Human Anatomy and
Physiology
 The human body is a wonder of science and nature.
 Its’ capabilities are astounding.

Introduction
 About to study one of the most interesting and intriguing aspects of human existence.
 You will never look at yourself or any other human being in the same way after this class.

Introduction
 It is a demanding field of study that requires much effort to master.
 It is like learning a whole new language.

Introduction
 Procrastination = disaster
 Do not fall behind!

Gross Anatomy
 Gross anatomy does not mean disgusting anatomy, it means large scale.
 Gross comes from the German word meaning large .

Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure.

Physiology
Physiology is the study of the body’s function.

Whole Picture
 Together, anatomy and physiology allow us to move!

Anatomy
 Don’t fear anatomy and physiology.
 You have been studying anatomy and physiology all of your lives.

Whole Picture
Start with a general overview of the integrated system

Whole Picture
 Take a look at the entire body moving and look at each system from the skin to the bones.

Systems Involved
 Integumentary System
(skin, hair, nails, sweat glands):
 Protection,
 regulates temperature,
 prevents water loss, and
 helps to produce vitamin A.

Systems Involved
 Subcutaneous (under the skin) fat :
 Although not a separate system, it plays an important role.

Shock absorption,
 thermal insulation,
 vitamin storage and transfer,
 energy storage.

Systems Involved
 Cardiovascular System
(heart, blood vessels, and blood):
 Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body;
 plays a role in the immune response and
 the regulation of body temperature.

Systems Involved
 Respiratory System
(lungs and respiratory passages):
 Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and the air
 regulates blood pH.

Systems Involved
 Nervous System
(brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors):
 A major regulatory system;
 detects sensation,
 controls movements, and
 controls physiological and intellectual functions.

Systems Involved
 Endocrine System
(Glands and hormones):
 A major regulatory system;
 participates in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and many other functions.

Systems Involved
 Muscular System
(Muscles attached to the skeleton):
 Allows body movement,
 maintains posture, and
 produces body heat.

Systems Involved
 Skeletal System
(bones, joints, and cartilage):
 Protects,
 supports,
 allows body movement,
 produces blood cells, and
 stores minerals.

Part 1 Organization of the
Human Body
 The human body is organized in several different ways.

The Human Organism
 Cytology - study of the structural features of cells.
 Histology - study of tissues (cells and surrounding materials).

Types of Anatomy
 Systemic anatomy - study of the systems of the body.
 Regional anatomy - study of the regions of the body.
 Surface anatomy - study of the external form of the body.

Types of Physiology
 Cell physiology - study of the function of cells.
 Neurophysiology - study of the function of nerves.
 Human physiology - study of the function of the human body.

The body can be studied at various levels:
 1. Chemical - atoms and their combinations into molecules.
 2. Organelle - small structures within a cell.
 3. Cells - basic living units.

The body can be studied at various levels:
 4. Tissue - groups of cells.
 5. Organ - groups of tissues.
 6. Organ system - groups of organs that function as a unit.
 7. Organism - the whole deal.

The body can be studied at various levels:

Essential characteristics of life found in an organism:
 1. Maintaining Boundaries –
 shape or form
 2. Movement

Essential characteristics of life found in an organism:
 3. Responsiveness –
 ability to sense changes and respond and adapt.
 4. Digestion

Essential characteristics of life found in an organism:
 5. Metabolism –
 ability to transfer energy.
 6. Excretion –
 removal of waste products.

Essential characteristics of life found in an organism:
 7. Reproduction –
 formation of new cells or new organisms.
 8. Growth –
 increase size and change with time.

Question
 What does the body need to survive?

Survival Needs
 Life is fragile and requires several factors to be present.
 Nutrients
 Oxygen
 Water
 Normal body temperature
 Atmospheric pressure – Breathing and gas exchange depend upon it

Question
 What is Homeostasis?

Homeostasis
 Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
 It is our set point.
 Disruption of homeostasis results in discomfort, disease, and death.

Negative Feedback Loop
Most systems in our bodies operate on a negative feedback loop

Negative Feedback Loop
 This loop relies on:
 1. Stimulus - a deviation from the set point.
 2. Receptor - monitors homeostasis.
 3. Control center - establishes set point.
 4. Effector - changes the value of a variable.
 5. Response - returns the variable back to normal.

Negative Feedback Loop
Blood pressure at rest and during exercise is an example

Positive Feedback Loops
Positive feedback loops are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals .

Positive Feedback Loops
“ Positive ” implies that, when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater.

Positive Feedback Loops
Positive feedback in regulating blood

Positive Feedback during Childbirth
• Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the brain
• Brain releases hormone
(oxytocin) into bloodstream
• Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully
• More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc.
• Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch
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Basic Anatomical Terminology
 Anatomical position
 Regions of the body
 Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms

Anatomical Position
 Standardized position from which to describe directional terms
 standing upright
 facing the observer, head level
 eyes facing forward
 feet flat on the floor
 arms at the sides
 palms turned forward
 Prone position = lying face down
 Supine position = lying face up

Common Regional Names
 Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.

Planes and Sections
 A plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.
 A section is one of the
2 surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it.

Sagittal Plane
 Sagittal plane
 divides the body or an organ into left and right sides
 Midsagittal plane
 produces equal halves
 Parasagittal plane
 produces unequal halves

Other Planes and Sections
 Frontal or coronal plane
 divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back
(posterior) portions
 Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane
 divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) portions
 Oblique plane
 some combination of 2 other planes

Planes and Sections of the Brain
(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)
 Horizontal Plane
 Frontal Plane
 Midsagittal Plane

Major Directional Terms

Superior or Inferior
 Superior
 towards the head
 The eyes are superior to the mouth.
 Inferior
 away from the head
 The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Dorsal or Ventral
 Dorsal or Posterior
 at the back of the body
 The brain is posterior to the forehead.
 Ventral or Anterior
 at the front of the body
 The sternum is anterior to the heart.

Medial or Lateral
 Medial
 nearer to the midline of the body
 The heart lies medial to the lungs.
 Lateral
 farther from the midline of the body
 The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.

Proximal or Distal
 Proximal
 nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
 The knee is proximal to the ankle.
 Distal
 farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
 The wrist is distal to the elbow.

Dorsal Body Cavity
 Near dorsal surface of body
 2 subdivisions
 cranial cavity
 holds the brain
 formed by skull
 vertebral or spinal canal
 contains the spinal cord
 formed by vertebral column
 Meninges line dorsal body cavity

Ventral Body Cavity
 Near ventral surface of body
 2 subdivisions
 thoracic cavity above diaphragm
 abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm
 Diaphragm = large, dome-shaped muscle
 Organs called viscera
 Organs covered with serous membrane

Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm
 Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis

Thoracic Cavity
 Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle
 Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
 Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs

Mediastinum
 Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

Serous Membranes
 Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not open to the outside
 parietal layer lines walls of cavities
 visceral layer covers viscera within the cavities
 Serous fluid reduces friction

Abdominopelvic Regions &
Quadrants
 Describe locations of organs or source of pain
 Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel