Dynamic Modular Shoe Sole Design in Sports Footwear
Li Wen Chang
Parsons The New School For Design
MFA in Design and Technology
New York, United States
Chanl051@newschool.edu
ABSTRACT
Looking back on the history of sportswear
evolution, it is easy to find the emphasis on the
development. Not only professional athletes but
also average sportsmen are searching for
wearable clothes that enable them to elevate their
body strength and present their entire potential.
This desire evokes scientists’ endeavor to
research human physical structure and also
produce the most suitable sportswear to our
needs. The development research in this paper is
divided into different categories to examine what
should be improved and enhanced. Specifically
Sports footwear is focused to develop a better
model and material selection for the future plans.
The final project will also experiment different
structures and textiles to construct shoe soles to
respond to the necessities of experiencing
environments and the need to personalized
products. Technology makes a huge impact on
the result and we can reference these innovative
example projects to evaluate whether it is
necessary to implement such technical attachment
to our cloth and body.
Keywords
Sportswear, Footwear, Shoe Sole, Technology,
Smart Textile, Material Stiffness, Modular
Design, Functionality, Aesthetics
INTRODUCTION
I. Development in Sportswear
The innovation of sportswear is very exciting to
the fashion industry. Not only because sportswear
offers a more commercial and down to earth
approach of wearable clothes but also it allows a
wild experimental implementation to the
development of wearable itself. Here to
summarize the focuses of research in 3 domains:
purpose, technology and evaluation.
1. PURPOSE:
The main reason of elevating technology in
fashion is to enhance human body’s possibilities.
We have always wanted to become super human
that can jump 10 feet high, run as fast as horses or
with strong muscle that can break walls.
However, it can hardly be achieved according to
our physical constrains. Thus scientists stared to
look for a method that can help human race to
pursue our dreams. Various ways are tried and
now we are coming to the field of wearable
technology.
This
world
“Fashionable
Technology” might be relatively new to scientific
evolution, but the growth within these 10 years
has been lively booming. Particular about
sportswear, the innovative endeavor from
scientists, designers, entrepreneurs are all get
their full hands together on hoping to create a
better clothing that maximize human power. This
effort undoubtedly has begun immediately in the
sportswear innovation. Professional athletes are
expecting big sportswear companies to offer new
technology that help them to run fast and play
harder. The sponsorship therefore established to
prolong this commercial negotiation. It is also
clear to explain the reasons that why technology
in sportswear is easier to be accepted by
consumers. For professionals, they are always
looking for better products that help them to do
better in competitions. For regular people, as ling
as we see great results from our favorite athletes,
it will be cool to have the same clothes as they
do. For example, the Nike Flyknit technology
(Figure 1) is emphasizing the knitting technology
by manufacturing with only one thread that
makes the total weight much lighter. A lot of
professional runners has already adopted this
footwear in their gears and also brought up a huge
marjet interest.
Textiles for Sportswear it is stated that with
different knitting skills can give garments more
power to support body with more pressure. The
stretchable fabric and textile can add on to that as
well.
3. EVALUATION:
Figure 1. Nike FlyKnit Collection
(http://www.dezeen.com/2012/08/06/movie-nike-flyknit-rshoes/).
2. TECHNOLOGY:
From Columbia’s Omni Shield Textile innovation
(Figure 2), the functionality orientation is
perfectly executed. There are two main problems
people who love outdoor life always encounter:
rain and temperature. To avoid them, Columbia
develops this new textile that resist water
molecule to stay on the fabric and also dry the
coat extremely fast after a heavy rainstorm. It also
protects the textile to be less easy being stained
that makes outdoor activists to move more freely.
Evaluation process can be very difficult to assess
the value of these implementations of technology
into wearable items. Although invention and
innovation are promoted in this open era, there
should still be a principle of how are we going to
grade these blue-sky ideas. Some of the
technology used in garments is extremely
functional, for instance the space wear new
material development of Toray from Japan
(Figure 3). We know the transformation from
space wear to regular clothes seems vey bizarre,
but which parts from space wear are going to be
selected and embed into the everyday life
garments are highly discussable. If we are able to
evaluate the final product by market and strictly
test its functionality, we are able to comment on
this implementation about its success.
Figure 3. Toray Turn Spacewear Into Sportswear
(http://www.toray.com/aboutus/ourgroup/japan/jap_069.html).
Figure 2. Columbia Omni Shield Textile
(http://www.columbia.com/Omni-Shield/Technology_OmniShield,default,pg.html).
It is also very interesting to develop sportswear in
an emotional approach. In the research of Sato
Tetsya and his colleges, emotions are also
assessed by color manipulation. This might not be
a high-tech movement, it is still very valuable to
see how color become am essential element of
wearable construction.
Different knitting techniques are also important to
sportswear. In the research paper of A Review of
New Directions in Shingosen and Synthetic-fiber
However, there are times the value of the garment
itself can hardly be reviewed, take the Speedo
Challenge (Figure 4) as an example. This
swimsuit design is not a traditional fashion design
but to use swimsuit textile to create a more
diverse functional garment. The winning team did
a fantastic job by changing the functionality
essence thoroughly into an elegant and
sophisticated day and night dress. The main
focus here is to rethink the value of swimwear. It
is also an emphasis that using the swimsuits
materials not needed and making them a new
wearable garment. The sustainability is seriously
concerned. Therefore if we only assess the value
of swimsuit, it is meaningless. But to put this new
concept as an additional plus, it is well structured
and valuable.
Figure 5. Adidas One (http://chrisadas.com/topics/gadget)
Figure 4. Speedo Swimsuits Challenge
(http://www.falmouth.ac.uk/content/performance-sportswear-designstudents-collaborate-speedo)
II. Development in Sports Footwear
1. DEVELOPMENT:
The development in footwear has always been a
continuous endeavor. It is very obvious for
sportswear companies and manufacturers to
create a new trend to attract consumers’ attention.
This battle stared very early since the first pair of
lighting sneakers was launched. Even now it has
become a regular shoe style for kids, it was once
very innovative at certain era. Just as mentioned
previously, the functionality is one of the main
focuses for developing sports footwear. However,
to win this commercial battle and get the best of
market share, all the big names in this industry
are thriving to find the best and smartest product
that can respond to customers’ needs. Therefore
the Adidas One (Figure 5) was born, in 2005. It is
the second general consumer sneaker to
incorporate a computer after Puma. This pair of
sneakers was a break through creation at that time.
It brought a wide discussion not in the industry
but also among sportswear fanatics that how this
pair of 250 dollars shoes can do to match its high
price. The market did not really respond
positively to this trend. The feedbacks were
negative overall about the poor functionality and
repair requests were all over the place.
The result for this sneaker can be categorized as a
failure, but the revolution of embedding
technology into sports footwear is nonstop. The
purposes of doing so become more various which
give designers and technologists an opportunity
to expand their imagination and fulfill them into
reality. The Talking shoe (Figure 6) made by Art,
Copy and Code is a very interesting piece to look
at. The functionality of sportswear is not so much
emphasized but the intelligence of the footwear.
This product might not be very commercial but it
reminds us why we need shoes and what can the
shoes can do for us. There are full of possibilities
and we can never expect what will be launched 5
years later. To explore the world of connected
objects and demonstrate that anyone and anything
can tell a story, artist Zach Lieberman and
YesYesNo create a pair of smart sneakers that
allow people to follow every step of the wearer
through a real-time display ad. The ad is a
symphony of colors, visuals, music and text
generated from the motion data recorded in the
shoe. Using off-the-shelf sensors, prototyping
technologies and a mobile app, an ordinary shoe
is given a personality, access to the web and the
power to convert data into fun content that can be
shared to both an ad and Google+.
Figure 6. The Talking Shoe
(http://www.artcopycode.com/#/talking-shoe?p=Overview)
2. STRUCTURE:
According to Sole for footwear, especially sports
footwear(1978), the material of shoe soles can be
very different each layer and combination of its
structure. It all depends on the purpose of the
functionality and the ground the materials of the
layers will physically touch while the user is
having a certain movement. If the support system
is strongly built in advance, the power of the user
can be fully embodied and have less risks of
getting injured. A sole for footwear comprising a
lower layer of abrasion-resistant material having
a lower surface comprising a plurality of
downwardly-projecting ribs to touch the ground,
the ribs being substantially perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the footwear, and an upper
layer of impact-absorbing material attached to the
lower layer, and in which the upper surface of the
lower layer is provided with grooves
corresponding to the ribs, the grooves extending
to the sides of the sole and being occupied by
corresponding downwardly-projecting portions of
the upper layer(Figure 7).
protection for our body to move forward. In How
Products are made site, there is a general
introduction of how shoes are manufactured.
Running shoes are made from a combination of
materials. The sole has three layers: insole,
midsole, and outsole. These 3 layers give a
different functionality for movement but a great
support system as a whole. The insole is a thin
layer of man-made ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
The components of the midsole, which provides
the bulk of the cushioning, will vary among
manufacturers. Generally it consists of
polyurethane surrounding another material such
as gel or liquid silicone, or polyurethane foam
given a special brand name by the manufacturer.
The main focus of the midsole is to create a
protection layer to reduce the pressure to our feet.
In some cases the polyurethane may surround
capsules of compressed air. Outsoles are usually
made of carbon rubber, which is hard, or blown
rubber, a softer type, although manufacturers use
an assortment of materials to produce different
textures on the outsole. This combination of soles
generates a complete outcome of individual
features of running body movement.
Figure 8. Footwear Structure (http://www.madehow.com/Volume1/Running-Shoe.html)
PROPOSAL PROJECT
Figure 7. Patent Shoe Sole for Sportswear
(http://www.google.com.tw/patents/US4130947?printsec=drawing&dq=spor
ts+footwear)
To discuss the structure of footwear, it is
extremely important to think about the shoe sole.
From an overall viewpoint of the structure
(Figure 8), the sole can be a indicator to the
category of this particular product. This bottom
does not only support the user a comfortable
environment to exercise but also provide a safe
1. INSPIRATION:
The environment is always changing when we
run. Sometimes we run on running machines in
the gyms. Sometimes we run outdoors on the road.
The feeling can differ tremendously according to
the surfaces we are physically on (Figure 9).
Different surfaces also reduce different energy for
runners to run on. Regularly we run on hard
surface and it gives us enough counterforce to
move fluidly. However if we run on sand it
becomes much harder to move. Less counterforce
limits our behavior thus need to put more effort to
take a step. For professional athletes it is a great
environment to rain their muscle and also cardio.
Figure 9. Different surfaces
2. CONCEPT:
Runners have limitation of different environments
offered. They can not run to specific places or on
special surfaces easily and quickly. They also
experience injuries and pains by different
environments that have no way to transform.
Therefore in this project the focus is to create a
pair of shoes for runners to experience different
environments and thus change the experience in
terms of their needs. The project goal is to
research on the structures and materials of sports
footwear and thus create a pair of footwear that
changes its stiffness of the sole to enable users
experiencing different environments as surfaces
by technology. The sole will be changeable and
disposable then will make the top part of the
shoes more sustainable and customize the
products responding to consumers’ needs.
3. PRECEDENCE:
3.1 Smart Textile
Adidas One is one of the most relevant and
influential products in the market to this project.
It was quite a phenomenal breakthrough at the
time 2005 that such “smart” wearable object has
ever been massively produced in a commercial
sense. This pair of sneakers was launched in 2005
which is so called "1", providing “intelligent
cushioning” by automatically and continuously
adjusting itself. Simply describing its function, it
does the adjusting by sensing the cushioning level,
using a sensor and a magnet. It then understands
whether the cushioning level is too soft or too
firm via a small computer and adapts with a
motor-driven cable system to provide the correct
cushioning throughout the run. Similar to the
logic we have now by implementing a designed
chip such as Arduino, Adidas one has a
microcomputer to process the whole circuit.
Figure 10. Adidas One Structure
(http://www.gizmag.com/adidas-launches-the-intelligent-runningshoe/2810/picture/40/)
According to the description of the Adidas One
functionality and process (from
popularmechanics.com), impact is measured by a
magnetic sensing system. A sensor is placed just
below the runner's heel and a magnet is located at
the bottom of the midsole. On impact, the sensor
measures the distance from top to bottom of the
midsole to determine the degree of compression
and the amount of cushioning being used. The
sensor does this about 1000 times a second and
relays the information to the system's brain--a 20MHz microprocessor located underneath the
shoe's arch. This mini computer can make up to 5
million calculations per second, which is
probably more than you can.
The brain compares the cushioning level
information from the sensor to its programmed
optimum cushioning zone. The zone was
determined by feedback from runners. The brain
then activates a tiny motor, housed in the midfoot,
which turns a screw. This in turn lengthens or
shortens a cable that is connected to the walls of
the plastic cushioning element. Shortening the
cable stiffens the element and limits the amount
of compression. Lengthening the cable increases
compression travel for a "softer ride."
If your personal comfort zone is a little firmer or
softer than the factory's programmed setting, two
buttons let you adjust compression resistance up
or down.
Figure 11. Adidas +F50 TUNIT Advertisement
(http://www.coloribus.com/adsarchive/prints/f50-tunit-boot-cisse-8131355/)
Figure 11. Adidas One Interface
(http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/1327737/Megapost---Las-mejorescosas-del-mundo.html)
3.2. Modular Components
Creating a modular oriented pair of shoes can be
so exciting because the benefits it brings are
numerous. Firstly it might change people’s
shopping behavior. Everyone in fashion industry
is talking about sustainable design right now, but
it is an idea that is actually very difficult to
realize in life. People don’t buy new things just
because their old products are broken but also
their curiosity and desire to be trendy. Taking this
modular idea into the commercial market might
be able to help designers to get closer to the
ultimate goal of sustainability in fashion. The
broken and old parts of the wearables can be
replaced by newer and different designs in order
to eliminate the needs of changing products that
generate tons of wastes and disposables. In
January 31, 2006 adidas unveiled a new soccer
footwear concept in Germany which could have
far-reaching ramifications for the world's fashion
footwear and sporting footwear industries. This
new series of boots will be called +F50
TUNIT(Figure).
This new soccer boot concept allows players to
customize, adapt and tune their boots to any
weather, any pitch and their very own personal
style. The revolutionary +F50 TUNIT is easily
constructed
from
three
interchangeable
components: the upper, the chassis and the studs.
Each component comes in a variety of styles and
functions. By this changeable components
concept consumers can easily build their own
personalized shoes simply by replacing new
components and make their own combination
according to aesthetics and functionality. The
specific descriptions of the shoes are below (from
CrunchWear.com):
Interchangeable components:
1. The Upper
2. The Chassis
3. The Studs
Technology implemented:
1. The lightweight Chassis provides reduced
weight through less material usage.
2. The Comfort Chassis provides additional
comfort, cushioning and shock absorption at high
pressure points, such as the heel and the forefoot
ball area.
3. The Orthopaedic Chassis features reductions in
the sock liner to allow the usage of personal
orthopaedic in-socks.
4. The specially developed adiHex micro fibre is
thin, soft and strong. The use of this unique
material allows adidas to produce a very
lightweight, yet highly resistant performance boot.
5. ClimaCool® provides a 360° cooling effect for
the entire foot through the adiHex/mesh upper
construction and ventilation cut-outs in the
outsole.
6. The lace cover provides a cleaner kicking
surface to reduce missed shots and passes.
7. The glove-like fit of the TUNIT makes for a
lighter shoe and allows a better feel for the ball.
•
Level: 4(avoid average)
The results is very exciting that most of the
people do not have such experience in running in
different surfaces which leave them a room of
imagination and curiosity (Figure). It is also
positive receiving testers’ opinions on having
changeable shoe soles that will help them to keep
their running shoes for a longer period of time
(Figure).
Figure 12. Proportion on running in different
environments
Figure 12. Adidas +F50 TUNIT Modular
(https://www.facebook.com/pages/F50-tunit/34320509202)
4. USER RESEARCH:
It is very important to understand users needs and
enhance the experience of the product to match
their requirements. I sent out a questionnaire that
base on the orientation of the project and got 12
test results. I defined the questionnaire direction
in below(Appendix 1, 2).
1.Target Group: Runners
2. Main Domains:
•
Basic questions
•
Shoes
•
Environments
3. Main Focus:
•
Runners’ experiences on running shoes
• Runners’ view on new product
4. Questions
•
Content: descriptions
Figure 12. Proportion on feedbacks of changeable sole
5. PROTOTYPING PLAN:
5.1 Material Exploration
To find one single material that changes the
stiffness is not an easy task. The material will be
implemented in a wearable product that means
that it needs to be durable and comfortable for
users to put on. At first I want to focus more on
the automatic dynamic material that affords such
changes between formation and deformation. In
2004, the HoverMesh project was published in
the science journal to discuss the possibilities of a
changing formation material composition by
several researchers. It consists of a cubical, whose
upper wall has been designed as a deformable
mesh of particle filled inflatable cells. The
deformation of the structure is achieved by
inflating or deflating the cubical while
consolidating (evacuating) or releasing (inflating)
the cells(The HoverMesh: A Deformable
Structure Based on Vacuum Cells, 2004).
Basically the HoverMesh is consisted of
polystyrene beads that can be manipulated by
computational control. By the small vacuum
machine working, the particles of the HoverMesh
will be evacuated or inflated which will change
the formation of the structure of the material and
thus change the stiffness of the surface.
Figure 12. The HoverMesh Formation
Figure 12. The HoverMesh Prototype
(The HoverMesh: A Deformable Structure Based on Vacuum Cells, 2004)
(The HoverMesh: A Deformable Structure Based on Vacuum Cells, 2004)
The researcher also developed a clay simulator
called ClaytricSurface (Figure) that is an
interactive surface that can dynamically change
the flexibility. Users can form the surface into
different 3D sculptures and deform it into original
flat surface by changing the strength of the
interface.
The techniques (Figure) that exploit computercontrolled jamming of granular particles as a
scalable method to programmatically control the
stiffness of malleable devices. This, in
combination with embedded shape sensing,
demonstrate the potential for novel interactions
and increased expressiveness.
Figure 12. Pneumatic Jamming System.
Figure 12. ClaytricSurface
(Jamming User Interfaces: Programmable Particle Stiffness and Sensing for
Malleable and Shape-Changing Devices, 2004)
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Na3_E6GVcQ)
Another project building on this research was
introduced by MIT Media Lab in 2012. This
project is called Jamming User Interfaces by
Sean Follmer, Daniel Leithinger, Alex Olwal,
Nadia Cheng and Hiroshi Ishii. It includes multiprojects that consist a complicated computational
exploration on jamming structures that enables
haptic feedback, deformation, tunable affordances
and control gain.
Figure 12. Jamming
(Jamming User Interfaces: Programmable Particle Stiffness and Sensing for
Malleable and Shape-Changing Devices, 2004)
For an implementation of the system, one of the
project Tunable Clay Interface (Figure) is created
to demonstrate the actual ability of the material.
This project uses material stiffness as an extra
dimension for 3D modeling in its malleable
interface. It is a 30*33 cm2 malleable tabletop,
designed to mimic the malleability of clay, which
is a continuous material that users can easily
deform. Optical sensing achieved using structured
light through the back of the transparent,
hydraulic-activated jamming volume-captures the
shape in real-time and applies it to a virtual 3D
model. The model is shown both on a separate
display and through projected graphics on the
malleable surface for direct feedback. The
sensing and visible projection is integrated
beneath the surface to avoid occlusions from user
interactions (Jamming User Interfaces:
Programmable Particle Stiffness and Sensing for
Malleable and Shape-Changing Devices, 2004).
Figure 12. Tunable clay Interface
(http://tangible.media.mit.edu/project/jamming-user-interfaces/?item=2)
With the Jamming system, dynamic material that
changes stiffness seems pretty doable. However
the consideration of wearability is still essential in
this project. The mechanic components required
in this system tend to transform the shoes into a
giant product which is against runners will. Also
the failure of Adidas One makes me think twice
of how far technology can go to change the
market. Are consumers really looking for a super
computerized shoes that can help them doing a lot
of tasks they can’t do by themselves or better
basic functions that enable them to run faster and
healthier? Instead of making the shoes into a
extremely complex design with circuits and
microchips, I intend to create a pair of shoes that
naturally generate different feelings through
materials.
5.2 Structure of the Shoes
The regular structure of a pair of running shoes is
described below (Figure). It consists of several
parts: 1. Outsole 2. Space Trusstic 3. Midsole 4.
GEL Cushioning 5. Lasting 6. Sockliner 7.
Tongue 8. Eyelet 9. Heel Collar 10. Heel Counter
11. Upper. Basically to construct this project is to
examine the functionality of the bottom part of
the shoe and the sole.
Figure 12. Running Shoe Structure
(http://www.asics.co.uk/running/knowledge/anatomy-of-a-running-shoe/)
Figure 12. Shoe Sole Structure
(http://www.asics.co.uk/running/knowledge/anatomy-of-a-running-shoe/)
In prototyping process we will put more effort on
researching to find right materials and how we
are going to implement that into a regular pair of
sneakers. Here is our prototyping image (Figure
10). According to the basic structure we will have
3 layers, the upper sole, mid sole and out sole.
The mid sole will be the rubber foam (Figure) and
the conductive fabric (Figure) in between. The
rubber foam gives a better durability to the sports
traits. Combining with the memory foam they
also deliver a mixture sense. Also the conductive
fabric will enable any of the sensors to be built in
to collect data for future use.
Figure 11. Rubber Foam
Figure 10. Shoe sole structure
Materials for the 3 layers are considered (Figure
11).
(http://library.materialconnexion.com/ProductPage.aspx?&Keywords=&Attri
butes=&Category=&Country=&Manufacturer=&Tag=&MC=697704&Lang
=en&ProdID=&PageNum=1&ItemsPerPage=20&SearchDisp=0)
1. The upper Sole:
The upper sole will be the memory foam (Figure)
that is giving different environments to the user.
With different layers the users can experience a
mix complicated bottom due to the density of the
materials.
Figure 11. Conductive Fabric
(http://library.materialconnexion.com/ProductPage.aspx?&Keywords=&Attri
butes=&Category=&Country=&Manufacturer=&Tag=&MC=697704&Lang
=en&ProdID=&PageNum=1&ItemsPerPage=20&SearchDisp=0)
3. The Out Sole:
Figure 11. Memory Foam
(http://library.materialconnexion.com/ProductPage.aspx?&Keywords=&Attri
butes=&Category=&Country=&Manufacturer=&Tag=&MC=664602&Lang
=en&ProdID=&PageNum=1&ItemsPerPage=20&SearchDisp=0)
2. The Mid Sole:
The out sole will be an impact absorbing material.
Here with the D3O (Figure) which provides a
perfect protection for pressure and impact for the
foot. According to the manufacturer, foot
components offer great protection and
performance in extreme temperatures. These are
made out of the Shock+ material and are popular
in footwear, motorcycle, defense, medical and
sports markets. They have several fantastic
features: 1. Great performance in extreme
temperatures. 2. Great shock absorption in
forefoot and heel. 3. Non-toxic.
very promising act that brings us into a next
phase of social cultural outcome.
The Sports Footwear is specifically discussed
here. From the development of footwear we can
see it is not guaranteed to be successful to invent
new shoes just by technology. We should not
view the product’s value merely by the sale
number as well. Those innovations can always be
inspiration for the development for next seasons
to come. The most important is to really consider
consumer’s needs and make the product answer
to the questions they raise.
Figure 11. D3O technology
(http://www.d3o.com/d3o_products/foot-components/)
By the combination different layers, users can
create their own unique quality of soles. It is a very
personalized experience that provides not only a
fun scenario but also a sustainable thinking process
for our environment.
CONCLUSION
When technology is taken as a plus to the
wearable textile, we should always ask why. In
the modern times there is no place without
technology or it will be viewed as outdated. That
is also the reason that thinking about mechanics is
such an important preparation before constructing
a garment these days. As described in
Fashionable Technology, clothing with embedded
technologies is evident in the realms of sport,
work wear, healthcare and rehabilitation, rescue
services, elderly care, and security. Therefore
examining the purpose and the methodology of
implementation can be crucial to both users and
designers. It is obvious that functionality is the
first consideration in sportswear, such as Nike
Flyknit and Toray space wear. But aesthetic
design is also important to be taken into deep
discussion, and the swimsuits reproduction from
Speedo is a very good example. Whether which
one is going to be more emphasized, the fact that
bridging fashion industry and technology is still a
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Proc. Hypertext 2001, ACM Press (2001), 9-18.
14. Francis Denu. Sole for footwear, especially sports
footwear(1978).
15. Mark J. Lakea. Determining the protective function of
sports footwear(2000). p.1610-1621.
16. How Products are made.
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/RunningShoe.html
17. The Talking Shoe
http://www.artcopycode.com/#/talkingshoe?p=Overview
18. Adidas Launches the Intelligent Running Shoe
http://www.gizmag.com/adidas-launches-the-intelligentrunning-shoe/2810/picture/41/
19. Adidas +F50 TUNIT Running Shoe
http://www.crunchwear.com/adidas-f50-tunit-runningshoe/
20. MIT Media Lab Jamming User Interfaces
http://tangible.media.mit.edu/project/jamming-userinterfaces/?item=2
APPENDIX 01.
Questionnaires:
BASIC INTRO 1.
What is your name? ☐☐☐-­‐☐☐☐ 2.
How long have you been a runner? ☐ years 3.
How often do you run in a week? ☐Once ☐2~3 times ☐4~5 times ☐more than 5 times 4.
How long does it take to run every time? ☐30 min ☐45~60 min ☐1~2 hours ☐more than 2 hours 5.
What is the main purpose for you to run? ☐Exercise ☐Hobby ☐Professional ☐Other 6.
How many running shoes do you have? ☐None ☐1~2 ☐3~5 ☐more than 5 7.
How do you pick running shoes? 8.
How often do you change running shoes? ☐Under 3 months ☐6~12 months ☐1~2 year ☐more than 2 years 9.
What running shoes do you wear? 10. How long have you worn this pair? ☐Under 1 month ☐2~6 months ☐½~1 year ☐more than 1 year 11. What do you like about this pair? ☐Aesthetics ☐Functionality ☐Both ☐Other ENVIRONMENT 12. What environment do you usually run in? ☐Gym ☐Outdoors in the City ☐Grass ☐Sand ☐Other 13. What surfaces have you ever run on? ☐Regular ground ☐Grass ☐Sand ☐Treadmill ☐Others 14. What are the good and bad sides of them? 15. How do you think about running in different environments? ☐Dislike ☐Ok ☐like ☐Very Like 16. What surfaces do you prefer to run on? ☐Regular ground ☐Grass ☐Sand ☐Treadmill ☐Others 17. Will you like a pair of running shoes that can provide you with different surfaces experience? ☐Dislike ☐Ok ☐like ☐Very Like 18. What do you expect to see from this pair of shoes? SHOES 19. What are the main features when you choose a pair of running shoes? ☐Aesthetics ☐Functionality ☐Both ☐Other 20. What is your favorite running shoes brand? Why? 21. What are your favorite running shoes out there? (no need to be yours) Why? 22. What other features do you want to be on your shoes? 23. What do you think about shoe soles? ☐Dislike ☐Ok ☐like ☐Very Like 24. Has shoe sole ever been a problem for your running experience? ☐Never ☐Rarely ☐Sometimes ☐Always 25. How long does it take for your shoe sole to start having problems? ☐Under 1 month ☐2~6 months ☐½~1 year ☐more than 1 year 26. Do you like the idea of “changeable shoe sole”? ☐Dislike ☐Ok ☐like ☐Very Like 27. Are you willing to keep your running shoes longer if you can change its sole? ☐Dislike ☐Ok ☐like ☐Very Like APPENDIX 02.