3/24/11
Networking Technology for Broadcast Engineers
Part 2
March 24, 2011
Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8‐VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University
Networking Technology for Broadcast Engineers
Advertised Presentation Scope:
This presentation will provide a Broadcast Focus in major Networking Topics and knowledge of Fundamentals and Principals to equip the Broadcast Engineer with a better knowledge
of Fundamentals and Principals to equip the Broadcast Engineer with a better
understanding of TCP/IP addresses, Subnetting basics and Subnet Calculation tools, Gateways and the ISO Structure.
It will also cover Switching & Routing protocols and fundamentals, MAC Addresses and VLAN fundamentals to provide a base knowledge upon which to build. And, an introduction to IPv6 will present this eminent major change to the whole IP addressing scheme. Goals & Deliverables:
What Can You Expect in 2 Hours?
‐ Awareness of Major Networking Topics (broadcast focused)
‐ Basic Understanding of Topic Fundamentals & Principals
‐ Where to Obtain Further Knowledge
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Agenda – Part 2
Review Key Part 1 Takeaways
Subnetting Review
IPv6 Fundamentals
a.
Wh IP 6
Why IPv6
b. Addressing Concepts
c.
IPv4 to IPv6 Migration Strategies
Switching & Routing Fundamentals
a.
Switching Fundamentals
b.
MAC Addresses
c.
VLANS
d.
Routing Fundamentals & Routing Metrics
e.
Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
f. Which Routing Protocol Do I Use?
QoS Basics
a.
Why is Quality of Service Needed?
b.
QoS Types
c.
Implementing QoS
Controlling Network Traffic & Security Concerns
3
OSI Model
A Layer Only Interacts
With the Layer Below It
A Layer Only Provides
Capability for the Layer
Above to Interact With It
“All People Seem To Need Data Processing”
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Encapsulation
5
Ethernet Review
IEEE 802.3
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TCP Handshake & Windowing
7
TCP / UDP
TCP ‐ RFC 793
UDP ‐ RFC 768
• Referred to as a “Connection –
f
d
“
Oriented” Protocol
• Guaranteed Or Reliable Data Delivery
• A “Simple” Protocol or “
l ”
l
“Lightweight”
• Low Overhead = Fast
• “Best Effort” – Non‐Guaranteed Data Delivery
• Why Use?
– Required for Real‐Time q
Applications ‐ VoIP or Video Transmission”
– Latency More Detrimental Than Data Loss
– Acknowledgment of Packet Receipt
– Retransmission Occurs if Packet Not Received or Error Occurs
• High
High Overhead thus Slow
Overhead thus Slow
• A TCP Conversation Requires Establishment of a 2‐Way “Session” Between Hosts
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NAT & PAT
NAT
• Translates IP Addresses
– Limited IP Address Space
– Security
• Static NAT
PAT
• Always Used with NAT
• Allows 65,536 “Inside” Hosts To Be Identified by a Socket Address
– 1 to 1 Translation
– Hides Real Host IP Address
• Dynamic NAT (PAT)
– 1 to Many Translation
9
IP Address Classes
Public & Private
• Class A – 126 Networks / 16,777,214 Hosts
– 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
– PRIVATE ‐ 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• Class B – 16,384 Networks / 65,534 Hosts
– 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
– PRIVATE ‐ 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• Class C – 2,097,152 Networks / 254 Hosts
– 192.0.0.0 to 192.255.255.0
– PRIVATE ‐ 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
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Private vs Public IP Addresses
• RFC 1918 Established “Private” Address Space
– Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
– Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
– Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
• Key Points:
– Private IP Addresses Are NOT Routable Outside the Local Network
– Widely Used in Home & Industry Networks
– May Be Translated With NAT At An Edge Router
• Map Private Address Space to Public Address Space
11
Subnetting
• What is a Subnet?
– Logical Subdivision of a Larger Network
Logical Subdivision of a Larger Network
• Why Do We Subnet?
• Efficient Use of IP Address Space
Efficient Use of IP Address Space
• Enhance Routing Efficiency – Reduce Routing Table Size
• Network Management Policy and Segmentation
• Job Security for Network Engineers!
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Subnetting Basics
• Identifies the Boundary Between Network and Hosts
• “Subnetting”
Subnetting Simply Moves the Boundary!
Simply Moves the Boundary!
– Moves Boundary to the Right
– IP Address Subnetting Applies to All Classes
– Boundary Position Determined by the Subnet “Netmask”
• Expressed in Several Forms:
– Doted Decimal Notation (same as IP address)
– Slash Notation (also known as CIDR notation)
IP Address 165.95.240.100 with Netmask of 255.255.255.0
OR
165.95.240.100 /24
13
VLSM & CIDR
VLSM ‐ RFC 1009
•
Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
V
i bl L
hS b
M ki (VLSM)
– Host Addressing & Routing Inside a Routing Domain
– Allowed “Classless” Subnetting
• Mask Information is Explicit
– Allows More Efficient Use of Address Space
– Allows You to Subnet a Subnet
CIDR ‐ RFC 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520
•
Classless Interdomain
Cl
l
I
d
i Routing (CIDR)
R i (CIDR)
– Class System No Longer Applies
– Routing Between Routing Domains
– Class A & B IP Address Exhaustion Pressured Class C Address Space
– Allows “Routing Tables” To Be Reduced by Grouping Contiguous Class C Addresses into One Network
– Allows Allows “Supernets”
Supernets To Be Created
To Be Created
• Combining a Group of Class C Addresses Into a Single Block
– CIDR Notation (slanted notation):
172.16.1.1 /16
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What Must Be Known
About a Subnet
IP Address and Mask
Provides:
First Network Address
First Network Address Assignable to a Host
Last Network Address Assignable to a Host
Broadcast Address
192.0.0.0 /24
Provides:
Network Address
First Network Address Assignable to a Host
Last Network Address Assignable to a Host
Broadcast Address
192.0.0.0
192.0.0.1
192.0.0.254
192.0.0.255
“254 Assignable Addresses”
15
Subnetting Example
Subnet 1
38.9.211.0 /26
38.9.211.2 38.9.211.3 38.9.211.4
Default Gateway: 39.9.211.1
Mask: 255.255.255.192
Subnet 2
Public
Internet
38.9.211.64 /26
38.9.211.66 38.9.211.67 38.9.211.68
Default Gateway: 39.9.211.65
Mask: 255.255.255.192
38.9.211.0 /24
Subnet 3
38.9.211.128 /26
38.9.211.130 38.9.211.131 38.9.211.132
Default Gateway: 39.9.211.129
Mask: 255.255.255.192
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Special Use Address
RFC 5735
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.0/8
127.0.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/16
192.168.0.0/16
224.0.0.0/4
255.255.255.255/32
Network Address
Private IP Address Space (RFC 1918)
Loopback Address
Private IP Address Space (RFC 1918)
Private IP Address Space (RFC 1918)
Multicast Address Space
Broadcast Address
And many more special use cases………..
17
Ports & Sockets
Ports ‐ RFC 1700
•
•
•
Allows Datagram Multiplexing ll
li l i
Between Applications
Port Numbers Can Be Between 0 ‐
65535
– 0–1023 Are Considered Reserved
– 1024–49151 Can Be Registered
– 49152–65535 Are Considered Dynamic or Private
Dynamic or Private
TCP and UDP Port Numbers Are Independent
Sockets
•
•
•
A “Socket” Is a Combination of an IP “ k ”
bi i
f
Address & A Port Number
Used for Client‐Server Application Interaction
IP Address + Port Number = Socket
Socket: 10.10.10.10:80
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IPv6 Fundamentals
RFC 2460
IPv6 Provides Expanded IP Address Space
2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
(h
(three hundred forty UNDECILLION
h
f
addresses))
• 128 Bit Hexadecimal Notation
2001:0DB8:0234:AB00:0123:4567:8901:ABCD • But, IPv6 is More Than Expanded Address Space:
– Re‐Engineered IPv4
•
•
•
•
•
Improved Support for Multicasting, Security, & Mobile Aps
Host Auto‐Configuration
Security Incorporated
Traffic Engineering Provisions
Multicast Incorporated
– IPv6 Does Not Replace IPv4 19
IPv4 and IPv6
Comparison Summary
IP version
IP version IPv4
IPv4 IPv6
Deployed
1981 1999 Address Size 32‐bit number 128‐bit number Address Format
Dotted Decimal Notation: Hexadecimal Notation: 192.0.2.76 2001:0DB8:0234:AB00:0123:4567:8901:ABCD Number of Addresses ,
,
,
232 = 4,294,967,296
Networking Technology for Broadcast
Engineers – Part 2
2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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IPv4 Depletion Situation Report
• Each RIR Received Final /8 in February 2011
• IANA Free Pool of IPv4 = 0%. IANA F
P l f IP 4 0%
• Each RIR Currently has IPv4 Addresses to Allocate, But Not Forever!
Each /8 (Class C) block contains 16,777,216 addresses
https://www.arin.net/resources/request/ipv4_depletion.html
21
IPv6 – Is This Adequate Address Space?
• Current Global Demand: – ~24 Million IP Addresses per Month
• IPv6 Address Space:
– Counting /64 subnets it would take ~ 768 Billion years to deplete
– Counting /48 subnets it would take ~ 11.7 Million years to deplete
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IPv4 and IPv6 Comparison
•
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4, or just “IP”)
– First developed for the original Internet (ARPANET) in spring 1978
– Deployed globally with growth of the Internet
– Total of 4 billion IP addresses available
– Well entrenched and used by every ISP and hosting company to connect customers to the Internet
– Allocated based on documented need
•
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
– Design started in 1993 when IETF forecasts showed IPv4 depletion between 2010 and 2017
– Completed, tested, and available for production since 1999
l
l bl f
– Total of 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IP addresses available
– Used and managed similar to IPv4
23
IPv6 Address Format & Notation
128-Bit Address Format
Represented as a 32 Hexadecimal Digits
Subdivided Into Eight Groups of Four Hexadecimal Digits
(further summarization may be possible)
2001:0000:0000:0000:0DB8:8000:200C:417A
or
2001:0:0:0:0DB8:8000:200C:417A
or
2001::0DB8:8:200C:417A
The Shortest Ipv6 Address:
::1
“The Loopback Address”
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IPv6 Address Trivia
What Happened to Version 5 of the Internet Protocol?
“IPv5 Simply Does Not Exist!
Version 5 was intentionally skipped to avoid confusion, or at least to rectify it. The
problem with version 5 relates to an experimental TCP/IP protocol called the Internet
Stream Protocol, Version 2, originally defined in RFC 1190. This protocol was
originally seen by some as being a peer of IP at the Internet Layer in the TCP/IP
architecture and these packets were assigned IP version 5 to differentiate them from
“normal” IPv4 packets. This protocol never went anywhere, but to be absolutely sure
that there would be no confusion, version 5 was skipped over in favor of version 6.”
25
The Environment Today
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Industry is Predominantly IPv4 Based Today
IPv4 Demand Continues…..
IPv4 Availability Pool Rapidly Decreasing
IPv4 NAT Use Increasing
IPv6 Must Be Adopted for Continued Growth
IPv6 is NOT Backward Compatible With IPv4
IPv4 and IPv6 Must BOTH Be Maintained for Many Years to Come – “Dual‐
Stack Approach”
My IPv4 Address: 128.194.247.55
My IPv6 Address: 2002:80c2:f737::80c2:f737
My MAC Address: 80:C2:F7:37
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An Approach
• Call to Action – Enterprise Networks
– IPv6 Enable Web, Mail, and Public‐Facing Application Servers
– Open Dialog With Your ISP Regarding IPv6 Connectivity Availability & Options
• Call to Action – Content Providers
– You Must Be Reachable By New Internet Customers
– Provide IPv4 and IPv6 Connectivity Today
– If Only IPv4 Content is Provided – You Reachability is Determined by Access Provider Transition Solutions
IPv6 Implementation
• Technology Areas of Focus:
– Obtain IPv6 Address Space
p
– Obtain IPv6 Connectivity
• Native
• Tunneled
– Upgrade / Configure Operating Systems
– Upgrade / Configure Routers, Firewalls, DNS
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IPv6 Connectivity
29
World IPv6 Day
June 8, 2011
http://isoc.org/wp/worldipv6day/
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Takeaways
• IPv6 Awareness
– More Than Expanded Address Space
More Than Expanded Address Space
• IPv6 Address Format & Notation
– 128 Bit Number Hexadecimal Number
– Nomenclature ‐ Eight Groups of Four Hexadecimal Digits
• Develop Plans for IPv4 / IPv6 Especially if a Content Provider
– Upstream Provider IPv6 Availability?
• Native
Native • Tunneled
• IPv4 and IPv6 Will Co‐Exist in The Foreseeable Future
31
Switching Fundamentals
• Legacy Ethernet Used Hubs
– An “Ethernet DA” of sorts – All Bits Go to All Ports
– High Collision Level Due to Shared Media
(40‐50% of Bandwidth Consumed by Collision Recovery)
– High Collision Level Yields High Latency
• Switches Allow Segmentation of Network
–
–
–
–
Allows Dedicated Bandwidth and Point‐Point Communications
Increased Throughput Due to Zero or Minimal Collisions
Allows Full‐Duplex Operation
Increased Security Capability
Increased Security Capability
• Switches Selectively Forward Individual “Frames” from a Receiving Port to a Destination Port
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MAC Addresses
•
•
Media Access Control “MAC” Address
Unique Hardware Encoded Address
– Burned In Address
– Physical Address
– “Spoofing”
•
•
•
Hexadecimal Format: 12:3A:4D:66:3A:1C or FF‐FF‐FF‐FF‐FF‐FF
Switches “Learn” a Table of MAC Addresses
– MAC Table – Maps Destination MAC Addresses to a Port
5 Basic Functions of an Ethernet Switch:
–
–
–
–
–
L
Learning MAC Addresses
i MAC Add
Aging – How Long is a MAC Address Maintained?
Flooding
Selective Forwarding
Filtering
33
Switching Types
“Forwarding Method”
• Store – and – Forward
– Receives the Entire Frame Then Makes Decision
– Drops Any Errored Frame Based Upon CRC
– SLOW! (but insures no frame errors)
• Cut – Through
– Look Only @ Destination Address in Header of the Frame
– FAST! (but no error checking)
• Fragment Free (modified Cut‐Through)
– Known as “Runt Free” Switching
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A Simple MAC Table Example
35
VLANS
IEEE 802.1Q
• Virtual Local Area Network – VLAN
• Allows Separation of Network Devices Across a Common Physical Media
p
y
• Why Separate?
– Control Broadcast Domains
– Architecture Flexibility – Security by Isolating Users
• Static Port Based VLAN(s)
Most Common
– Manual Assignment
• Dynamic VLANS:
– MAC‐Based VLAN(s)
•
Assignment Based Upon MAC Address
– Protocol‐Based VLAN(s)
•
Assignment Based Upon Protocol
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VLAN Trunking
• Allows VLAN(s) to be Shared Across Multiple Devices
37
VLAN Example
Switch Port Type Configuration:
Access Link – Member of One VLAN Only Connects to a Host
Trunk Link – Carries Traffic From Multiple VLANS Between Switches
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Routing Fundamentals
• Routing is Simply Moving Data From One Network to Another Network
All Routers Are Aware of All Networks
39
Routing Protocols
•
Routing is Simply the Moving of Data Across Networks
OSI Model Layer 3 Process
Routing Involves Two Processes:
– Determining the Best Path
The Hard Part
– Actually Sending of the Data
The Easy Part
Static Routing
•
Dynamic Routing
•
Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP IGRP EIGRP OSPF)
Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF)
•
•
•
–
–
–
–
•
Stub Routing (used when only one path exists)
Path is Automatically Determined
Distance‐Vector
Link‐State
Exterior Gateway Protocols (BGP)
–
Hides Internal Topology of the Network
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Distance‐Vector Routing Protocols
•
•
“Routing by Rumor” – The Overall Network is Unknown, Only Directly Connected Neighbors Are Known by Each Router
Routing Decision Based Upon a “Distance” or Metric and “Direction” or Vector to Describe the “Next‐Hop
the Next‐Hop”
41
Link‐State Routing Protocols
•
•
Network Topology Information is Flooded Throughout the Network
Each Router Determines its Own “Best Path”
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Routing Protocols
• Interior Gateway Protocols
– Used Within the Same Autonomous System (AS)
RIP
RIPv2
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
VLSM Support
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Convergence
Slow
Slow
Medium
Fast
Fast
Configuration
Easy
Easy
Medium
Medium
Hard
Scalability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Interoperability
• Exterior
Exterior Gateway Protocols
Gateway Protocols
– Used Between Autonomous Systems
• BGP
43
A Routing Example
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What Is A “Layer 3” Switch?
•
•
•
•
One Box Solution:
– Layer 2 Bridging
• Traditionally Performed in Hardware
– Layer 3 Routing
• Traditionally Performed in Software
Layer 3 Switch Performs Layer 3 Routing in Hardware
Eliminates Use of VLAN(s) – Each Port Can Be Assigned to a Subnet
Not for All Environments
–
–
–
Typically Found in Workgroup Environment
Limited to Ethernet
d
h
Limited to OSPF and RIP Protocols
Information Technology for Broadcast Engineers
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Switching vs Routing
Broadcast Domain
Collision
Domain
Collision
Domain
Router
Collision
Domain
Collision
Domain
Broadcast Domain
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Takeaways
•
•
Switching is a Layer 2 Process
Why Switch?
•
•
•
•
•
MAC Addresses
VLAN Basics & Applications
VLAN Trunking Use
Routing is a Layer 3 Process
Why Route?
•
•
•
Recognize Routing Protocols
Recognize
Routing Protocols
Interior Gateway vs Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols
Layer 3 Switching Provides A One‐Box‐Solution
–
–
Breaks the Collision Domain
Breaks the Broadcast Domain
47
Quality of Service – “QoS”
• Why QoS?
– Allows Network Traffic to Be Prioritized Based Upon Application
p
pp
•
•
•
•
Streaming Media
IP Telephony
Real‐Time Control (automation)
Mission Critical Applications
– Network Factors Impacting Quality:
• Throughput
• Dropped Packets
• Errors
• Latency
• Jitter
• Packet Delivery Out‐of‐Order
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QoS continued…..
• Implementing QoS
– VLAN Implementation
p
– Bandwidth Over Provisioning
– Traffic Shaping
– DiffServ Implementation
• Mark Packets According to Type of Service
• Assigned to Multiple Queues
– Queue Scheduling Algorithms:
• Techniques Raise or Lower Queue Priority
– WFQ ‐ Weighted Fair Queuing
– Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing
– WRR – Weighted Round Robin
– HFSC – Hierarchical Fair Service Curve
49
QoS continued…..
• QoS Implementation Architecture
– Packet Identification & Marking
– Network Element Provisioning
– End‐End Policy Management
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Controlling Network Traffic
•
•
•
•
Traffic Shaping (packet shaping) is Generally Achieved by Delaying Packets
Used to Optimize or Guarantee Performance
p
Control Volume of Traffic Placed on A Network Segment (ingress)
Traffic Classification:
– Sensitive
– Best‐Effort
– Undesired Traffic
– File Sharing (P2P Traffic)
51
Network Security Concerns
•
•
Focused on Protecting the Network Infrastructure
Common Threats:
–
–
–
–
•
Packet Sniffers / Port Scanning
IP Spoofing
Denial of Service Attacks
Application Layer Attacks
Implementation Considerations:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Know Your Enemy
Cost
Human Factors
Human Factors
Understand Your Network
Limit Scope of Access
Don’t Overlook Physical Security
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Network Security Tools
•
•
Firewall
– Used to Create a “Trusted” Network Segment by Permitting or Denying Network Packets
– Types of Firewalls:
f
ll
• Packet Filtering
– Stateless
– Statefull
• Application Layer • Proxies
• NAT
Detection Tools
– Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
• Signature Based
• Anomaly Based
– Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)
• Combine Firewall & IDS Functions
53
Takeaways
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
QoS Basics
Network Quality Factors
y
QoS Implementation Techniques
Traffic Shaping Basics
Awareness of Network Security Threats
Awareness of Network Security Implementation Considerations
Firewall Types
IDS/ IPS Use
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Visualizing The “Internet”
Current “IPv4” Internet Routing
Table:
353,698 BGP Routes
(Monday 3-21-11)
55
Routing Trivia
•
•
•
•
•
First “Router” as We Know is Was the “Interface Message Processor – IMP”
Developed in the Late‐60’s for ARPANET
First Message “lo” Was Sent on October 29, 1969 from
UCLA to the Stanford Research Institute
After Recovery From a System Crash, the Word
Was Successfully Transmitted
Life Has Never Been the Same Since!
“login” 56
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Reference Sources:
•
•
•
My Favorite Reference Texts:
– Ethernet: The Definitive Guide – Charles Spurgeon – Cisco CCNA Simplified – 3rd Edition – Paul Browning
– Cisco IOS in a Nutshell – 2nd edition – James Boney
– Network Maintenance & Troubleshooting Network Maintenance & Troubleshooting – 2nd Edition Edition – Neal Allen
Neal Allen
– Network Warrior – Gary Donahue
– The Illustrated Network – Walter Goralski
– Wireshark Network Analysis – Laura Chappell
Subnet Calculation Tools:
– www.subnet‐calculator.com
– www.bitcricket.com/ip‐subnet‐calculator.html (Ipv4 and IPv6 capable)
– www.solarwinds.com/products/freetools/free_subnet_calculator.aspx
– IpHONE Aps (iTunes Store):
IP Calc
• IP Calc
• IP Calculator
RFC Documents:
– www.rfc‐editor.org
57
Reference Sources:
•
RFC Documents:
–
•
IPv6 References:
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
www.arin.net
i
www.getipv6.info
www.GoGo6.com
http://test‐ipv6.com/
http://testmyipv6.com/
http://www.ipv6forum.com/
Internet Routing Metrics:
–
–
•
www.rfc‐editor.org
http://bgp.potaroo.net/
http://www.internettrafficreport.com/
World IPv6 Day
–
http://isoc.org/wp/worldipv6day/
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Wrap – Up
? Questions ?
Thank You for Attending!
Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8-VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT
Texas A&M University
w-pecena@tamu.edu
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