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SECTION
1
Step-by-Step
Instruction
WITNESS HISTORY
Objectives
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help
them answer the Section Focus Question
and master core content.
■
List the industrial powers that
emerged in the 1800s.
■
Describe the impact of new technology
on industry, transportation, and
communication.
■
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AUDIO
The Steelmaking Process
1
By the 1880s, steel had replaced steam as the great
symbol of the Industrial Revolution. In huge steel
mills, visitors watched with awe as tons of molten
metal were poured into giant mixers:
night the scene is indescribably wild and
“ Atbeautiful.
The flashing fireworks, the terrific gusts
of heat, the gaping, glowing mouth of the giant
chest, the quivering light from the liquid iron,
the roar of a near-by converter . . . combine to
produce an effect on the mind that no words
can translate.
—J. H. Bridge, The Inside History of the
Carnegie Steel Company
”
Painting of a nineteenthcentury steel mill
Understand how big business emerged
in the late 1800s.
Focus Question How did science, technology, and
big business promote industrial growth?
The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Prepare to Read
Build Background Knowledge
Objectives
L3
Ask students to recall the first phase
of the Industrial Revolution during the
mid-1700s. Based on their previous reading, ask them to predict what would happen in the second phase of the Industrial
Revolution.
• List the industrial powers that emerged
in the 1800s.
• Describe the impact of new technology on
industry, transportation, and communication.
• Understand how big business emerged
in the late 1800s.
Terms, People, and Places
Set a Purpose
■
L3
WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
aloud or play the audio.
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,
The Steelmaking Process
Ask What is the main idea of
Bridge’s quote? (The process of turning molten metal into steel is an amazing process to watch.) How does the
painting reinforce this idea? (The
steel mill is portrayed as huge and
awe-inspiring.)
■
Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 1 Assessment answers).
■
Preview Have students preview the
Section Objectives and the list of
Terms, People, and Places.
■
Reading Skills Have students use the
Reading Strategy: Identify Supporting
Details worksheet.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 7
298 Life in the Industrial Age
Henry Bessemer
Alfred Nobel
Michael Faraday
dynamo
Thomas Edison
interchangeable parts
assembly line
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Guglielmo Marconi
stock
corporation
cartel
Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Fill in a
chart like this one with the major developments
of the Industrial Revolution.
The Second Industrial Revolution
New Powers
•
•
Industry/Business
•
•
Transportation/
Communication
•
•
The first phase of industrialization had largely been forged from
iron, powered by steam engines, and driven by the British textile
industry. By the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution entered a
second phase. New industrial powers emerged. Factories powered
by electricity used innovative processes to turn out new products.
Changes in business organization contributed to the rise of giant
companies. As the twentieth century dawned, this second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of the Western world.
New Industrial Powers Emerge
During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the
world’s industrial giant. To protect its head start, Britain tried to
enforce strict rules against exporting inventions.
For a while, the rules worked. Then, in 1807, British mechanic
William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to manufacture
spinning and weaving machines. Belgium became the first European nation after Britain to industrialize. By the mid-1800s, other
nations had joined the race, and several newcomers were challenging Britain’s industrial supremacy.
Nations Race to Industrialize How were other nations able to
catch up with Britain so quickly? First, nations such as Germany,
France, and the United States had more abundant supplies of
coal, iron, and other resources than did Britain. Also, they had the
advantage of being able to follow Britain’s lead. Like Belgium,
Vocabulary Builder
Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 6; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3
High-Use Word
dominate, p. 300
Definition and Sample Sentence
v. to rule or control by power or influence
The leader of the group dominated the discussion and barely let anyone else speak.
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For: Audio guided tour
Web Code: nbp-2111
Centers of Industry, 1871
■
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that separate the great lumps of coal from the
small. They had no games; when their day’s
work is done, they are too tired for that. They
know nothing but the difference between slate
and coal.
—“The Labor Standard,” 1877
”
■
Quick Activity Draw students’ attention to the map on this page. Point out
that the United Kingdom had the most
major industrial cities. Ask students
why they think the United Kingdom
became an important center of industry. Have students access Web Code
nbp-2111 to take the Geography
Interactive Audio Guided Tour and
then answer the map skills questions
in the text.
a
Coal fields
Iron ore deposits
Major industrial cities
An increase in manufacturing created a
demand for workers. Children began running
machines and mining coal (right).
Primary Source
Teach Ask How did Belgium, Germany, France, and the United
States industrialize? (They had
abundant supplies of natural resources,
and they were able to borrow the ideas
and technology of the British.) How
did industrialization affect these
nations? (The factory system allowed
more people to buy cheaper goods than
ever before; industrialization bolstered
the economy by creating jobs; industrialized Western nations grew in power.)
ri
POR
TUG
Milan
Ad
S PA
Barcel
ona
■
Vienna
AU S T R I A - H U N G A R Y
SWITZ.
Marseille
Madr
id
Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
Have students read the Vocabulary
Builder term and definition. Ask them
to predict how the theme expressed by
the word dominate would be key to
understanding how the industrialized
Western nations would influence the
rest of the world.
LUX.
Saar
F
Loire R. R A N C E
AL
40°
200
■
Dresden
Frankfurt
BELG.
Rhon
e R.
0
Berlin
GERMANY
Ruhr
L3
Instruct
Hamburg
S
400 mi
New Industrial Powers
Emerge
c
lti
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0
Ba
Manc
hester
Paris
Conic Projection
200
DENMARK
e
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la
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G
Birm D O M
ingh
am
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W
astle
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Sea
Teach
a
Gulf of
Mexico
Se
MEXICO
Have students read this
section using the Structured Read
Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20). As they
read, have students fill in the chart
showing the major developments of the
second Industrial Revolution.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 104
Map Skills Deposits of raw materials
such as iron and coal were essential to a
nation’s industrial success.
1. Locate (a) Belgium (b) Germany
(c) Saar (d) Ruhr
2. Region Which American city probably
grew because of its location near coal
fields?
3. Draw Inferences Why would you
expect Lyon, France, to become a
major industrial city?
Solutions for All Learners
L4 Advanced Readers
L4 Gifted and Talented
To maintain its economic supremacy and combat
industrial espionage, Britain enacted a law that forbade inventors and workers in key industries from
emigrating. Have students debate the measures that a
country should take today to protect such industries
as computers, microelectronics, and defense technology. Some of the specific issues students might touch
upon in their debate include patent rights, freedom of
speech, freedom of movement, and national security.
Answers
Map Skills
1. Review locations with students.
2. Pittsburgh
3. It was located near both coal fields and iron ore
deposits.
Chapter 9 Section 1 299
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Independent Practice
Vocabulary Builder
latecomers often borrowed British experts or technology. The first American textile factory was built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, with plans
smuggled out of Britain. American inventor Robert Fulton powered his
steamboat with one of James Watt’s steam engines.
Two countries in particular—Germany and the United States—thrust
their way to industrial leadership. Germany united into a powerful
nation in 1871. Within a few decades, it became Europe’s leading industrial power. Across the Atlantic, the United States advanced even more
rapidly, especially after the Civil War. By 1900, the United States was
manufacturing about 30 percent of the world’s industrial goods, surpassing Britain as the leading industrial nation.
dominate—(DAHM uh nayt) v. to rule or
control by power or influence
Uneven Development Other nations industrialized more slowly, par-
Have students fill in the Outline Map
Europe About 1870.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 13
Monitor Progress
Circulate to make sure students are filling in their Outline Maps accurately.
Administer the Geography Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 14
ticularly those in eastern and southern Europe. These nations often
lacked natural resources or the capital to invest in industry. Although
Russia did have resources, social and political conditions slowed its economic development. Only in the late 1800s, more than 100 years after
Britain, did Russia lumber toward industrialization.
In East Asia, however, Japan offered a remarkable success story.
Although Japan lacked many basic resources, it industrialized rapidly
after 1868 because of a political revolution that made modernization a
priority. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand also built thriving industries during this time.
Effects of Industrialization Like Britain, the new industrial
Millions of metric tons
Steel Production, 1880–1910
30
25
20
15
10
5
Graph0 Skills
1890was the 1900
By the 1880
late 1800s, steel
major
1910
Year tools, such
material used in manufacturing
Germany
as theUnited
sheepStates
shears (above).
The graphGreat Britain
shows the amount of steel produced by the
Graph
SkillsGermany,
By the late
was the
United
States,
and1800s,
Greatsteel
Britain.
major material
manufacturing
Between
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1910,inwhich
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greatest
increase
steel (above).
production?
as the
sheep in
shears
The graph
Theshows
smallest?
the amount of steel produced by the
United States, Germany, and Great Britain.
Between 1890 and 1910, which nation had
the greatest increase in steel production?
The smallest?
SOURCES: European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970;
Historical Statistics of the United States
nations underwent social changes, such as rapid urbanization. Men,
women, and children worked long hours in difficult and dangerous
conditions. As you will read, by 1900, these conditions had begun to
improve in many industrialized nations.
The factory system produced huge quantities of new goods at
lower prices than ever before. In time, ordinary workers were buying
goods that in earlier days only the wealthy could afford. The demand
for goods created jobs, as did the building of cities, railroads, and factories. Politics changed, too, as leaders had to meet the demands of
an industrial society.
Globally, industrial nations competed fiercely, altering patterns of
world trade. Because of their technological and economic advantage,
the Western powers came to dominate the world more than
ever before.
What factors led to the industrialization of
other nations after Britain?
Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
During the early Industrial Revolution, inventions such as the
steam engine were generally the work of gifted tinkerers. They
experimented with simple machines to make them better. By the
1880s, the pace of change quickened as companies hired professional
chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery. The
union of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth.
Steel Production and the Bessemer Process American inventor
William Kelly and British engineer Henry Bessemer independently
developed a new process for making steel from iron. In 1856, Bessemer
Link to Literature
Answers
Graph Skills United States; Great Britain
Other nations had abundant supplies of natural
resources and were able to use the ideas and
technology that Britain had developed.
300 Life in the Industrial Age
Science Fiction The dizzying rate of invention in
the late 1800s inspired imaginative novelists like
France’s Jules Verne and England’s H.G. Wells to pioneer a new literary form—science fiction. In his 1865
novel From the Earth to the Moon, Verne created one
of the earliest pictures of space travel. He correctly
predicted that space travelers would experience
weightlessness.
Today, in print or on film, science fiction remains
one of the most popular forms of entertainment.
Inspired by modern advances in physics and computer
technology, creators of television shows and movies,
including Star Trek, Star Wars, and Men in Black,
developed scripts that moved far beyond the visions
of Verne’s day.
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patented this process. Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than
iron, so it could be produced very cheaply. Steel quickly became the major
material used in tools, bridges, and railroads.
As steel production soared, industrialized countries measured their
success in steel output. In 1880, for example, the average German steel
mill produced less than 5 million metric tons of steel a year. By 1910,
that figure reached nearly 15 million metric tons.
Technology Sparks
Industrial Growth
Instruct
■
Introduce: Key Terms Ask students
to find the term assembly line (in blue)
in the text and explain its meaning. Tell
students that in assembly lines individual workers perform one specialized
task repeatedly in making the final
product. Ask Why would specializing
in specific tasks be more efficient
than having a worker build an
entire product from start to finish?
(It is more efficient for workers to be in
charge of one task than to require them
to master every task that needs to be
done, particularly in producing complex
products such as automobiles.)
■
Teach Ask What power source
replaced steam as the main source
of industrial power? (electricity)
Why was electricity important to
industrialization? (Electricity transformed the pace of growth during the
Industrial Revolution because cities
could be lit up at night and factories
could run after dark. It was the power
source for the machines and assembly
lines that mass-produced goods, making more products faster and more
cheaply than ever before.)
■
Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 127: Technology: Blessing
or Curse? Use the lesson suggested in
the transparency book to guide a discussion on modern technology.
Color Transparencies, 127
Innovations in Chemistry Chemists created hundreds of new products, from medicines such as aspirin to perfumes and soaps. Newly developed chemical fertilizers played a key role in increasing food production.
In 1866, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, an
explosive much safer than others used at the time. It was widely used in
construction and, to Nobel’s dismay, in warfare. Dynamite earned Nobel
a huge fortune, which he willed to fund the famous Nobel prizes that are
still awarded today.
Electric Power Replaces Steam In the late 1800s, a new power
source—electricity—replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial
power. Scientists like Benjamin Franklin had tinkered with electricity a
century earlier. The Italian scientist Alessandro Volta developed the first
battery around 1800. Later, the English chemist Michael Faraday created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that
generates electricity. Today, all electrical generators and transformers
work on the principle of Faraday’s dynamo.
In the 1870s, the American inventor Thomas Edison made the first
electric light bulb. Soon, Edison’s “incandescent lamps” illuminated
whole cities. The pace of city life quickened, and factories could continue
to operate after dark. By the 1890s, cables carried electrical power from
dynamos to factories.
New Methods of Production The basic features of the factory system remained the same
during the 1800s. Factories still used large numbers of workers and power-driven machines to
mass-produce goods. To improve efficiency, however, manufacturers designed products with
interchangeable parts, identical components
that could be used in place of one another. Interchangeable parts simplified both the assembly
and repair of products.
By the early 1900s, manufacturers had introduced another new method of production, the
assembly line. Workers on an assembly line add
parts to a product that moves along a belt from
one work station to the next. A different person
performs each task along the assembly line. This
division of labor in an assembly line, like interchangeable parts, made production faster and
cheaper, lowering the price of goods. Although dividing labor into separate tasks proved to be more efficient, it took much of the joy out of the
work itself.
What was the dynamo’s impact on the Industrial
Revolution?
Independent Practice
Link to Literature To help students
Electricity Lights Up Cities
This early dynamo (above) generated
enough electricity to power lights in
factories. Electricity changed life outdoors
as well. Judging from this print, how did
electricity make life easier for people in the
city?
Solutions for All Learners
L1 Special Needs
L2 Less Proficient Readers
Ask students to list the inventions from the past 100
years that have had the biggest impact on their daily
lives. (Sample: television, computer, Internet) Then
ask them to use the headings and visuals and point
out the most important inventions of the Industrial
Age and how these inventions affected people’s lives.
L3
L2 English Language Learners
Use the following resources to help students acquire
basic skills.
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 104
■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 105
understand the labor conditions in the
factories, have them read the selection
from Charles Dickens’ Hard Times and
complete the worksheet.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 10
Monitor Progress
As students fill in their charts, circulate
to make sure they understand the major
developments in the second Industrial
Revolution. For a completed version of the
chart, see
Note Taking Transparencies, 147
Answers
Caption They could travel at night.
The dynamo generated electricity that
powered the machines.
Chapter 9 Section 1 301
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INFOGRAPHIC
Transportation and
Communication
Advances
L3
Instruct
■
■
■
Introduce Have students read how
Marconi transmitted a transatlantic
radio message in 1901. Use the Idea
Wave strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask
How is radio used today? Why is it
important? (entertainment, news,
emergency broadcasts, weather warnings, communication)
T
he Bessemer process prepared the way for the use of steel in
building construction. Before steel, frameworks consisted of heavy
iron. Steel provided a much lighter framework and enabled the
construction of taller buildings. The first skyscrapers were between
10 and 20 stories high. They were built in the United States in the
1880s to house large corporations.
Elevators made it
practical for buildings
to have more than
five or six stories.
Teach Ask What did Nikolaus Otto
invent? (a gasoline-powered internal
combustion engine) What effect did
his invention have on the Industrial Revolution? (Because it powers
automobiles, threshers, reapers, and
airplanes, it had a huge impact on
transportation, farm production, and
the economies of industrialized Western
nations that produced these products.)
Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 125: Inventors and Inventions. Use the lesson suggested in the
transparency book to guide a discussion on the new technologies of the
industrial age.
Color Transparencies, 125
Independent Practice
Transportation and
Communication Advances
Offices could be illuminated
with electric lights both
night and day.
The Automobile Age Begins The transpor-
Typewriters
enabled workers to type
information
faster than
they could
write it by
hand.
Telephones
allowed workers to
send and receive
messages faster
than the telegraph.
Have students examine the Infographic,
The Modern Office. Then ask them to
write a paragraph on how advances in
transportation and communication created massive change in business offices in
the late 1800s.
Monitor Progress
Ask students to reread the introductory
paragraph under the red heading Transportation and Communication Advances.
Then ask them to explain the importance
of the growth of railroads to industry.
During the Industrial Revolution, transportation and communications were transformed by
technology. Steamships replaced sailing ships,
and railroad building took off. In Europe and
North America, rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial
centers. In the United States, a transcontinental railroad provided rail service from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. In the same way, Russians built the Trans-Siberian Railroad, linking
Moscow in European Russia to Vladivostok on
the Pacific. Railroad tunnels and bridges
crossed the Alps in Europe and the Andes in
South America. Passengers and goods rode on
rails in India, China, Egypt, and South Africa.
Thinking Critically
1. Draw Inferences Why did
industrialization create a need
for skyscrapers?
2. Synthesize Information What
invention do you think had the
most impact on offices? Explain.
Automobiles and subway
systems permitted rapid
transit to and from cities.
ILLUSTRATION NOT TO SCALE
tation revolution took a new turn when a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto, invented a
gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.
In 1886, Karl Benz received a patent for the
first automobile, which had three wheels. A
year later, Gottlieb Daimler (DYM lur) introduced the first four-wheeled automobile. People
laughed at the “horseless carriages,” but they
quickly transformed transportation.
The French nosed out the Germans as early
automakers. Then the American Henry Ford
started making models that reached the breathtaking speed of 25 miles per hour. In the early
1900s, Ford began using the assembly line to
mass-produce cars, making the United States a
leader in the automobile industry.
Airplanes Take Flight The internal combustion engine powered more than cars. Motorized
threshers and reapers boosted farm production.
Even more dramatically, the internal combustion engine made possible sustained, pilotcontrolled flight. In 1903, American bicycle makers Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and
flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Although their flying machine stayed aloft
for only a few seconds, it ushered in the air age.
Soon, daredevil pilots were flying airplanes
across the English Channel and over the Alps.
Commercial passenger travel, however, would
not begin until the 1920s.
Rapid Communication A revolution in communications also made the world smaller. An
American inventor, Samuel F. B. Morse, developed
Connect to Our World
Answers
Thinking Critically
1. As corporations expanded, they needed more
office space.
2. Sample: Telephones would have had the greatest
impact on offices because they would have
enabled faster communication and therefore
faster production.
302 Life in the Industrial Age
Connections to Today Ever since the telegraph
was invented in the mid-nineteenth century, people
in business have been grumbling about the everincreasing speed of business and communications.
“The businessmen of the present day must be continually on the jump,” said a New York merchant in
1868. “He must use the telegraph.” New communica-
tion technologies, such as the telephone and then the
fax machine, quickly became indispensable to business. With the advent of cell phones, personal handheld devices, and wireless Internet, people could
conduct business from practically anywhere. Some
relished the flexibility, while others resented that they
could no longer leave work at the office.
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In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi (left) was
in Newfoundland to receive the first
overseas radio transmission from his
assistant in England. Did Marconi’s
prediction come true? Explain.
Business Takes a
New Direction
Instruct
■
Introduce Ask students to read the
paragraph under the red heading Business Takes a New Direction. Ask What
is “big business”? (a large-scale business that is run by entrepreneurs who
finance manufacture, and distribute
goods) Ask students to list what they
know about big business today.
■
Teach Ask How did company owners get the capital needed to run
businesses? (They sold stock and
formed giant corporations.) Why was
there a move toward monopolies?
(Business leaders who dominated entire
industries could squeeze out competing
companies and charge any price for a
product or service.) What are the benefits of regulating monopolies?
(Regulations would allow for competition, better pricing, and fair business
practices.)
■
Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 126: Features of a Monopoly.
Use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on
the widespread concern about the
harmful effects of monopolies in the
late 1800s.
Color Transparencies, 126
Primary Source
before mid-day I placed
“ Shortly
the single earphone to my ear and
the telegraph, which could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity. His first telegraph line went into service between Washington, D.C.
and Baltimore, in 1844. By the 1860s, an undersea cable was relaying messages between Europe and North America. This trans-Atlantic cable was
an amazing engineering accomplishment for its day.
Communication soon became even faster. In 1876, the Scottish-born
American inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. By
the 1890s, the Italian pioneer Guglielmo Marconi had invented the
radio. In 1901, Marconi received a radio message, using Morse code, sent
from Britain to Canada. Radio would become a cornerstone of today’s global communications network.
started listening. . . . I heard,
faintly but distinctly, pip-pippip. . . . I now felt for the first time
absolutely certain that the day
would come when mankind would
be able to send messages without
wires not only across the Atlantic,
but between the farthermost ends
of the earth.
”
How did technological advances in transportation and
communications affect the Industrial Revolution?
Business Takes a New Direction
By the late 1800s, what we call “big business” came to dominate industry.
Big business refers to an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who
finance, manufacture, and distribute goods. As time passed, some big
businesses came to control entire industries.
Rise of Big Business New technologies required the investment of
large amounts of money, or capital. To get the needed capital, owners sold
stock, or shares in their companies, to investors. Each stockholder
became owner of a tiny part of a company. Large-scale companies, such
as steel foundries, needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of
thousands of shares. These businesses formed giant corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. With
large amounts of capital, corporations could expand into many areas.
Move Toward Monopolies Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. In Germany, Alfred Krupp inherited a
steelmaking business from his father. He bought up coal and iron mines as
well as ore deposits—supply lines or raw materials that fed the steel business. Later, he and his son acquired plants that made tools, railroad cars,
and weapons. In the United States, John D. Rockefeller built Standard Oil
Company into an empire. By gaining control of oil wells, oil refineries, and
oil pipelines, he dominated the American petroleum industry.
L3
Independent Practice
Divide students into pairs. Ask them to
explain the following terms to their partner: big business, monopoly, regulation.
Monitor Progress
Check Reading and Note Taking Study
Guide entries for student understanding
of the major developments of the second
Industrial Revolution.
Answers
Link to Economics
Cartels The success of a cartel lasts only as long as
its members agree on prices, production, and markets.
History has shown that this kind of discipline is hard
to maintain over time. One of the most famous cartels
today is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), which was first organized in 1960.
In the 1970s, OPEC increased oil prices dramatically,
first in 1973 and again in 1979.
By the 1980s, however, world demand for oil failed
to meet OPEC expectations. The oil cartel was then
torn by disputes among those who wanted to reduce
production in order to raise prices and those who
wanted to increase production in order to maintain
their earnings. Since that time, OPEC has seen its
influence and share of the oil market decline.
P R I M A RY S O U R C E Yes, advances in
communications such as cellular phones and
e-mail have made worldwide communication
almost instantaneous.
Advances in transportation and communication
changed the way that people lived. People could
travel faster and farther by steamship, railroad,
car, and airplanes. They could also communicate
nationally and internationally by telegraph, telephone, and radio.
Chapter 9 Section 1 303
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Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
■
■
L3
Analyzing Political Cartoons
Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 2
■
To further assess student understanding, use
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 86
One View of Big Business To some
critics, the growth of monopolies had a
dangerous effect on society. This 1899
American cartoon shows a monopoly as
an octopus-like monster. Do you think
this cartoonist favored or opposed government regulation of business? Explain.
Reteach
If students need more instruction, have
them read the section summary.
L3
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 105
In their pursuit of profit, ruthless business leaders destroyed competing companies. With the competition gone, they were free to raise prices.
Sometimes, a group of corporations would join forces and form a cartel,
an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets. In
Germany, a single cartel fixed prices for 170 coal mines.
L1 L2
Adapted Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 105
Move Toward Regulation The rise of big business and the creation
of such great wealth sparked a stormy debate. Some people saw the
Krupps and Rockefellers as “captains of industry” and praised their
vision and skills. They pointed out that capitalists invested their wealth
in worldwide ventures, such as railroad building, that employed thousands of workers and added to the general prosperity.
To others, the aggressive magnates were “robber barons.” Destroying
competition, critics argued, damaged the free-enterprise system, or the
laissez-faire economy. Reformers called for laws to prevent monopolies
and regulate large corporations. Despite questionable business practices,
big business found support from many government leaders. By the early
1900s, some governments did move against monopolies. However, the
political and economic power of business leaders often hindered efforts at
regulation.
L2
Spanish Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 105
Extend
L4
Conduct the Unit 3 simulation,
Monopolies.
Teaching Resources, Unit 3,
pp. 104–107
Answers
Analyzing Political Cartoons favored; big
business is a monster.
Some believed that they created economic
benefits, while others thought they exploited
consumers and free enterprise.
Why were big business leaders “captains of industry”
to some, but “robber barons” to others?
1
Terms, People, and Places
1. For each term, person, or place listed at
the beginning of the section, write a
sentence explaining its significance.
2. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas
Use your completed chart to answer the
Focus Question: How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth?
Section 1 Assessment
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding
of each term, person, or place listed at the
beginning of the section.
2. New technology, inventions, power sources,
production methods, and business practices
all led to widespread industrialization.
3. A British mechanic opened a factory in
Belgium in 1807. Other countries
acquired British technology and created
new technologies.
304 Life in the Industrial Age
Progress Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: nba-2111
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
3. Summarize How did the Industrial
Revolution spread in the 1800s?
4. Draw Conclusions How did technology help industry expand?
5. Recognize Cause and Effect How
did the need for capital lead to new
business organizations and methods?
6. Predict How might government
change as a result of industrialization?
4. Scientists developed new products and
technologies, such as a process for producing steel, dynamite, and the dynamo for
generating electricity.
5. To raise needed capital, large companies
became corporations and sold shares of
the business to investors.
6. Sample: As business leaders gain power
and influence on politics, government
may begin to favor big business or grow
corrupt.
● Writing About History
Quick Write: Define a Problem Choose
one topic from this section that you could
use to write a problem-and-solution essay.
For example, you could write about the
impact of powerful monopolies. Make a list
of details, facts, and examples that define
the problems that monopolies pose to a
free market.
● Writing About History
Responses should present information that
clearly defines a problem, such as the problems monopolies pose to a free market.
For additional assessment, have students
access Progress Monitoring Online at
Web Code nba-2111.