UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK DAN ELEKTRONIK Aplikasi Pangkalan Data.. Pangkalan Data Multimedia 1 Objektif Pangkalan Data Multimedia Memahami ciri-ciri data multimedia dan penggunaannya dalam sistem komputer Anda akan: Mengetahui untuk mengenalpasti ciri-ciri data multimedia. Mengetahui bagaimana untuk menilai kesukaran untuk mengaplikasikan ciri-ciri data multimedia dalam pangkalan data tradisional. Memudahkan proses mengenalpasti masalah keperluan pengguna dalam pangkalan data multimedia. Nature of Multimedia data Images: colour, b/w, photos, maps, paintings Graphic objects: drawings, sketches, 3-D objects Animations: sequences of images or graphic objects Video: sequences of images generated by a video recorder Audio:generated by sound recorder Composite Multimedia: video + audio + text annotation 2 Jenis Data Semua data disimpan di dalam bentuk binari dan disimpan sebagai fail. Dalam bahasa mesin (machine language) fail binari mengandungi kod 0 dan 1. Kod 0 dan 1 akan menentukan jenis data yang disimpan. Jenis Data Jenis data termasuk: dokumen imej audio Video Jenis data merujuk kepada bagaimana data disimpan dalam pangkalan data. 3 Query and Retrieval Multimedia data tidak mudah untuk dikelaskan, diindeks dan dicapai Multimedia database queries can be classified according to the query method. Three most used methods are: use of keywords, visual browsing (with links), content-based. Aplikasi Documentation and keeping Records Knowledge distribution Education and Training Marketing, Advertisement, Entertainment, Travel Real-time Control, Monitoring 4 Pangkalan Data Berorientasikan Objek Trends 5 Definition Object-oriented database – Pangkalan data yang dibangunkan dengan mengaplikasikan paradigma berorientasikan objek. Setiap entiti data akan disimpan sebagai satu objek. Hubungan pangkalan data ditunjukkan melalui hubungan antara objek. Object-Oriented Concepts Abstraction Process of identifying the essential aspects of an entity and ignoring the unimportant properties. Encapsulation An object contains both the data structure and the set of operations that can be used to manipulate it. Information Hiding Separate the external aspects of an object from its internal details. 6 Object-Oriented Concepts (1) Object A unique identifiable entity that contains both the attributes that describe the state of a ‘real world’ object and the actions that are associated with it. Method Object encapsulates both data and functions into self-contained package. A function are usually called method. Object-Oriented Concepts (2) Class An instance of object Inheritance Allows one class to be defined as a special case of a more general class Overiding and Overloading Overiding Define the property in the subclass is the one used. Overloading allows the name of method to be reused within a class definition or across class definition. 7 Object-Oriented Concepts (3) Polymorphism Polymorphism is a general concepts of overloading. There are three types of polymorphism: operation, inclusion and parametric Object Oriented Concepts Person Name Age Sex Initialize() Add() Modify() Employee Student StudentNo Course Name Age Sex EmployeeNo Salary ChangeCourse() Initialize() Add() Modify() ComputeSalary() 8 The Unified Modeling Language A language for specifying, visualizing, and constructing the artifacts of software systems. UML notation is useful for graphically depicting an object-oriented analysis or design model. Contoh OODBMS ObjectStore PSE( Persistent Storage Engine) Menyediakan platform untuk program dalam JAVA Membina struktur navigasi (Navigational Structure) dalam pangkalan data Memerlukan semua objek Persistent dalam JAVA ObjectStore adalah pangkalan data berorientasikan objek sepenuhnya 9 Produk Commercial FastObjects (formerly Poet) GemStone Versant Ontos Objectivity/DB Open Source Ozone XL2 FramerD Zope Academic ObjectStore Pangkalan Data Teragih 10 Pengenalan Pangkalan data teragih terdiri daripada sekumpulan node atau tempat-setiap satu mewakili satu komputer dan peranti storan masing-masing. Pasangan node mungkin ada ‘link’ atau sambungan untuk hantar data dalam dua arah Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan teragih? Pemprosesan Logik Fungsi Kawalan Data 11 Persekitaran Teragih Jenis Pangkalan Data Teragih Homogeneous: Every site runs same type of DBMS. Heterogeneous: Different sites run different DBMSs (different RDBMSs or even nonrelational DBMSs). Client-Server: Client ship query to the server. All query processing at server Collaborating-Server: Query can span multiple sites 12 Homogeneous Database Heterogeneous Database 13 COMPONENTS OF A DDBMS Site 1 DDBMS DC LDBMS GSC DB Computer Network GSC DDBMS DC Site 2 LDBMS = Local DBMS DC = Data Communications GSC = Global Systems Catalog DDBMS = Distributed DBMS Chris Date rules of DDBMS A distributed system looks exactly like a non-distributed system to the user! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Local autonomy No reliance on a central site Continuous operation Location independence Fragmentation independence Replication independence Distributed query independence Distributed transaction processing Hardware independence Operating system independence Network independence Database independence 14 Pangkalan Data atas Web What is WWW? The total set of interlinked hypertext documents residing on special servers called Web Server or HTTP Server. The Web servers are configured to make the information they hold easily accessible to each other and to allow files to be accessed, transferred, and downloaded. 15 What are web database? Easy access to information Dynamic content Efficient data collection and modification Conduits to legacy systems Benefits of Internet Technology Hardware & software independence Cost savings Uses existing equipment Platform independence and portability No need for multiple platform development Common simple user interface Reduced training Reduced support 16 Benefits of Internet Technology (con’t) Location Independence Global access through Internet Reduced costs for dedicated connections Rapid development at manageable costs Development tools Low entry costs Available software & access tools Web-to-Database Middleware 17 Web Server Interfaces Common Gateway Interface (CGI) A Specification for transfering information between a Web Server and a CGI program Uses script files to connect to database Perl, C++, VB Application Programming Interface (API) Newer and more efficient Uses DLLs (Dynamic Linked Library) Memory resident and faster Well known APIs Netscape (NSAPI) Internet Server API from Microsoft (ISAPI) WebSite API from O’Reilly (WSAPI) Web Server A specialized software that responds to client requests by providing resources (Deitel, 2002) Examples of Web Server Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) [Microsoft] Apache [Apache Software Foundation] Apache Tomcat [Apache Software Foundation] Site Server There are thousands of web server! 18 Databases with Web Capabilities Microsoft Access XP/2003 Claris FileMaker Pro 4.0 SQL Server Oracle •simplicity •low cost •familiarity with product •compatibility HTML Editors with Database Tools NetObjects Fusion 3.0 Microsoft FrontPage XP* Allaire HomeSite 3.01 Macromedia Dreamweaver MX* Visual Interdev (Package with Visual Studio)* •integration with workflow •low cost •entry-point for more sophisticated approaches 19 Web Scripting Language Client Side Script interpreted by the Web Browser Does have a limitations, such as browser dependency, scripts are viewable Javascript (Netscape) VBScript (Microsoft) Microsoft proprietary interpreted scripting language whose goals and operation are virtually identical to those of Javascript/Jscript. It has syntax more like Visual Basic. Jscript (Microsoft) Is an object based scripting language that has its root in a joint development program between Nestcape and Sun and has become Netscape’s Web Scripting Language Microsoft’s Jscript is a clone of the earlier and widely used Javascript. Server Side Active Server Pages (ASP) [*.asp] (Microsoft) Active Server Pages .NET (ASP.NET) [*.aspx] (Microsoft) Hypertext Pre-processor (PHP) [*.php] (Open Source) Java Server Pages (JSP) [*.jsp] (Sun Microsystem) Cold Fusion [*.cfm] (Macromedia) Perl [*.pl] (Open Source) Python [*.py] (Open Source) 20 Other Database Applications? Intelligent Database? Active Databases? Fuzzy Database? Inductive / Deductive Databases? Spatial Databases? Temporal Databases? Real-time Databases Data Mining? Many more… 21