Color from Colorants
Dr. Brij Mohal
Managing Director and VP
October 10, 2014
PNWSCT
Where Art Meets Technology
1
Agenda
o
Pigments
o
o
o
o
Paint Base Structures
o
o
o
Colorant Optimization
Paint Performance
Color Control
o
o
o
Colorants
Pigment Durability
Color Space
Tint Strength
Color Difference
Dispensing Equipment
o
General Do’s and Don’ts
2
Pigments
3
Colorants
4
Converting pigments into color solutions
Where Art Meets Technology
5
What is POS (Point of Sale)
Where Art Meets Technology
Spectrophotometer
Colorants
AXX B C D E F
I KX L R T V
Dispensers
Fandeck
P
D
M
A
Paint Bases
What are Colorants?
Chromaflo TechnologiesTM Highlights
Where Art Meets
Technology
o Carefully controlled pigment dispersions
o Color strength and color shade
o Formulated to ensure
o Optimal pigment strength development
o Good performance (compatibility) in paints bases
o Accurate reproducibility in dispensing equipment
o Stability of colorants – shelf life
o Pigment combinations selected for balanced cost performance and
color space coverage
What are Colorants?
Where Art Meets
Technology
Chromaflo TechnologiesTM Highlights
Pigment
Surfactant
Humectants
Water
Resins
Biocides
Additives
Etc.
Adjustments
Liter
Gallon
Toning
Pail
Packaging /
Labeling
Milling
Premix
Page | 8
Dispersibility of Pigments
o
Wetting
o
o
o
o
De-agglomeration
o
o
Low energy requirement
Dispersion
o
o
Pigment Surface Chemistry
Surfactants
Solvents
High energy requirement
Stabilization
o
o
Surfactants
Ionic forces
9
Dispersibility of Pigments
Wetting
De-agglomeration
Dispersion
10
Dispersibility of Pigments
Physical Properties
BET Surface
area m2/g
Oil Absorption
ml/100 g
Particle size,
nm
PR 101
25
900
WH 6
14
360
PR 170
25
69
215
PR122
77
65
90
PV 19
90
82
65
PY 83
27
87
40
PY 151
23
48
215
PO 36
14
64
395
11
Dispersibility of Pigments
Physical Properties
BET Surface
area m2/g
Oil Absorption
ml/100 g
Particle size,
nm
PB 15:1
72
52
55
PB 15:2
57
64
60
PB 15:3
44
61
75
PB 7
40
50
50
PG 36
61
46
35
12
Dispersibility of Pigments
Surface Chemical Properties
PB 15
PG 7
13
Pigment
Durability
14
Standard Architectural Color System
Where Art Meets Technology
System Colorants
AXX Organic Yellow
B Black
C Yellow Oxide
D Phthalo Green
E Phthalo Blue
F Red Oxide
I Brown Oxide
KX White
L Raw Umber
R Organic Red
T Medium Yellow
V Magenta
15
Solar Radiation
16
Exposure to the Elements
o Ultraviolet
295-400 nm 6.8%
o Visible
400-700 nm 55.4%
o Infra-red
700-2450 nm 37.8%
o
Data based on CIE Publication 85, Table 4
17
Exposure to the Elements
Static Testing
Picture from Atlas Material Testing Solutions
18
Accelerated Testing
Q-Panel QUV
XENON ARC DEVICES
Pictures from Atlas Material Testing Solutions
19
Exposure to the Elements
3.000
Miami "Average" 45° S Daylight
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
250
290
330
370
410
450
490 530 570
Wavelength (nm)
610
650
690
730
770
Data from Atlas Material Testing Solutions
20
Exposure to the Elements - QUV
2.500
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
2.000
1.500
Miami Peak Sun 26 S
UVB-313
1.000
0.500
UVA-340
0.000
250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460 490 520 550 580 610 640 670 700 730 760 790
Wavelength (nm)
Data from Atlas Material Testing Solutions
Exposure to the Elements – Xenon Arc
3.50
Type S Borosilicate/Type S Borosilicate
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
3.00
Sunlight (norm @ 560)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Wavelength [nm]
Data from Atlas Material Testing Solutions
Accelerated Testing
Desirable Characteristics:
o
o
o
o
o
Exact match to outdoor conditions
Does not alter degradation mechanisms; i.e.
“correlates” with outdoor exposures
Repeatable and reproducible
Independent control over stress factors
Provides “acceleration” over real time
23
Fade Data for D, E, V Colorants
100.0
90.0
% Strength
80.0
70.0
V
D
E
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hours
24
Fade Data for AXX Colorants
y = -25.555Ln(x) + 231.62
R2 = 0.993
AXX - Organic Yellow
100
90
% Strength
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hours
25
Xenon-Arc for Yellow colorant
26
Fade Data for R Colorant
y = -11.659Ln(x) + 162.64
R2 = 0.9986
R - Organic Red
100.0
90.0
% Strength
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hours
27
Fade Data for R Colorant
28
Fade Data for AXX and AN Colorants
Y(AXX) = -25.555Ln(x) + 231.62
Y(AN) = -13.191Ln(x) + 167.95
2
R = 0.993
R2 = 0.9674
100
90
% Strength
80
70
60
AXX
50
AN
40
30
20
10
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hours
29
Fade Data for R and RN Colorants
Y(R) = -11.659Ln(x) + 162.64
Y(RN) = -8.3062Ln(x) + 139.86
2
2
R = 0.9986
R = 0.9943
100.0
90.0
80.0
% Strength
70.0
60.0
R
50.0
RN
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hours
30
Fade Data for AXX and AN in Florida
Y(AXX) = -20.457Ln(x) + 108.79
Y(AN) = -12.16Ln(x) + 110.43
2
R = 0.9876
R2 = 0.8743
100
90
% Strength
80
70
60
AXX
50
AN
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Months in Florida
31
Chemical Attack R112 on cement
32
Pigments in Industrial Systems - PV 19
33
Pigments in Industrial Systems PR 170
34
Pigments in Industrial Systems PR 122
35
Colortrend® 808 High Performance Colorants
Where Art Meets Technology
…beyond the standard 12 colorants
• What makes them High Performance ?
• Purpose of the various colorants
• Matrix of properties
36
Colortrend® 808 High Performance Colorants
Where Art Meets Technology
What makes them High Performance ?
• Lightfastness
• Expanded Color Space
• High Strength
• Opacity
- More opaque pigment
- More pigment in the colorant
37
Fade Data for reds and yellows
Where Art Meets Technology
Colortrend® 808HP- REE
Opacity of REE
This photo shows the same
paint containing the same
amounts of the R and REE
drawndown at the same film
thickness on a black and
white drawdown card. The
REE is on the right and the
black and white border can
barely be seen. With the
paint on the right containing
R the substrate can clearly
be seen showing through
Colortrend® 808HP- REE
Opacity DPP and BV
The same paint containing
the same amount of
colorant at the same film
thickness on a black and
white drawdown card. The
black and white border can
barely be seen versus the
control.
PY74
PY184
PR188
PR254
Colortrend® 808HP- QME
Hiding power of QME
This photo shows the
difference in strength of
QME vs. V. The same
amounts of V, on the left,
and QME, on the right,
were added to the white
base.
Conclusions
o
o
o
o
Need both organic and inorganic pigments for a POS
tinting system
A number of inorganic and organic pigments do not fade
upon exterior exposure
Alternate reds and yellows may be utilized for higher
performance
Chemical attack on pigments needs to be considered
42
Color Space
43
Standard Architectural Color System
Where Art Meets Technology
System Colorants
AXX Organic Yellow
B Black
C Yellow Oxide
D Phthalo Green
E Phthalo Blue
F Red Oxide
I Brown Oxide
KX White
L Raw Umber
R Organic Red
T Medium Yellow
V Magenta
44
Colorants in Color Space
Where Art Meets Technology
+b*
CIE L*a*b* Color Space
50
- a*
+a*
-50
50
-50
- b*
Color Space Comparison
Where Art Meets Technology
Color Space Comparison
Where Art Meets Technology
Architectural Colorants
Color Space Comparison
Where Art Meets Technology
Architectural Colorants
Color Space Comparison
Where Art Meets Technology
Architectural Colorants
Color Space Comparison
Where Art Meets Technology
Architectural Coatings – A Colorful Extension
Where Art Meets Technology
A color system that
uses the traditional 12
colorants are
represented by the
green spheres.
A color collection
emphasizing the clean,
bright and deep colors
of the high
performance and high
strength colorants
now available are
represented by the
blue spheres.
Paint Base
Structures
52
Why do color systems exist ?
Where Art Meets Technology
Consumers / End-users want:
 More color options
 Sheen choice
Coatings producers want:
 Increased sales
 Higher customer
satisfaction
Why do color systems exist ?
Where Art Meets Technology
• FACT:
Offering more color choice with ready-mixed
paints while increasing profits is VERY difficult.
Color systems are the answer
Color System Rationale
Where Art Meets Technology
Ready-Mixed
40 color offerings (e.g.)
10 cans of each color
for 4 paint lines = 1600 SKUs
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
Limited color choice
High inventory ($$ tied up)
Color System
Has 4 bases + colorants
Yields 800 to 2760 + colors
(millions possible) 10 cans
of each base in 4 paint lines
= 160 SKUs
P
D
M
A
Wide color choice
Low inventory
Why 4 Bases
Where Art Meets Technology
• Need different levels of TiO2 and can fill levels in 4 different bases to achieve
wide color offering (from accents to pastels)
Colorant
Colorant
Pastel
Base
Midtone
Base
Short Fill
128 oz
Short Fill
124 oz
~1.5#/gal TiO2
~2#/gal TiO2
Colorant
Deep
Base
~.7#/gal TiO2
Short Fill
120 oz
Colorant
Accent
Base
0#/gal TiO2
Short Fill
116 oz
Tint bases for Color Systems
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Selection criteria
SKU’s
Hiding (Quality)
Cost
Economical use of TiO2
Economical use of colorant
Total formula sold (close to full gallon)
57
Tint bases for Color Systems
ADVANTAGES
Colored Bases
 Improved Hiding
Large Number of Colors  Impressive Display
 Current Trend
DISADVANTAGES
 Extra SKU’s.
 Used infrequently
 Expensive paint
 Expensive sales aids
 Large display requires
more floor space
Letdown Series in Color  Better appearance and  Sometimes limits
Families
flow of colors
optimum colorant
combination for cost,
 Interpolation possible
lightfastness
58
Tint bases for Color Systems
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
All Quart Formulas
 More complete
formula book
 Lightest possible
colors not made
Separate Formulas for
Each Paint Type
 More accurate color
reproduction
 Extra color matching
required
 Confusion in store
Balanced color palette
 Smoother appearance  Increases number of
colors
 Not limited to current
trends
 Contains colors not
sold
59
Tint bases for Color Systems
ADVANTAGES
Large Number of
Colorants
 Greater flexibility in
cost vs. performance
 Greater color space
coverage
High TiO2 Level in pastel  Good Hiding
base
 High quality system
Large Number of White
Bases
 Better opacity
 Less colorant use
DISADVANTAGES
 More colorants to
manufacture
 More SKU’s for user
 Larger number of
canisters required
 Too expensive for
some markets
 Extra manufaturing
and SKU’s for paint
company
60
Number of bases for a
Colorant System
Tint bases for Color Systems
Lbs total pigment vs. colored pigment to total pigment ratio
Lbs total pigment
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Colored pigment
62
Typical Colorant Loading
TiO2
BASE
Ounces (Y)
No. of Colors
2.30 lbs
Pastel
0.04 - 2.20
468
2.00 lbs
Tint
3.00 – 5.6
240
0.70 lbs
Deeptone
5.66 – 10.08
120
0.00 lbs
Accent
9.00 – 12.66
112
63
Tint bases for Color Systems
Lbs total pigment vs. colored pigment to total pigment ratio
Lbs total pigment
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Colored pigment
64
Colorant Loading - 3 base system
TiO2
BASE
Ounces (Y)
No. of Colors
2.30 lbs
2.00 lbs
Pastel/Tint
0.04 – 5.6
708
0.70 lbs
Deeptone
5.66 – 10.08
120
0.00 lbs
Accent
9.0 – 12.66
112
65
Tint bases for Color Systems
Lbs total pigment vs. colored pigment to total pigment ratio
Lbs total pigment
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Colored pigment
66
Colorant Loading - 3 base system
Color
Frequency
Gallons
468
1,000,000
240
500,000
120
200,000
112
50,000
940
Costs/Qt
Base
P Total
T Total
D Total
A Total
Grand Total
Average cost
$122,047.69
$0.122
$272,623.32
$0.545
$204,152.77
$1.021
$69,318.57
$1.386
$668,142.34
1,750,000
Color
Frequency
Cost of tinting 1.75 M
gallons to 940
different colors
$
0.38
Gallons
468
1,000,000
240
500,000
120
200,000
112
50,000
940
1,750,000
Costs/Qt
Base
P Total
T Total
D Total
A Total
Grand Total
Average cost
$122,047.69
$0.122
$313,516.82
$0.627
$204,152.77
$1.021
$69,318.57
$1.386
Cost increase of 6%
by tinting tint colors
from a pastel base
$709,035.84
$
0.41
67
Colorant Loading - 3 base system
Color
Frequency
Gallons
468
1,000,000
240
500,000
120
200,000
112
50,000
940
Costs/Qt
Base
P Total
T Total
D Total
A Total
Grand Total
Average cost
$122,047.69
$0.122
$272,623.32
$0.545
$204,152.77
$1.021
$69,318.57
$1.386
$668,142.34
1,750,000
Color
Frequency
$
0.38
Gallons
468
1,000,000
240
500,000
120
200,000
112
50,000
940
1,750,000
Costs/Qt
Base
P Total
T Total
D Total
A Total
Grand Total
Cost of tinting 1.75 M
gallons to 940
different colors
Average cost
$122,047.69
$0.122
$272,623.32
$0.545
$377,119.56
$1.886
$69,318.57
$1.386
Cost increase of 25%
by tinting deep
colors using an
accent base
$841,109.14
$
0.48
68
Colorant Loading - 2 base system
Color
Frequency
Gallons
468
1,000,000
240
500,000
120
200,000
112
50,000
940
Costs/Qt
Base
P Total
T Total
D Total
A Total
Grand Total
Average cost
$122,047.69
$0.122
$272,623.32
$0.545
$204,152.77
$1.021
$69,318.57
$1.386
$668,142.34
1,750,000
Color
Frequency
$
0.38
Gallons
468
1,000,000
240
500,000
120
200,000
112
50,000
940
1,750,000
Costs/Qt
Base
P Total
T Total
D Total
A Total
Grand Total
Cost of tinting 1.75 M
gallons to 940
different colors
Average cost
$122,047.69
$0.122
$313,516.82
$0.627
$377,119.56
$1.886
$69,318.57
$1.386
Cost increase of 32%
by going to a 2 base
system
$882,002.64
$
0.50
69
Selection criteria for number of bases
o
o
o
o
Hiding (Quality)
Economical use of TiO2
Economical use of colorant
Colorant cost tends to increase anywhere from 6% - 20%
for every reduction of a tinting base
70
Colortrend® and Chroma-Chem®
Base recommendations: lbs/gal of TiO2
Where Art Meets Technology
System
CTA
(Slightly
toned)
PCS
CTF
Industrial
Pastel
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.25
Tint
2.0
1.45
2.0
-
Deep
0.7
0.65
0.7
1.25
0
0
0
0
Base
Accent
71
Color Control
72
Describing Differences between Colors
o
o
o
o
o
o
Visually perceived - verbally relayed
Instrumentally measured - numerically expressed
Components of comparative description:
Difference in color, shade or hue
Difference in depth, intensity or strength
Described as difference versus a reference, or a standard
comparator
73
Color Difference (DE)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Describes if redder or greener, bluer or yellower, etc.
Numerical degree assigned
Combines red/green, blue/yellow, and light/dark
Difference in readings of batch versus readings of standard
A DE of 0 is the goal, exact color match
A DE of 1-2 is perceptible by the human eye, but
considered an acceptable ‘commercial color match’
A DE of 0.5 is considered a very close match
74
Strength
o
o
o
o
o
Describes if a sample is weaker or stronger in color
intensity (between similar colors)
A percentage reading where 100% is exactly the same
strength as the comparator
Readings of the batch are compared with readings of the
standard
95% is weaker, 105% is stronger
+/- 2% versus standard is a very close match
75
Samples of Color Difference
76
Color Difference DE
•
The Batch is similar in strength, but
much redder than the Standard
•
Large DE
•
(DE of 6.77)
Strength Difference
•
The Batch is a similar color, but much
weaker that the Standard
•
Large strength difference
•
( -10% strength)
Colorant Testing
o
o
o
o
Sample of Colorant Batch is put into control paint and
compared against Colorant Standard in the same paint
The two samples are drawn down on charts, dried, and
measured instrumentally to determine strength and DE
Specifications are 98-102% strength, and 0.5 max DE
Other less critical properties are also measured on the
colorant batch to ensure they are within specification
79
Dispensing
Equipment
80
Anatomy of a dispenser
o Canisters
o Software and external devices
o Piping and valves
o Pumping group
o Dispenser area/nozzle
o Control unit and electronics
o Shelf
o Cabinet/frame
81
Types of Pumps (Corob)
82
Types of Pumps (Hero)
Gear Pumps
• Adversely affected by abrasivity
• Elimination of Ethylene Glycol decreases
•
•
•
•
lubrication properties and resistance to
galvanic corrosion
Gear pumps are manufactured using
combinations of cast iron, brass,
stainless steel and hardened steel. Dissimilar metal will create opportunity for
galvanic corrosion
Seals and flexible hoses will see faster
deterioration which will be evidence by
fluid leak
Fluid leaks = electrical components
failures
Switch to LOW/ZERO VOC will result in
increased calibration frequency and more
frequent pump failure and replacement
83
Types of Pumps (Hero)
Nutating Pump
• Nutating pump is a reciprocating and oscillating piston
• Nutating pump provides pulsating dispense, known to
create splashing at faster dispense speeds
• High operating speed exists between piston and bore
• Requires the usage of a dynamic moving seal to retain
fluid. This seal is prone to leakage and is not user
serviceable
• High levels of sheer and turbulence are imparted on
the liquid as the motion requires 180 degree rotation
of fluid along with passage through a small orifice
• High piston speed increases possibilities for cavitation
and loss of accuracy, especially as seal and bore wear
occurs
• High solids materials can restrict orifices and lead to
reductions in flow and accuracy.
• Decreased lubrication due to loss of glycol will
accelerate wear
84
Types of Pumps (Hero)
Bellow pumps
• Technology is less scalable , sacrifice speed for
accuracy
• Retention of air in pleats result in performance
drift
• Requires backflow valve which is susceptible to
clogging especially with heavier high solids
colorants
• Performance will be problematic whenever air
is introduced into circuit(running circuit dry)
85
Pumps Types – Ups and downs (Corob)
 Optimal price-performance.
 Best configurable performances.
 Entry-medium market
configurations available.
 SDP offer high tuning of
performance.
 Need to refresh the
convenience of the offer.
 Overall ownership costs
are quite significant.
 Entry-medium market
configurations available.
 Cost base remains high,
impact on final price.
 Optimal performance- price
 Known technology with
no leading innovative edge.
TECH ARGUMENT
 Everlasting Teflon pump
 High productivity pump.
 Excellent with quality
controlled colorants.
 Recent generation CRXs
pumps working well over time.
DOWNS
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
SALES ARGUMENT
 Less effective with high
sedimentation colorants if
not with re-circulation.
BELLOW
 Becoming affected by colorants with
low VOC levels.
 Capable of dispensing poor
quality colorants.
 Low cost of spare parts due to
limited number of components
 Usually matched to slower
turntable platforms.
 Check-ups needed over time.
GEAR
PISTON
86
The Technology:
HERO’s Progressive Cavity Pump (“PCP”) Technology
Core components: Canister and pump
assembly
Rotor & Stator
Pump assembly
Canister and pump
assembly
HERO’s patented Progressive Cavity Pump (“PCP”), technology developed in Europe for lowand zero-VOC colorants, allows HERO’s line to be ready for the entry of low- and zero-VOC
colorants into the North American Market. In other words, there will be no added expense for
any of HERO’s automatic dispensers in having to upgrade them to accommodate the new
colorants.
Colorant
Do’s & Don’ts
88
Colorant Storage and Handling
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Store in a Manner to Ensure First in, First out
Rotate Inventory
Store in Ambient Conditions
Keep Lids Closed
Canisters, Pails, Drums, etc.
Possible Problems - Drying, Change in Tint
Strength, Seeding/Shocking, Etc.
DON’T Reuse Transfer Containers
Cross-Contamination, and Also Above
DON’T Dilute, Rinse, etc. Colorant
DON’T Use Suspect Material
89
Colorant Incorporation Into Canister
o
Shake Thoroughly (as recommended by the manufacturer)
o
o
o
Use Full Liters
Do Not Store Partially Used Containers
Keep Canisters Topped Off
o
Scrape Colorants From Can To Ensure Complete Usage
o
Dispose Of Empty Can In An Environmentally Acceptable
Manner
90
Automatic Dispensing Machines
o
Use Agitation Cycles As Recommended By Manufacturer
o
Calibrate Regularly As Recommended By Manufacturer
o
Ensure Any Filters Etc. Are Cleaned Regularly
o
Keep Lids Closed
o
Use Nozzle Cover
o
Clean Nozzles Regularly
91
Manual Dispensing Machines
o
o
o
On Machines Without Automatic Stirring:
Stir Once In The Morning (5 Minutes)
Repeat After 6-8 Hours
o
o
Having Dispensers With Nozzle Covers Is Highly
Recommended
Use Swab For Cleaning Nozzles
o
o
o
Be Sure To Keep Tinting Equipment Clean And Serviced
Calibrate As Required
Reinforce Training And Proper Use
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Paint Mixing
o
o
Use Recommended Mixing/Shake Times
DO NOT OVERSHAKE
o
After Shaking, Open Can To Observe Full Incorporation Of
Colorant In Paint
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Colorant Best Practices
o
DO Use Inorganic Pigments Wherever Possible
o
o
o
o
DON’T Paint over Fresh Stucco
o
o
Cost
Opacity
Lightfastness
Avoid Highly Alkaline Conditions - Fastness
AVOID Using Complimentary Color Colorants
o
o
Expensive
Use Black or Umber
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Colorant Combinations for Optimal Matching
Colorant Combination Chart with Ratings
B
C
F
I
L
KX
D
E
V
R
T
AXX
B Black
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
C Yellow Oxide
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
*
2
3
2
F Red Oxide
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
I Brown Oxide
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
L Raw Umber
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
KX White
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
D Green
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
2
E Blue
5
*
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
3
2
V Magenta
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
R Organic Red
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
T Med. Yellow
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
AXX Organic Yellow
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Coloristically all right to mix. The lower number indicates a differential fading condition or a lower exterior durability combination.
Avoid these colorant combinations unless absolutely necessary
*
Do not use these colorant combinations as they are poor coloristic choices and will increase cost of matches.
* In addition to being a poor coloristic choice, there are known problems (chemically) with this combination.
Ratings
5 - Excellent for all applications, 4 - Good for all applications, 3 - May have a differential fading problem in Southern exposures
2 - Not recommended for Southern exposures, 1 - Not recommended for Southern exposures
A lower number may indicate differential fading problems.
Alkaline conditions
Organic pigments, especially AXX, T, R, and E are susceptible to alkali burn out on fresh or hot cementicious surfaces. The surface must
be thoroughly cured and properly primed to obtain satisfactory results. If these precautions and proper preparation are not followed you
may have premature failure of either the color or the coating itself.
Notes:
The deeper the color, the better organic pigments perform. Differential fading is the condition where one of the color components has a
much better color retention on exterior exposure than the other component. An example would be a green made with AXX yellow and
E Blue. The AXX component would fade quicker than the E component and the color would shift to the blue side. A low amount of AXX
would allow the color to shift fairly rapidly. Remember a color is only as good as the least lightfast component.
(For this reason: try, especially, to stay away from the AXX/E combination).
The information contained herein is based on tests and reports considered reliable, but is presented without guarantee or responsibility as to the applicability or correctness
or the suitability of our products whether used singly or in combination with other products.
The products referred to above are sold without warranty express or implied. Before using any of our products, read the label and applicable Material Safety Data Sheet.
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Thank You
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