101
hours
decigrams
1.0 x 10-1
grams
deciliters
1.0 x 10
liters
decimeters
1.0 x 10-1
meters
degrees (angle)
1.111 x 10-2
quadrants
degrees (angle)
1.745 x 10-2
radians
degrees (angle)
3.6 x 105
seconds
degrees/sec.
1.745 x 10
degrees/sec.
1.667 x 10-1
revolutions/min.
degrees/sec.
2.778 x 10-3
revolutions/sec.
dekagrams
1.0 x 101
grams
dekaliters
1.0 x 101
liters
dekameters
1.0 x 10
meters
drams (apoth. ortroy)
1.3714 x 10-1
drams (apoth. ortroy)
1.25 x 10-1
ounces (troy)
drams (U.S. fluid or apoth)
3.6967
cubic cm.
drams
1.7718
drams
2.7344 x 10
drams
6.25 x 10-2
ounces
dynes/sq.cm.
1.0 x 10-2
ergs/sq. millimeter
dynes/sq.cm.
9.869 x 10-7
atmosphere
dynes/sq.cm.
2.953 x 10-5
in.of mercury (at 0°C)
in. of water (at 4°C)
-1
radians/sec.
-2
1
ounces (avdp.)
grams
1
grains
dynes/sq.cm.
4.015 x 10
dynes
1.020 x 10-3
grams
dynes
1.0 x 10-7
joules/cm.
dynes
1.0 x 10-5
joules/meter (newtons)
dynes
1.020 x 10-6
kilograms
dynes
7.233 x 10
poundals
dynes
2.248 x 10-6
pounds
dynes/sq. cm.
1.0 x 10-6
bars
-4
-5
E
40
ell
1.1430 x 102
cm.
ell
4.5 x 101
inches
em, pica
1.67 x 10
em, pica
4.233 x 10-1
cm.
erg/sec.
1.0
dyne-cm./sec.
ergs
9.486 x 10-11
btu
ergs
1.0
dyne-centimeters
ergs
7.376 x 10-8
foot-pounds
ergs
2.389 x 10-8
gram-calories
ergs
1.020 x 10-3
gram-cms.
-1
inch
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
ergs
3.7250 x 10
ergs
1.0 x 10-7
joules
ergs
2.389 x 10-11
kg.-calories
ergs
1.020 x 10-8
kg.meters
ergs
2.773 x 10
kilowatt-hrs.
ergs
2.773 x 10-11
watt-hrs.
ergs/sec.
5.668 x 10-9
btu/min.
ergs/sec.
4.426 x 10-6
ft.-lbs./min.
ergs/sec.
7.3756 x 10-8
ft.-lbs./sec.
ergs/sec.
1.341 x 10
horsepower
ergs/sec.
1.433 x 10-9
kg-calories/min.
ergs/sec.
1. x 10-10
kilowatts
-14
-14
-10
horsepower-hrs.
F
farads
1. x 106
microfarads
faraday/sec.
9.65 x 10
faradays
2.68 x 101
faradays
9.649 x 104
coulombs
fathoms
1.8288
meters
fathoms
6.0
feet
3.048 x 10
feet
3.048 x 10-4
kilometers
feet
3.048 x 10-1
meters
feet
1.645 x 10-4
miles (nautical)
feet
1.894 x 10-4
miles (statute)
feet
3.048 x 102
millimeters
feet
1.2 x 10
mils
feet of water
2.95 x 10-2
atmospheres
feet of water
8.826 x 10-1
in. of mercury
feet of water
3.048 x 10-2
kgs./sq. cm.
feet of water
3.048 x 102
kgs./sq. meter
feet of water
6.243 x 10
pounds/sq. ft.
feet of water
4.335 x 10-1
pounds/sq. in.
feet/min.
5.080 x 10-1
cms./sec.
feet/min.
1.667 x 10-2
feet/sec.
feet/min.
1.829 x 10-2
kms./hr.
feet/min.
3.048 x 10
meters/min.
feet/min.
1.136 x 10-2
feet/sec.
3.048 x 101
cms./sec.
feet/sec.
1.097
kms./hr.
feet/sec.
5.921 x 10-1
knots
feet/sec.
1.829 x 10
meters/min.
feet/sec.
6.818 x 10-1
ampere (absolute)
4
ampere-hours
feet
1
4
1
-1
1
centimeters
miles/hr.
miles/hr.
41
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
feet/sec.
1.136 x 10-2
feet/sec./sec.
3.048 x 101
cms./sec./sec.
feet/sec./sec.
1.097
kms./hr./sec.
feet/sec./sec.
3.048 x 10-1
meters/sec./sec.
feet/sec./sec.
6.818 x 10-1
miles/hr./sec.
feet/100/feet
1.0
per cent grade
foot-candle
1.0764 x 101
lumen/sq.meter
foot-candle
1.0764 x 101
lux
foot-pounds
1.286 x 10
btu
foot-pounds
1.356 x 107
ergs
foot-pounds
3.241 x 10-1
gram-calories
foot-pounds
5.050 x 10-7
horsepower-hrs.
foot-pounds
1.356
joules
foot-pounds
3.241 x 10-4
kg.-calories
foot-pounds
1.383 x 10-1
kg.-meters
foot-pounds
3.766 x 10-7
kilowatt-hrs.
foot-pounds/min.
1.286 x 10-3
btu/min.
foot-pounds/min.
1.667 x 10-2
foot-pounds/sec.
foot-pounds/min.
3.030 x 10
horsepower
foot-pounds/min.
3.241 x 10-4
foot-pounds/min.
2.260 x 10-5
kilowatts
foot-pounds/sec.
4.6263
btu/hr.
foot-pounds/sec.
7.717 x 10-2
btu/min.
foot-pounds/sec.
1.818 x 10
horsepower
foot-pounds/sec.
1.945 x 10-2
kg.-calories/min.
foot-pounds/sec.
1.356 x 10-3
kilowatts
furlongs
1.25 x 10-1
miles (U.S.)
furlongs
4.0 x 101
rods
furlongs
6.6 x 102
furlongs
2.0117 x 10
-3
-5
-3
miles/min.
kg.-calories/min.
feet
2
meters
G
42
gallons
3.785 x 103
cu. cms.
gallons
1.337 x 10-1
cu. feet
gallons
2.31 x 102
cu. inches
gallons
3.785 x 10
gallons
4.951 x 10-3
cu. yards
gallons
3.785
liters
gallons (liq.br.imp.)
1.20095
gallons (U.S. liquid)
gallons (U.S.)
8.3267 x 10-1
gallons (imp.)
-3
cu. meters
gallons of water
8.337
pounds of water
gallons min.
2.228 x 10-3
cu. feet sec.
gallons min.
6.308 x 10-2
liters sec.
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
gallons min.
8.0208
cu. feet hr.
gausses
6.452
lines sq. in.
gausses
1.0 x 10-8
webers sq. cm.
gausses
6.452 x 10-8
webers sq. in.
gausses
1.0 x 10
webers sq. meter
gausses
7.958 x 10-1
amp.-turn cm.
gausses
1.0
gilbert/cm.
gilberts
7.958 x 10-1
ampere-turns
gilberts/cm.
7.958 x 10-1
ampere-turns cm.
-4
gilberts/cm.
2.021
ampere-turns in.
gilberts/cm.
7.958 x 101
ampere-tuns meter
gills (british)
1.4207 x 102
cubic cm.
gills (U.S.)
1.18295 x 102
cubic cm.
gills (U.S.)
1.183 x 10-1
liters
gills (U.S.)
2.5 x 10
pints (liquid)
grade
1.571 x 10-2
grains
3.657 x 10-2
drams (avdp.)
grains (troy)
1.0
grains (avdp.)
grains (troy)
6.48 x 10-2
grains (troy)
2.0833 x 10
grains (troy)
4.167 x 10-2
pennyweight (troy)
grains U.S. gallon
1.7118 x 101
parts/million
grains U.S. gallon
1.4286 x 102
pounds/million gals.
grains imp. gallon
1.4286 x 101
parts/million
grams
9.807 x 10
dynes
grams
1.543 x 101
grains (troy)
grams
9.807 x 10-5
joules cm.
grams
9.807 x 10-3
joules meter (newtor)
grams
1.0 x 10-3
kilograms
grams
1.0 x 103
grams
3.527 x 10
grams
3.215 x 10-2
ounces (troy)
grams
7.093 x 10-2
poundals
grams
2.205 x 10-3
pounds
grams/cm.
5.6 x 10-3
pounds in.
grams/cu. cm.
6.243 x 10
grams/cu. cm.
3.613 x 10-2
pounds cu. in.
grams/cu. cm.
3.405 x 10-7
pounds mil-foot
grams/liter
5.8417 x 101
grains gal.
grams/liter
8.345
pounds/1.000 gal.
grams/liter
6.2427 x 10-2
pounds/cu. ft.
grams/sq. cm.
2.0481
pounds/sq. ft.
-1
radian
grams
-3
2
ounces (avdp.)
milligrams
-2
1
ounces (avdp.)
pounds cu. ft.
43
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
gram-calories
3.9683 x 10-3
btu
gram-calories
4.184 x 107
ergs
gram-calories
3.086
foot-pounds
gram-calories
1.5596 x 10-6
horsepower-hrs.
gram-calories
1.162 x 10-6
kilowatt-hrs.
gram-calories
1.162 x 10-3
watt-hrs.
gram-calories/sec.
1.4286 x 101
btu/hr.
gram-centimeters
9.297 x 10
btu
gram-centimeters
9.807 x 10-5
joules
gram-centimeters
9.807 x 102
ergs
gram-centimeters
2.343 x 10-8
kg.-calories
gram-centimeters
1.0 x 10-5
kg.-meters
hand
1.0167 x 101
cm.
hectares
2.471
acres
hectares
1.076 x 105
sq. feet
hectograms
1.0 x 102
grams
hectoliters
1.0 x 10
liters
hectometers
1.0 x 102
meters
hectowatts
1.0 x 102
watts
henries
1.0 x 103
millihenries
hogsheads (british)
1.0114 x 101
cubic ft.
hogsheads (U.S.)
8.42184
cubic ft.
hogsheads (U.S.)
6.3 x 101
gallons (U.S.)
horsepower
4.244 x 101
btu/min.
horsepower
3.3 x 104
foot-lbs./min.
horsepower
5.50 x 102
foot-lbs./sec.
horsepower (metric)
9.863 x 10-1
horsepower
-8
H
44
2
horsepower
1.014
horsepower (metric)
horsepower
1.068 x 101
kg.-calories/min.
horsepower
7.457 x 10-1
kilowatts
horsepower
7.457 x 102
watts
horsepower (boiler)
3.352 x 104
btu/hr.
horsepower (boiler)
9.803
kilowatts
horsepower-hours
2.547 x 103
btu
horsepower-hours
2.6845 x 1013
ergs
horsepower-hours
1.98 x 106
foot-lbs.
horsepower-hours
6.4119 x 105
gram-calories
horsepower-hours
2.684 x 10
joules
horsepower-hours
6.417 x 102
kg.-calories
horsepower-hours
2.737 x 105
kg.-meters
horsepower-hours
7.457 x 10-1
kilowatt-hrs.
6
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
hours
4.167 x 10
hours
5.952 x 10-3
days
weeks
hours
3.6 x 103
seconds
hundredwgts (long)
1.12 x 10
hundredwgts (long)
5.0 x 10-2
tons (long)
hundredwgts (long)
5.08023 x 101
kilograms
hundredwgts (short)
4.53592 x 10-2
tons (metric)
hundredwgts (short)
4.46429 x 10-2
tons (long)
hundredwgts (short)
4.53592 x 10
kilograms
-2
pounds
2
1
I
inches
2.540
centimeters
inches
2.540 x 10-2
meters
inches
1.578 x 10-5
miles
inches
2.54 x 10
millimeters
inches
1.0 x 103
mils
inches
2.778 x 10-2
yards
inches
2.54 x 108
angstrom units
inches
5.0505 x 10-3
rods
inches of mercury
3.342 x 10-2
atmospheres
1
inches of mercury
1.133
feet of water
inches of mercury
3.453 x 10-2
kgs./sq. cm.
inches of mercury
3.453 x 102
kgs./sq. meter
inches of mercury
7.073 x 101
pounds/sq. ft.
inches of mercury
4.912 x 10-1
pounds/sq. in.
in. of water (at 4°C)
2.458 x 10
atmospheres
in. of water (at 4°C)
7.355 x 10-2
inches of mercury
in. of water (at 4°C)
2.54 x 10-3
kgs./sq. cm.
in. of water (at 4°C)
5.781 x 10-1
ounces/sq. in.
in. of water (at 4°C)
5.204
pounds/sq. ft.
in. of water (at 4°C)
3.613 x 10-2
pounds/sq. in.
international ampere
9.998 x 10-1
absolute amp. (U.S.)
international volt
1.00033
absolute volt (U.S.)
international coulomb
9.99835 x 10-1
absolute coulomb
-3
J
joules
9.486 x 10-4
btu
joules
1.0 x 107
ergs
joules
7.736 x 10-1
foot-pounds
joules
2.389 x 10-4
kg.-calories
joules
1.020 x 10-1
kg.-meters
joules
2.778 x 10
watt-hrs.
joules/cm.
1.020 x 104
grams
joules/cm.
7.233 x 102
poundals
-4
45
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
joules/cm.
2.248 x 101
pounds
joules/cm.
7.233 x 102
poundals
joules/cm.
2.248 x 101
pounds
kilograms
9.80665 x 105
dynes
kilograms
1.0 x 103
grams
kilograms
9.807 x 10-2
joules/cm.
kilograms
9.807
joules/meter (newtons)
kilograms
7.093 x 101
poundals
kilograms
2.2046
pounds
kilograms
9.842 x 10-4
tons (long)
kilograms
1.102 x 10-3
tons (short)
kilograms
3.5274 x 101
ounces (avdp.)
kilograms/cu. meter
1.0 x 10
grams/cu. cm.
kilograms/cu. meter
6.243 x 10-2
pounds/cu. ft.
kilograms cu. meter
3.613 x 10-5
pounds/cu. in.
kilograms/cu. meter
3.405 x 10-10
pounds/mil-foot
kilograms/meter
6.72 x 10-1
kilograms/sq. cm.
9.80665 x 10
kilograms/sq. cm.
9.678 x 10-1
atmospheres
kilograms/sq. cm.
3.281 x 101
feet of water
kilograms/sq. cm.
2.896 x 101
inches of mercury
kilograms/sq. cm.
2.048 x 103
pounds/sq. ft.
kilograms/sq. cm.
1.422 x 10
pounds/sq. in.
kilograms/sq. meter
9.678 x 10-5
atmospheres
kilograms/sq. meter
9.807 x 10-5
bars
kilograms/sq. meter
3.281 x 10-3
feet of water
kilograms/sq. meter
2.896 x 10-3
inches of mercury
kilograms/sq. meter
2.048 x 10-1
pounds/sq. ft.
kilograms/sq. meter
1.422 x 10
pounds/sq. in.
kilograms/sq. meter
9.80665 x 101
kilograms/sq. mm.
1.0 x 106
kgs./sq. meter
kilogram-calories
3.968
btu
kilogram-calories
3.086 x 103
foot-pounds
kilogram-calories
1.558 x 10
horsepower-hrs.
kilogram-calories
4.183 x 103
kilogram-calories
4.269 x 102
kg.-meters
kilogram-calories
4.186
kilojoules
kilogram-calories
1.163 x 10-3
kilowatt-hrs.
kilogram-calories/min.
5.143 x 10
ft.-lbs./sec.
kilogram-calories/min.
9.351 x 10-2
horsepower
kilogram-calories/min.
6.972 x 10-2
kilowatts
K
46
-3
pounds/ft.
5
1
-3
-3
1
dynes/sq. cm.
dynes/sq. cm.
joules
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
kilogram-meters
9.296 x 10
kilogram-meters
9.807 x 107
ergs
kilogram-meters
7.233
foot-pounds
kilogram-meters
9.807
kilogram-meters
2.342 x 10
kilogram-meters
2.723 x 10-6
kilowatt-hrs.
kilolines
1.0 x 103
maxwells
kiloliters
1.0 x 103
liters
kiloliters
1.308
cubic yards
kiloliters
3.5316 x 101
cubic feet
kiloliters
2.6418 x 102
gallons (U.S. liquid)
kilometers
1.0 x 105
centimeters
kilometers
3.281 x 103
feet
kilometers
3.937 x 104
inches
kilometers
1.0 x 10
meters
kilometers
6.214 x 10-1
miles (statute)
kilometers
5.396 x 10-1
miles (nautical)
kilometers
1.0 x 106
millimeters
kilometers
1.0936 x 103
yards
kilometers/hr.
2.778 x 10
cms./sec.
kilometers/hr.
5.468 x 101
feet/min.
kilometers/hr.
9.113 x 10-1
feet/sec.
kilometers/hr.
5.396 x 10-1
knots
kilometers/hr.
1.667 x 101
meters/min.
kilometers/hr.
6.214 x 10
miles/hr.
kilometers/hr./sec.
2.778 x 101
cms./sec./sec.
kilometers/hr./sec.
9.113 x 10-1
ft./sec./sec.
kilometers/hr./sec.
2.778 x 10-1
meters/sec./sec.
kilometers/hr./sec.
6.214 10-1
miles/hr./sec.
kilowatts
5.692 x 101
btu/min.
kilowatts
4.426 x 10
foot-lbs./min.
kilowatts
7.376 x 102
foot-lbs./sec.
kilowatts
1.341
horsepower
kilowatts
1.434 x 101
kg.-calories/min.
kilowatts
1.0 x 103
watts
kilowatt-hrs.
3.413 x 10
kilowatt-hrs.
3.6 x 1013
ergs
kilowatt-hrs.
2.655 x 106
foot-lbs.
kilowatt-hrs.
8.5985 x 103
gram calories
kilowatt-hrs.
1.341
horsepower-hours
kilowatt-hrs.
3.6 x 106
joules
kilowatt-hrs.
8.605 x 102
kg.-calories
-3
btu
joules
-3
3
1
-1
4
3
kg.-calories
btu
47
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
kilowatt-hrs.
3.671 x 105
kg.meters
kilowatt-hrs.
3.53
pounds of water evaporated from and at 221°F
kilowatt-hrs.
2.275 x 101
knots
6.080 x 10
knots
1.8532
3
pounds of water raised from 62° to 212°F
feet/hr.
kilometers/hr.
knots
1.0
nautical miles/hr.
knots
1.151
statute miles/hr.
knots
2.027 x 103
yards/hr.
knots
1.689
feet/sec.
knots
5.148 x 101
cm./sec.
L
lambert
3.183 x 10-1
candle/sq.cm.
lambert
2.054
candle/sq.in.
league
3.0
miles (approx.)
light year
5.9 x 1012
miles
light year
9.46091 x 1012
kilometers
lines/sq.cm.
1.0
gausses
lines/sq.in.
1.55 x 10-1
gausses
lines/sq.in.
1.55 x 10
webers/sq.cm.
lines/sq.in.
1.0 x 10-8
webers/sq.in.
lines/sq.in.
1.55 x 10-5
webers/sq.meter
links (engineers)
1.2 x 101
inches
links (surveyors)
7.92
inches
liters
2.838 x 10-2
bushels (U.S. dry)
liters
1.0 x 103
cu. cm.
liters
3.531 x 10-2
cu. ft.
liters
6.102 x 101
cu. inches
liters
1.0 x 10-3
cu. meters
liters
1.308 x 10-3
liters
2.642 x 10
liters
2.113
pints (U.S. liquid)
-9
-1
cu. yards
gallons (U.S. liquid)
liters
1.057
quarts (U.S. liquid)
liters/min.
5.886 x 10-4
cu. ft./sec.
liters/min.
4.403 x 10-3
gals./sec.
log10n
2.303
ln n
ln n
4.343 x 10-1
log10n
lumen
7.958 x 10-2
spherical candle power
lumen/sq.ft.
1.0
foot-candles
lumen/sq.ft.
1.076 x 101
lumen-sq. meter
lux
9.29 x 10
foot-candles
-2
M
maxwells
48
1.0 x 10-3
kilolines
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
maxwells
1.0 x 10
megalines
1.0 x 106
webers
maxwells
megohms
1.0 x 1012
microhms
megohms
1.0 x 106
ohms
megmhos/cubic cm.
1.0 x 10
megmhos/cubic cm.
2.54
megmhos/cubic in.
megmhos/cubic cm.
1.662 x 10-1
megmhos/mil. ft.
megmhos in. cube
3.937 x 10-1
megmhos/cubic cm.
meters
1.0 x 1010
angstrom units
meters
1.0 x 10
centimeters
meters
5.4681 x 10-1
fathoms
meters
3.281
feet
meters
3.937 x 101
inches
meters
1.0 x 10-3
kilometers
meters
5.396 x 10
meters
6.214 x 10-4
meters
1.0 x 103
millimeters
meters
1.094
yards
meters/min.
1.667
cms. sec.
-8
abmhos/cubic cm.
-3
2
-4
miles (nautical)
miles (statute)
meters/min.
3.281
feet min.
meters/min.
5.468 x 10-2
feet/sec.
meters/min.
6.0 x 10-2
kms. hr.
meters/min.
3.238 x 10-2
knots
meters/min.
3.728 x 10-2
miles hr.
meters/sec.
1.968 x 102
feet/min.
meters/sec.
3.281
feet/sec.
meters/sec.
3.6
kilometers/hr.
meters/sec.
6.0 x 10-2
kilometers/min.
meters/sec.
2.237
miles/hr.
meters/sec.
3.728 x 10-2
meters/sec./sec.
1.0 x 10
meters/sec./sec.
3.281
2
miles/min.
cms./sec./sec.
ft./sec./sec.
meters/sec./sec.
3.6
kms./hr./sec.
meters/sec./sec.
2.237
miles/hr./sec.
meter-kilograms
9.807 x 107
meter-kilograms
1.0 x 10
meter-kilograms
7.233
pound-feet
microfarads
1.0 x 10-15
abfarads
microfarads
1.0 x 10-6
farads
microfarads
9.0 x 105
statfarads
micrograms
1.0 x 10
grams
microhms
1.0 x 103
5
-6
cm.-dynes
cm.-grams
abohms
49
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
50
Multiply By
To Obtain
microhms
1.0 x 10
megohms
microhms
1.0 x 10-6
ohms
microliters
1.0 x 10-6
liters
micromicrons
1.0 x 10-12
meters
microns
1.0 x 10
meters
miles (nautical)
6.076 x 103
feet
miles (nautical)
1.853
kilometers
miles (nautical)
1.853 x 103
meters
miles (nautical)
1.1516
miles (statute)
miles (nautical)
2.0254 x 103
yards
miles (statute)
1.609 x 105
centimeters
miles (statute)
5.280 x 103
feet
miles (statute)
6.336 x 104
inches
miles (statute)
1.609
kilometers
miles (statute)
1.609 x 103
meters
miles (statute)
8.684 x 10-1
miles (nautical)
miles (statute)
1.760 x 103
yards
miles (statute)
1.69 x 10-13
light years
miles/hr.
4.470 x 101
cms./sec.
miles/hr.
8.8 x 10
miles/hr.
1.467
feet/second
-12
-6
feet/minute
1
miles/hr.
1.6093
kms./hr.
miles/hr.
2.682 x 10-2
kms./min.
miles/hr.
8.684 x 10-1
knots
miles/hr.
2.682 x 101
meters/min.
miles/hr.
1.667 x 10
miles/min.
miles/hr./sec.
4.47 x 101
cms./sec./sec.
miles/hr./sec.
1.467
ft./sec./sec.
-2
miles/hr./sec.
1.6093
kms./hr./sec.
miles/hr./sec.
4.47 x 10-1
meters/sec./sec.
miles/min.
2.682 x 103
cms.sec
miles/min.
8.8 x 101
feet/sec.
miles/min.
1.6093
kms./min.
miles/min.
8.684 x 10-1
knots/min.
miles/min.
6.0 x 101
miles/hr.
milliers
1.0 x 103
kilograms
millimicrons
1.0 x 10-9
meters
milligrams
1.5432 x 10-2
grains
milligrams
1.0 x 10
milligrams/liter
1.0
parts/million
millihenries
1.0 x 10-3
henries
milliliters
1.0 x 10-3
liters
millimeters
1.0 x 10-1
centimeters
-3
grams
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
millimeters
3.281 x 10
millimeters
3.937 x 10-2
inches
millimeters
1.0 x 10-6
kilometers
millimeters
1.0 x 10-3
meters
millimeters
6.214 x 10-7
miles
millimeters
3.937 x 10
mils
millimeters
1.094 x 10-3
yards
million gals./day
1.54723
cu. ft./sec.
mils
2.54 x 10-3
centimeters
mils
8.333 x 10-5
feet
mils
1.0 x 10-3
inches
mils
2.54 x 10-8
mils
2.778 x 10
miner’s inches
1.5
cu. ft./min.
minims (british)
5.9192 x 10-2
cubic cm.
minims (U.S. fluid)
6.1612 x 10-2
cubic cm.
minutes (angles)
1.667 x 10-2
degrees
minutes (angles)
1.852 x 10-4
quadrants
minutes (angles)
2.909 x 10
radians
minutes (angles)
6.0 x 101
seconds
minutes (time)
9.9206 x 10-5
weeks
minutes (time)
6.944 x 10-4
days
minutes (time)
1.667 x 10-2
hours
minutes (time)
6.0 x 101
seconds
myriagrams
1.0 x 101
kilograms
myriameters
1.0 x 10
kilometers
myriawatts
1.0 x 101
-3
1
feet
kilometers
-5
-4
1
yards
kilowatts
N
nails
2.25
inches
newtons
1.0 x 105
dynes
O
ohm (international)
1.0005
ohm (absolute)
ohms
1.0 x 10-6
megohms
ohms
1.0 x 106
microhms
ounces
8.0
drams
ounces
4.375 x 102
grains
ounces
2.8349 x 101
grams
ounces
6.25 x 10-2
pounds
ounces
9.115 x 10
ounces (troy)
ounces
2.790 x 10-5
ounces
3.125 x 10-5
tons (short)
ounces (fluid)
1.805
cu. inches
ounces (fluid)
2.957 x 10-2
liters
-1
tons (long)
51
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
ounces (troy)
4.80 x 102
ounces (troy)
3.1103 x 101
grains
grams
ounces (troy)
1.097
ounces (avdp.)
ounces (troy)
2.0 x 101
pennyweights (troy)
ounces (troy)
8.333 x 10-2
pounds (troy)
ounce/sq. in.
4.309 x 103
dynes/sq. cm.
ounce/sq. in.
6.25 x 10-2
pounds/sq. in.
P
52
pace
3.0 x 101
parsec
1.9 x 1013
parsec
3.084 x 10
parts/million
5.84 x 10-2
parts/million
7.016 x 10-2
grains/imp.gal.
parts/million
8.345
pounds/million gal.
pecks (british)
5.546 x 102
cubic inches
pecks (british)
9.0919
liters
pecks (U.S.)
2.5 x 10-1
bushels
pecks (U.S.)
5.376 x 102
cubic inches
pecks (U.S.)
8.8096
liters
inches
miles
13
kilometers
grains/u.s. gal.
pecks (U.S.)
8
quarts (dry)
pennyweights (troy)
2.4 x 101
grains
pennyweights (troy)
5.0 x 10-2
ounces (troy)
pennyweights (troy)
1.555
grams
pennyweights (troy)
4.1667 x 10-3
pounds (troy)
pints (dry)
3.36 x 101
cubic inches
pints (dry)
1.5625 x 10-2
bushels
pints (dry)
5.0 x 10-1
quarts
pints (dry)
5.5059 x 10-1
liters
pints (liquid)
4.732 x 102
cubic cms.
pints (liquid)
1.671 x 10-2
cubic feet
pints (liquid)
2.887 x 10
cubic inches
pints (liquid)
4.732 x 10-4
cubic meters
pints (liquid)
6.189 x 10-4
cubic yards
pints (liquid)
1.25 x 10-1
gallons
pints (liquid)
4.732 x 10-1
liters
pints (liquid)
5.0 x 10-1
quarts (liquid)
planck’s quantum
6.624 x 10
poise
1.0
gram/cm.-sec.
pounds (avdp.)
1.4583 x 101
ounces (troy)
poundals
1.3826 x 104
dynes
poundals
1.42 x 101
grams
poundals
1.383 x 10-3
joules/cm.
poundals
1.383 x 10-1
joules/meter (newtons)
1
-27
erg-seconds
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
poundals
1.41 x 10
kilograms
poundals
3.108 x10-2
pounds
pounds
2.56 x 102
drams
pounds
4.448 x 105
dynes
pounds
7.0 x 103
grains
pounds
4.5359 x10
pounds
4.448 x 10-2
joules/cm.
pounds
4.448
joules/meter (newtons)
pounds
4.536 x 10-1
kilograms
pounds
1.6 x 101
ounces
pounds
1.458 x 101
ounces (troy)
pounds
3.217 x 101
poundals
-2
2
grams
pounds
1.21528
pounds (troy)
pounds
5.0 x 10-4
tons (short)
pounds (troy)
5.760 x 103
grains
pounds (troy)
3.7324 x 102
grams
pounds (troy)
1.3166 x 101
ounces (avdp.)
pounds (troy)
1.2 x 101
ounces (troy)
pounds (troy)
2.4 x 10
pennyweights (troy)
pounds (troy)
8.2286 x 10-1
pounds (avdp.)
pounds (troy)
3.6735 x 10-4
tons (long)
pounds (troy)
3.7324 x 10-4
tons (metric)
pounds (troy)
4.1143 x 10-4
tons (short)
pounds of water
1.602 x 10-2
cu. ft.
pounds of water
2.768 x 101
cu. inches
pounds of water
1.198 x 10
gallons
pounds of water/min.
2.670 x 10-4
cu. ft./sec.
pound-feet
1.356 x 107
cm.-dynes
pound-feet
1.3825 x 104
cm.-grains
pound-feet
1.383 x 10-1
meter-kgs.
pounds/cu. ft.
1.602 x 10-2
grams/cu.cm.
pounds/cu. ft.
1.602 x 10
kgs./cu. meter
pounds/cu. ft.
5.787 x 10-4
pounds/cu.in.
pounds/cu. ft.
5.456 x 10-9
pounds/mil-foot
pounds/cu. in.
2.768 x 101
grams/cu. cm.
pounds/cu. in.
2.768 x 104
kgs./cu. meter
pounds/cu. in.
1.728 x 103
pounds/cu. ft.
pounds/cu. in.
9.425 x 10-6
pounds/mil-foot
2
-1
1
pounds/ft.
1.488
kgs./meter
pounds/in.
1.786 x 102
grams/cm.
pounds/mil-foot
2.306 x 106
grams/cu. cm.
pounds/sq. ft.
4.725 x 10-4
atmospheres
pounds/sq. ft.
1.602 x 10-2
feet of water
53
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
pounds/sq. ft.
1.414 x 10-2
inches of mercury
pounds/sq. ft.
4.882
kgs./sq. meter
pounds/sq. ft.
6.944 x 10-3
pounds/sq. inch
pounds/sq. in.
6.804 x 10-2
atmospheres
pounds/sq. in.
2.307
feet of water
pounds/sq. in.
2.036
inches of mercury
pounds/sq. in.
7.031 x 102
kgs./sq. meter
pounds/sq. in.
1.44 x 102
pounds/sq. ft.
pounds/sq. in.
7.2 x 102
short tons/sq. ft.
pounds/sq. in.
7.03 x 10-2
kgs./sq.cm.
quadrants (angle)
9.0 x 101
quadrants (angle)
5.4 x 103
minutes
quadrants (angle)
1.571
radians
quadrants (angle)
3.24 x 105
seconds
quarts (dry)
6.72 x 101
cu. inches
quarts (liquid)
9.464 x 102
cu. cms.
quarts (liquid)
3.342 x 10
cu. ft.
quarts (liquid)
5.775 x101
cu. inches
quarts (liquid)
9.464 x 10-4
cu. meters
quarts (liquid)
1.238 x 10-3
cu. yards
quarts (liquid)
2.5 x 10-1
gallons
quarts (liquid)
9.463 x 10-1
liters
radians
5.7296 x 10-1
degrees
radians
3.438 x 103
minutes
radians
6.366 x 10-1
quadrants
radians
2.063 x 105
seconds
radians/sec.
5.7296 x101
degrees/sec.
radians/sec.
9.549
revolutions/min.
radians/sec.
1.592 x 10-1
revolution/sec.
radians/sec./sec.
5.7296 x 10-1
revs./min./min.
radians/sec./sec.
9.549
revs./min./sec.
radians/sec./sec.
1.592 x 10-1
revs./sec./sec.
reams
5.0 x 102
sheets
revolutions
3.60 x 102
degrees
Q
degrees
-2
R
54
revolutions
4.0
quadrants
revolutions
6.283
radians
revolutions/min.
6.0
degrees/sec.
revolutions/min.
1.047 x 10-1
radians/sec.
revolutions/min.
1.667 x 10-2
revs./sec.
revs./min./min.
1.745 x 10-3
radians/sec./sec.
revs./min./min.
1.667 x 10-2
revs./min./sec.
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
revs./min./min.
2.778 x 10
revolutions/sec.
3.6 x 102
degrees/sec.
revolutions/sec.
6.283
radians/sec.
revolutions/sec.
6.0 x 101
revs./min.
revs./sec./sec.
6.283
radians/sec./sec.
revs./sec./sec.
3.6 x 103
revs./min./min.
revs./sec./sec.
6.0 x101
revs./min./sec.
rods
2.5 x 10-1
chains (gunters)
rods
5.029
meters
-4
revs./sec./sec.
rods (surveyors’ meas.)
5.5
yards
rods
1.65 x 101
feet
rods
1.98 x 102
inches
rods
3.125 x10
miles
rope
2.0 x 101
-3
feet
S
scruples
2.0 x 101
grains
seconds (angle)
2.778 x 10-4
degrees
seconds (angle)
1.667 x 10-2
minutes
seconds (angle)
3.087 x 10
quadrants
seconds (angle)
4.848 x 10-6
radians
slugs
1.459 x 101
kilograms
slugs
3.217 x 101
pounds
sphere (solid angle)
1.257 x 101
steradians
square centimeters
1.973 x 105
circular mils
square centimeters
1.076 x 10-3
sq. feet
square centimeters
1.550 x 10
sq. inches
square centimeters
1.0 x 10-4
sq. meters
square centimeters
3.861 x 10-11
sq. miles
square centimeters
1.0 x 102
sq. millimeters
square centimeters
1.196 x 10-4
steradians
square feet
2.296 x 10-5
acres
square feet
1.833 x 10
circular mils
square feet
9.29 x 102
sq. cms.
square feet
1.44 x 102
sq. inches
square feet
9.29 x 10-2
sq. meters
square feet
3.587 x 10-8
sq. miles
square feet
9.29 x 104
sq. millimeters
square feet
1.111 x 10-1
square inches
1.273 x 10
square inches
6.452
sq. cms.
square inches
6.944 x 10-3
sq. ft.
square inches
6.452 x 102
sq. millimeters
-6
-1
8
6
sq. yards
circular mils
55
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
square inches
1.0 x 106
sq. mils
square inches
7.716 x 10-4
sq. yards
square kilometers
2.471 x 102
acres
square kilometers
1.0 x 10
sq. cms.
square kilometers
1.076 x 107
sq. ft.
square kilometers
1.550 x 109
sq. inches
square kilometers
1.0 x 106
sq. meters
square kilometers
3.861 x 10-1
sq. miles
square kilometers
1.196 x 106
sq. yards
square meters
2.471 x 10
acres
square meters
1.0 x 104
sq. cms.
square meters
1.076 x 101
sq. ft.
square meters
1.55 x 103
sq. inches
square meters
3.861 x 10-7
sq. miles
square meters
1.0 x 106
sq. millimeters
square meters
1.196
sq. yards
square miles
6.40 x 102
acres
square miles
2.788 x 107
sq. ft.
square miles
2.590
sq. kms.
square miles
2.590 x 106
sq. meters
square miles
3.098 x 106
sq. yards
square millimeters
1.973 x 103
circular mils
square millimeters
1.0 x 10
sq. cms.
square millimeters
1.076 x 10-5
square millimeters
1.55 x 10-3
sq. inches
square mils
1.273
circular mils
square mils
6.452 x 10-6
sq. cms.
square mils
1.0 x 10-6
sq. inches
square yards
2.066 x 10-4
square yards
8.361 x 10
square yards
9.0
sq. ft.
square yards
1.296 x 103
sq. inches
square yards
8.361 x 10-1
sq. meters
square yards
3.228 x 10-7
sq. miles
square yards
8.361 x 105
sq. millimeters
steradians
7.958 x 10
spheres
steradians
1.592 x 10-1
hemispheres
steradians
6.366 x 10-1
spherical right angles
steradians
3.283 x 103
square degrees
steres
9.99973 x 102
liters
10
-4
-2
3
-2
sq. ft.
acres
sq. cms.
T
56
temperature (°C) + 273
1.0
absolute temperature (°K)
temperature (°C) + 17.78
1.8
temperature (°F)
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
temperature (°F) + 460
1.0
temperature (°F) - 32
5/9-----------------------------
absolute temperature (°R)
temperature (°C)
tons (long)
1.016 x 103
kilograms
tons (long)
2.24 x 103
pounds
tons (long)
1.12
tons (short)
tons (metric)
1.0 x 103
kilograms
tons (metric)
2.205 x 103
pounds
tons (short)
9.0718 x 102
kilograms
tons (short)
3.2 x 104
ounces
tons (short)
2.9166 x 104
ounces (troy)
tons (short)
2.0 x 10
pounds
tons (short)
2.43 x 103
pounds (troy)
tons (short)
8.9287 x 10-1
tons (long)
tons (short)
9.078 x 10-1
tons (metric)
tons (short)/sq.ft.
9.765 x 103
kgs./sq. meter
tons (short)/sq.ft.
1.389 x 101
pounds/sq.in.
tons (short)/sq.in.
1.406 x 106
kgs./sq. meter
tons (short)/sq.in.
2.0 x 10
pounds/sq.in.
tons of water/24 hrs.
8.333 x 101
tons of water/24 hrs.
1.6643 x 10-1
gallons/min.
tons of water/24 hrs.
1.3349
cu. ft./hr.
volt/inch
3.937 x 107
abvolts/cm.
volt/inch
3.937 x10
volt/cm.
volt (absolute)
3.336 x 10-3
statvolts
volts
1.0 x 108
abvolts
3
3
pounds of water/hr.
V
-1
W
watts
1.0 x 10-3
kilowatts
watts
3.4129
btu/hr.
watts
5.688 x 10-2
btu/min.
watts
1.0 x 10
ergs/sec.
watts
4.427 x 101
ft.-lbs./min.
watts
7.378 x 10-1
ft.-lbs./sec.
watts
1.341 x 10-3
horsepower
watts
1.36 x 10-3
horsepower (metric)
watts
1.0 x 10-3
watts
1.433 x 10
watts (abs.)
1.0
joules/sec.
7
kilowatts
-2
kg.-calories/min.
watt-hours
3.413
btu
watt-hours
3.6 x 1010
ergs
watt-hours
2.656 x 103
foot-lbs.
watt-hours
8.605 x 102
gram-calories
watt-hours
1.341 x 10-3
horsepower-hours
57
AQ UA- C H EM
To Convert
Multiply By
To Obtain
watt-hours
8.605 x 10-1
kilogram-calories
watt-hours
3.672 x 102
kilogram-meters
watt-hours
1.0 x 10-3
kilowatt-hours
watt (international)
1.000165
watt (absolute)
webers
1.0 x 108
maxwells
webers
1.0 x 105
kilolines
webers/sq.in.
1.55 x 107
gausses
webers/sq.in.
1.0 x108
lines/sq.in.
webers/sq.in.
1.55 x 10-1
webers/sq.cm.
webers/sq.in.
1.55 x 103
webers/sq.meter
webers/sq.meter
1.0 x 10
gausses
webers/sq.meter
6.452 x 104
lines/sq.in.
webers/sq.meter
1.0 x 10-4
webers/sq.cm.
webers/sq.meter
6.452 x 10-4
webers/sq.in.
weeks
1.68 x 102
hours
weeks
1.008 x 104
minutes
weeks
6.048 x 10
seconds
4
5
Y
yards
9.144 x 101
centimeters
yards
9.144 x 10-4
kilometers
yards
9.144 x 10-1
meters
yards
4.934 x 10-4
miles (nautical)
yards
5.682 x 10-4
miles (statute)
yards
9.144 x 10
millimeters
years
3.65256 x 102
days (mean solar)
years
8.7661 x 103
hours (mean solar)
58
2
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Useful Physical Constants
Gas Constants (R)
R = 0.0821
R = 1.987
R = 1.987
R = 1.987
R = 7.314
R = 1.546
R = 10.73
R = 18510
R = 0.7302
R = 8.48 x 105
(atm.)(liter)/(g.-mole)(°K)
g.-cal./(g.-mole)(°K)
B.t.u./(lb.-mole)(°R)
c.h.u./(lb.-more)(°K)
joules/(hm-mole)(°K)
(ft.)(lb.-force)(lb.-mole)(°R)
(lb.-force/sq.in.)(cu.ft.)/(lb.-mole)(°R)
(lb.-force sq.in.)(cu.in.)(lb.-mole)(°R)
(atm.)(cu.ft.)/(lb.-mole)(°R)
(Kg./m2)(cu.cm.)/(lb.-mole)(°K)
Acceleration of Gravity (Standard)
g = 32.17 ft. sec.2 = 980.6 cm. sec.2
Velocity of Sound in Dry Air @ 0°C and 1 ATM
331.19 meters/sec. = 1086.6 ft./sec.
Heat of Fusion of Water
79.7 cal./gm = 144 Btu/lb.
Heat of Vaporization of Water 1.0 ATM
540 cal./gm = 970 Btu/lb.
Specific Heat of Air
Cp = 0.238 cal./(gm)(°C)
Density of Dry Air @ 0°C and 760 mm.
0.001293 gm/cu.cm.
59
AQ UA- C H EM
Salinity Indicating Readings Conversion Table
Grains per gallon of sea salt to equivalent parts per million of
chloride to parts per million of chlorides in seawater
60
GPG
EPM
PPM
.108
.028
1.000
.250
.065
2.315
.50
.131
4.627
1.00
.261
9.254
2.00
.522
18.509
3.00
.783
27.763
3.83
1.000
35.457
4.00
1.044
37.017
5.00
1.305
46.271
5.75
1.501
43.221
6.00
1.566
55.526
7.00
1.827
64.780
8.00
2.088
74.034
9.00
2.349
83.289
10.00
2.61
92.542
10.80
2.82
100.00
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
pH VALUE
pHNumber of times acidity or alkalinity Value
exceed that of pure water
0
10,000,000
1
1,000,000
2
100,000
3
10,000Acidity
4
1,000
5
100
6
10
7
1
8
10
Pure Distilled Water
@ 77°F (25°C)
9
100
10
1,000
11
10,000
12
100,000Alkalinity
13
1,000,000
14
10,000,000
61
AQ UA- C H EM
conversion
USGPH
USGPD
IGPH
IGPD
10 42
50
55
85
240 1,000
1,200
1,320
2,000
8
34
42
46
69
199
832
999
1,099
1,665
100
110
125
170
200
2,400
2,640
3,000
4,000
4,800
83
92
104
139
166
1,998
2,198
2,498
3,330
3,996
220
250
300
333
400
5,280
6,000
7,200
8,000
9,600
186
208
250
278
333
4,396
4,996
5,995
6,661
7,993
417
500
583
600
667
800
835
900
1,040
1,250
10,000
12,000
14,000
14,400
16,000
19,200
20,000
21,600
25,000
30,000
347
416
485
500
555
666
694
749
865
1,041
8,326
9,992
11,657
11,990
13,322
15,987
16,653
17,985
20,816
24,980
1,667
2,100
2,500
2,917
3,333
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
1,390
1,735
2,080
2,428
2,780
33,306
41,633
49,960
58,286
66,613
3,750
4,167
6,250
8,333
12,500
90,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000
3,123
3,470
5,204
6,940
10,410
74,940
83,267
124,900
166,534
249,801
25,000
41,667
50,000
600,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
20,816
34,694
41,663
499,602
832,670
999,204
83,334
125,001
166,668
208,335
250,002
291,669
333,336
375,003
416,670
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
69,388
104,082
138,776
173,470
208,164
242,858
277,552
312,246
396,940
1,665,340
2,495,010
3,330,680
4,163,350
4,996,020
5,828,690
6,661,360
7,494,030
8,326,700
62
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
table
TONS / HR
M3 / HR
M3 / DAY
TONS / DAY
LITER / HR
LB. HR.
--
.9
38
83
--
3.7
158
350
--
4.5
189
417
--
4.9
208
458
--
7.5
379
709
--
9.0
378
834
--
9.9
413
917
--
11.3
473
1,043
--
15.1
631
1,418
75
18.1
757
1,668
.8
.9
1.1
1.2
1.5
19.9
22.7
27.2
30.2
36.3
833
946
1,136
1,262
1,514
1,835
2,085
2,502
2,777
3,336
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.5
3.0
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.7
37.8
45.4
52.9
54.5
60.5
72.6
75.7
81.7
94.6
113.5
1,577
1,893
2,208
2,271
2,523
3,028
3,154
3,407
3,940
4,731
3,477
4,170
4,862
5,004
5,563
6,672
6,964
7,506
8,673
10,425
6.3
7.8
9.4
11.0
12.6
151.4
189.2
227.1
264.9
302.8
6,310
7,885
9,462
11,040
12,620
13,902
17,514
20,850
24,327
27,797
14.1
15.7
23.3
31.5
47.3
340.6
378.5
567.7
757.0
1135.5
14.193
15,770
23,365
31,540
47,312
31,275
34,752
52,125
69,497
104,250
94.6
157.7
189.2
2271.0
3785.0
4542.0
94,625
151,708
189,250
208,500
347,502
417,000
315.4
473.1
630.8
788.5
946.2
1,103.9
1,261.6
1,419.3
1,577.0
7,570.0
11,355.0
15,140.0
18,925.0
22,710.0
26,495.0
30,280.0
34,065.0
37,850.0
303,416
455,124
606,832
758,540
910,248
1,061,956
1,213,664
1,365,372
1,517,080
695,400
1,042,506
1,390,008
1,737,510
2,085,012
2,432,514
2,780,016
3,127,518
3,475,502
63
AQ UA- C H EM
Common Metric Equivalents
Approximate Common Equivalent
1 inch
1 foot
1 yard
1 mile
1 square inch
1 square foot
1 square yard
1 acre
=25 milimeters
=0.3 meter
=0.9 meter
=1.6 kilometers
=6.5 square centimeters
=0.09 square meter
=0.8 square meter
=0.4 hectare†
1 cubic inch
1 cubic foot
1 cubic yard
1 quart (lq)
1 gallon
1 ounce (avdp)
1 pound (avdp)
1 horsepower
=16 cubic centimeters
=0.03 cubic meter
=0.8 cubic meter
=1 liter†
=0.004 cubic meter
=28 grams
=0.45 kilogram
=0.75 kilowatt
1 millimeter
1 meter
1 meter
1 kilometer
1 square centimeter
1 square meter
1 square meter
1 hectare†
=0.04 inch
=3.3 feet
=1.1 yards
=0.06 square inch
=0.16 square inch
=11 square feet
=1.2 square yards
=2.5 acres
1 cubic centimeter
1 cubic meter
1 cubic meter
1 liter†
1 cubic meter
1 gram
1 kilogram
1 kilowatt
=0.06 cubic inch
=35 cubic feet
=1.3 cubic yards
=1 quart (lq)
=250 gallons
=0.035 ounces (avdp)
=2.2 pounds (avdp)
=1.3 horsepower
†Common term not used in Sl.
64
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
and Conversions
Conversions Accurate to Parts Per Million
inches x 25.4*
feet x 0.3048*
yards x 0.9144*
miles x 1.60934
square inches x 6.4516*
square feet x 0.0929030
square yards x 0.836127
ares x 0.404686
=millimeters
=meters
=meters
=kilometers
=square centimeters
=square meters
=square meters
=hectares
cubic inches x 16.3871
cubic feet x 0.0283168
cubic yards x 0.764555
quarts (lq) x 0.946353
gallons x 0.00378541
ounces (avdp) x 28.3495
pounds (advp) x 0.453592
horsepower x 0.745700
=cubic centimeters
=cubic meters
=cubic meters
=liters
=cubic meters
=grams
=kilograms
=kilowatts
millimeters x 0.0393701
meters x 3.28084
meters x 1.09361
kilometers x 0.621371
square centimeters x 0.155000
square meters x 10.7639
square meters x 1.19599
hectares x 2.47105
=inches
=feet
=yards
=miles
=square inches
=square feet
=square yards
=acres
cubic centimeters x 0.0610237
cubic meters x 35.3147
cubic meters x 1.30795
liters x 1.05669
cubic meters x 264.172
grams x 0.0352740
kilograms x 2.20462
kilowatts x 1.34102
=cubic inches
=cubic feet
=cubic yards
=quarts (lq)
=gallons
=ounces (advp)
=pounds (advp)
=horsepower
*Exact
65
AQ UA- C H EM
Decimal Equivalents
Decimal Equivalents
66
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2
.0156
.0312
.0468
.0625
.0781
.0937
.1094
.125
.1406
.1562
.1719
.1875
.2031
.2187
.2344
.25
.2656
.2812
.2969
.3125
.3281
.3437
.3594
.375
.3906
.4062
.4219
.4375
.4531
.4687
.4844
.5
33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
49/64
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
7/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31/32
63/64
1
.5156
.5312
.5469
.5625
.5781
.5937
.6094
.625
.6406
.6562
.6719
.6875
.7031
.7187
.7344
.75
.7656
.7812
.7969
.8125
.8281
.8437
.8594
.875
.8906
.9062
.9219
.9375
.9531
.9687
.9843
1.0
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
U.S. Gallons in round cylinders for one foot in depth
Inside
Ft.
In.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
1
10
1
11
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
2
10
2
11
3
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
U.S.
Gallons
0.41
0.16
0.37
0.66
1.02
1.47
2.0
2.62
3.64
4.1
4.95
5.87
6.89
8.00
9.18
10.44
11.79
13.22
14.73
16.32
17.99
19.75
21.58
23.50
25.50
27.58
29.74
31.99
34.31
36.72
39.21
41.78
44.43
47.16
45.98
52.88
55.86
58.93
62.06
65.28
68.58
71.97
75.44
Inside
Dia.
Ft.
U.S.
Gallons
In.
3
8
3
9
3
10
3
11
4
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
7
4
4
8
4
10
4
10
4
11
5
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
5
9
5
10
5
11
6
6
3
6
6
6
9
7
7
3
7
6
7
9
8
8
3
8
6
8
9
9
9
3
78.99
82.62
86.33
90.13
94.00
97.96
102.00
106.12
110.32
114.61
118.97
123.42
127.95
132.56
137.25
142.02
146.88
151.82
156.83
161.93
167.12
172.38
177.72
183.15
188.66
194.25
199.92
205.67
211.51
229.50
248.23
267.69
287.88
308.81
330.48
352.88
376.01
399.88
424.48
449.82
475.89
502.70
Inside
Dia.
Ft.
In.
9
6
9
9
10
10
3
10
6
10
9
11
11
3
11
6
11
9
12
12
3
12
6
12
9
13
13
3
13
6
13
9
14
14
3
14
6
14
9
15
15
3
15
6
15
9
16
16
3
16
6
16
9
17
17
3
17
6
17
9
18
18
3
18
6
18
9
19
19
3
19
6
19
9
U.S.
Gallons
530.24
558.51
587.52
617.26
640.74
678.95
710.90
743.58
776.99
811.14
846.03
881.65
918.0
955.09
992.91
1031.50
1070.80
1110.80
1151.50
1193.00
1235.30
1278.20
1321.90
1366.40
1411.50
1457.40
1504.10
1551.40
1599.50
1648.40
1697.90
1748.20
1799.30
1851.10
1903.60
1956.80
2010.80
2065.50
2120.90
2177.10
2234.00
2291.70
Approximate Density of Liquids at 50 to 80 Fahrenheit
Liquid
lb./cu. ft.
lb./U.S. Gal.
Alcohol 506.7
Benzine
56
7.5
Gasoline
Glycerine
Kerosene
Lubricating Oil
Pure Water
Sea Water
43
78
51
57
62.4
64
5.8
10.5
6.8
7.5
8.34
8.55
67
AQ UA- C H EM
Natural functions of angles
68
Deg.
Sine
Cosine
Tangent
Cotangent
Deg.
0
1
2
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
1.0000
0.9998
0.9994
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
57.2900
28.6363
∞
90
89
88
3
4
5
0.0523
0.0698
0.0872
0.9986
0.9976
0.9962
0.0524
0.0699
0.0875
19.0811
14.3007
11.4301
87
86
85
6
7
8
0.1045
0.1219
0.1392
0.9945
0.9925
0.9903
0.1051
0.1228
0.1405
9.5144
8.1443
7.1154
84
83
82
9
10
11
0.1564
0.1736
0.1908
0.9877
0.9848
0.9816
0.1584
0.1763
0.1944
6.3138
5.6713
5.1446
81
80
79
12
13
14
0.2079
0.2250
0.2419
0.9781
0.9744
0.9703
0.2126
0.2309
0.2493
4.7046
4.3315
4.0108
78
77
76
15
16
17
0.2588
0.2756
0.2924
0.9659
0.9613
0.9563
0.2679
0.2867
0.3057
3.7321
3.4874
3.2709
75
74
73
18
19
20
0.3090
0.3256
0.3420
0.9511
0.9455
0.9397
0.3249
0.3443
0.3640
3.0777
2.9042
2.7475
72
71
70
21
22
23
0.3584
0.3746
0.3907
0.9336
0.9272
0.9205
0.3839
0.4040
0.4245
2.6051
2.4751
2.3559
69
68
67
24
25
26
0.4067
0.4226
0.4384
0.9135
0.9063
0.8988
0.4452
0.4663
0.4877
2.2460
2.1445
2.0503
66
65
64
27
28
29
0.4540
0.4695
0.4848
0.8910
0.8829
0.8746
0.5095
0.5317
0.5543
1.9626
1.8807
1.8040
63
62
61
30
31
32
0.5000
0.5150
0.5299
0.8660
0.8572
0.8480
0.5774
0.6009
0.6249
1.7321
1.6643
1.6003
60
59
58
33
34
35
0.5446
0.5592
0.5736
0.8387
0.8290
0.8192
0.6494
0.6745
0.7002
1.5399
1.4826
1.4281
57
56
55
36
37
38
0.5878
0.6018
0.6157
0.8090
0.7986
0.7880
0.7265
0.7536
0.7813
1.3764
1.3270
1.2799
54
53
52
39
40
41
0.6293
0.6428
0.6561
0.7771
0.7660
0.7547
0.8098
0.8391
0.8693
1.2349
1.1918
1.1504
51
50
49
42
43
44
0.6691
0.6820
0.6947
0.7431
0.7314
0.7193
0.9004
0.9325
0.9657
1.1106
1.0724
1.0355
48
47
46
45
0.7071
0.7071
1.0000
1.0000
45
Deg.
Sine
Cosine
Tangent
Cotangent
Deg.
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Solution of Right-Angled Triangles
Formulas for Sides and Sides
and Angles Known
Angles
to be found
B
c
a
90°
A
b
C
Sides c and a
b = c2-a2 sin A = a B=90°-A
c
Sides a and b
c = a2+b2 tan A = a A=90°-B
b
Side c; angle A
a = c sin A b= c cos A B = 90°-A
c= a
sin A
a= a
cos B
Side a; angle A
Side a; angle B
b = a cot A B = 90°-A
b = a tan B A = 90°-B
Solution of Oblique-Angled Triangles
b = a sin B c = a sin C = a sin (A+B)
sin A
sin A
sin A
Area = a b sin C
2
One side and two
angles known.
a, A, B
B
c
A
Two sides and
angle between them
known.
a, b, C
a
sin B = b sin a c = a sin C
a
sin a
a
b
sin
C
Area =
2
Two sides
and angle opposite
one side known
a, b, A
C
b
c=a sin C
tan A = a sin C
sin A
b-a cos C
a
b
sin
C
Area =
2
Three sides
known.
a, b, c
Note:
C=180-(A+B)
cos A = b +c -a
2 bc
2
2
2
sin B = b sin A
a
Area = a b sin C
2
Area of Plane Figures
Trapezoid
Triangle
a
Area = (a+b)h
2
Area = bh
s=a + b + c
2
2
Area = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
h
b
Parallelogram
Trapezium
1
h
a
b
c
Circle
Cir. = 2�r
D
r
b
c=2
h(2r - h)
+4h
8h
∞ = 57.296l
r
r= c
2
2
h=r - 1/2
4(r2 - c2)
s
R
A = 2.598s2 = 3.464r2
R = s = 1.155r
r = 0.866s = 0.866R
Segment
Area = �r
a
Reg. Hex.
h1
2
c
b
Area=�ab=3.1416 ab.
Approximate formula for perimeter
P=3.1416 2(a2 + b2)
h
b
1
h
Ellipse
Area = bh
Area = b(h+h ) + ah + ch
2
a
r
h
∞
r
c
A = 1/2[rl - c (r - h)] l = 0.01745 r ∞
69
AQ UA- C H EM
Surface and Volume of Solids
Cube
Cylinder
V = s3
s=
3
r
V
s
h
s
s
d
V = � r h = 0.7854 d h
S = 6.2832 r h = � dh
2
Sphere
2
Portion of Cylinder
h1
d
V = 4�r3 = �d3
3
6
A = 4�r2 = �d2
r
r
d
h2
r = 0.6204 V
3
V = 1.5708 r2 (h1 = h2)
S = �r (h1 + h2)
Spherical Segment
V = � h2 r- h
3
Hollow Cylinder
h
2
2
=�h c +h
8 6
c
+ r
t
A = 2 � r h = � c + h2
4
2
h
r=c +4h
8h
2
c = 2 h(2r - h)
d
Spherical Sector
D
h
Cone
s
c
+
V=2�r h
3
A = � r (2 h + 1/2 c)
r
h
2
A = � r r2 + h2 = � rs
s=
Torus
Frustum of Cone
r
d
d
r 2 + h2
R
D
70
r
V = 1.0472 r h = 0.2618 d h
2
c = 2 h (2 r - h)
V = 2 �2 Rr2 = � Dd2
4
A = 4 �2 Rr = �2 Dd
R
V = � h (R2-r2) = 0.7854 h (D2-d2)
= � ht (2 R - t) = � ht (D - t)
= � ht (2 r + t) = � ht (d + t)
= � ht (R + r) = 1.5708ht (D + d)
2
2
2
r
a
D
R
d
r
V = 1.0472 h (R2 + Rr + r2)
A = � s (R + r)
s = (R - r)2 + h2
h
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE
C
-17.7
-17.2
-16.6
-16.1
-15.5
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.7
-12.2
-11.6
-11.1
-10.5
-10.0
-9.4
-8.8
-8.3
-7.7
-7.2
-6.6
-6.1
-5.5
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.6
-1.1
-0.6
0
0.5
1.1
1.6
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.8
4.4
4.9
5.5
6.0
6.6
7.1
7.7
8.2
8.8
9.3
9.9
10.4
F.
C.
F.
0 3211.1 52125.6
1 33.811.5 53127.4
2 35.612.1 54129.2
3 37.412.6 55131.0
4 39.213.2 56132.8
5 41.013.7 57134.6
6 42.814.3 58136.4
7 44.614.8 59138.2
8 46.415.6 60140.0
9 48.216.1 61141.8
10 50.016.6 62143.6
11 51.817.1 63145.4
12 53.617.7 64147.2
13 55.418.2 65149.0
14 57.218.8 66150.8
15 59.019.3 67152.6
16 60.819.9 68154.4
17 62.620.4 69156.2
18 64.421.0 70158.0
19 66.221.5 71159.8
20 68.022.2 72161.6
21 69.822.7 73163.4
22 71.623.3 74165.2
23 73.423.8 75167.0
24 75.224.4 76168.8
25 77.025.0 77170.6
26 78.825.5 78172.4
27 80.626.2 79174.2
28 82.426.8 80176.0
29 84.227.3 81177.8
30 86.027.7 82179.6
31 87.828.2 83181.4
32 89.628.8 84183.2
33 91.429.3 85185.0
34 93.229.9 86186.8
35 95.030.4 87188.6
36 96.831.0 88190.4
37 98.631.5 89192.2
38 100.432.1 90194.0
39 102.232.6 91195.8
40 104.033.3 92197.6
41 105.833.8 93199.4
42 107.634.4 94201.2
43 109.434.9 95203.0
44 111.235.5 96204.8
45 113.036.1 97206.6
46 114.836.6 98208.4
47 116.637.1 99210.2
48 118.437.7 100212.0
49120.2 43 110230
50122.0 49 120248
51123.8
The numbers in Bold Face refer to the temperature either in degrees Centigrade or Fahrenheit which is desired to convert into the other scale. If converting from Fahrenheit degrees
to Centigrade degrees, the equivalent temperature will be found in the left column while if
converting from degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit, the answer will be found in the
column on the right.
71
AQ UA- C H EM
International Dialing
To dial an international number from the US: Simply dial 011 + Country Code + City Code (if
any) + the Number. Codes are subject to change. Check with your long-distance company for
current information and dialing information.
Country
Code
Country
Code Country
Code
Afghanistan.............................. 93....... Germany.................................49......Norfolk Island......................6723
Albania................................... 355....... Ghana...................................233......Norway....................................47
Algeria................................... 213....... Gibraltar................................350......Oman....................................968
American Somoa................... 684....... Greece....................................30......Pakistan..................................92
Andorra.................................. 376....... Greenland.............................299......Palau.....................................680
Angola................................... 244....... Grenada................................809......Palm Island...........................809
Anguilla.................................. 809....... Guadeloupe..........................590......Panama.................................507
Antarctica............................... 672....... Guam....................................671......Papau New Guinea...............675
Antiqua.................................. 809....... Guantanamo Bay................5399......Paraguay...............................595
Argentina................................. 54....... Guatemala............................502......Peru........................................51
Armenia................................. 374....... Guinea..................................224......Phillippines..............................63
Aruba................................... 2997....... Guinea bissau.......................245......Poland.....................................48
Ascension Islands.................. 247....... Guyana.................................592......Portugal.................................351
Australia................................... 61....... Haiti.......................................509......Puerto Rico...........................787
Austria..................................... 43....... Honduras..............................504......Qatar.....................................974
Azerbaijan.............................. 994....... Hong Kong............................852......Reunion Island......................262
Bahamas............................... 809....... Hungary..................................36......Romania..................................40
Bahrain.................................. 973....... Iceland..................................354......Russia.......................................7
Bangladesh............................ 880....... India........................................91......Rwanda.................................250
Barbados............................... 909....... Indonesia................................62......Saipan...................................670
Belarus.................................. 375....... Iran..........................................98......Sakhalin....................................7
Belgium.................................. 321....... Iraq........................................964......San Marino............................395
Belize..................................... 501....... Ireland...................................353......Sao Tome..............................239
Benin..................................... 229....... Israel.....................................972......Saudi Arabia..........................966
Bermuda................................ 809....... Italy.........................................39......Senegal Republic..................221
Bhutan................................... 975....... Ivory Coast............................225......Seychelles.............................248
Bolivia.................................... 591....... Jamaica.................................876......Sierra Leone.........................232
Bosnia & Herzegovina........... 387....... Japan......................................81......Singapore................................65
Botswana............................... 267....... Jordan...................................962......Slovakia..................................42
Brazil........................................ 55....... Kazakhstan...............................7......Slovenia................................386
British Virgin Islands.............. 809....... Kenya....................................254......Solomon Islands...................677
Brunel.................................... 673....... Kiribati...................................686......Somalia.................................252
Bulgaria................................. 359....... Kirighzia....................................7......South Africa.............................27
Burkina Faso......................... 226....... Kuwait...................................965......South Korea............................82
Burundi.................................. 257....... Kyrgyzstan................................7......Spain.....................................349
Cambodia.............................. 855....... Laos......................................856......Sri Lanka.................................94
Cameroon.............................. 237....... Latvia....................................371......St. Helena.............................290
Canada...................................... 0....... Lebanon................................961......St. Kitts..................................809
Cape Verde Island................. 809....... Lesotho.................................266......St. Lucia................................809
Cayman Islands..................... 809....... Liberia...................................231......St. Pierre...............................508
Central African Republic........ 236....... Libya.....................................218......St. Vincent.............................809
Chad Republic....................... 235....... Liechtenstein.........................417......Suriname...............................597
Chile........................................ 56....... Lithuania...............................370......Swaziland..............................268
72
R e p r e s e n tat i v e d i r e c t o r y & d ata c o n v e r s i o n s ta b l e s
Country
Code Country
Code Country
Code
China....................................... 86....... Luxembourg..........................352......Sweden...................................46
Christmas/Cocos................... 672....... Macao...................................853......Switzerland.............................41
Colombia................................. 57....... Macedonia............................389......Syria......................................963
Comoros................................ 269....... Madagascar..........................261......Taiwan...................................886
Congo.................................... 242....... Malawi...................................265......Tajikstan....................................7
Cook Island............................ 682....... Malaysia..................................60......Tanzania................................255
Costa Rica............................. 506....... Maldives................................960......Thailand..................................66
Croatia................................... 385....... Mali Republic........................223......Togo......................................228
Cuba........................................ 53....... Malta.....................................356......Tonga....................................676
Cyprus................................... 357....... Marshall Islands....................692......Trinidad/Tobago....................868
Czech Republic....................... 42....... Maruitania.............................222......Tunisia...................................216
Denmark.................................. 45....... Mauritius...............................230......Turkey.....................................90
Diego Garcia.......................... 246....... Mayotte Island.....................2696......Turkmenistan............................7
Djibouti................................... 253....... Mexico (use city codes 1-8). 521-528......Turks/Caicos.........................809
Dominica................................ 809....... Micronesia.............................691......Tuvalu Islands.......................688
Dominican Republic............... 809....... Moldova................................373......Uganda.................................256
Ecuador................................. 592....... Monaco.................................339......Ukraine..................................380
Egypt....................................... 20....... Mongolia...............................976......United Arab Emirates............971
El Salvaor.............................. 503....... Monserrat..............................809......United Kingdom......................44
Equatorial Guinea.................. 240....... Morocco................................212......Uruguay................................598
Eritrea.................................... 291....... Mozambique.........................258......Uzbekistan................................7
Estonia................................... 372....... Myanmar (Burma)...................95......Vanuatu.................................678
Ethiopia.................................. 251....... Namibia.................................264......Vatican City...........................396
Faeroe Islands....................... 298....... Nauru....................................674......Venezuela...............................58
Falkland Islands..................... 500....... Nepal.....................................977......Vietnam...................................84
Fiji Islands.............................. 679....... Netherlands.............................31......Wallis/Futuna........................681
Finland................................... 358....... Netherlands Antilles..............599......Western Samoa....................685
France................................... 331....... Nevis Island..........................809......Yemen Arab Rep...................967
French Antilles....................... 596....... New Caledonia......................687......Yugoslavia.............................381
French Guiana....................... 594....... New Zealand...........................64......Zaire......................................243
French Polynesia................... 689....... Nicaragua..............................505......Zambia..................................260
Gabon.................................... 241....... Niger.....................................227......Zimbabwe.............................263
Gambia.................................. 220....... Nigeria...................................234......Zanzibar................................259
Georgia.................................. 995....... Niue Island............................683
73