Name: ___________________________________________
AP
PREP
Period: ________
Movement, Migration, and
Population Policies
Date: _________
Population Geography
Fill in the blanks to complete the definition or sentence. Note: All of the following information in addition to your
reading is important, not just the blanks you fill in.
Perception and Migration
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ABSOLUTE distance – physical distance between two points (scales on maps).
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RELATIVE distance - measured in terms of cost and time; perceptions of
distance and direction are often greatly DISTORTED.
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MIGRATION – long-term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a
new location outside the community of origin.
Catalysts of Migration - Give FIVE examples; for each specify if it is a “push”
or “pull” factor: The answers below are only samples.
ECONOMIC – LOSS OF JOBS (PUSH); JOB OPPORTUNITES (PULL)
POLITICAL – MARIEL BOATLIFT (125,000 CUBANS FLED TO U.S. IN 1980; PUSH)
ARMED CONFLICT – CIVIL WAR, RWANDA 1990s (PUSH)
ENVIRONMENTAL – IRISH POTATO FAMINE, 1848 (PUSH)
FLOW OF INFORMATION – TELEVISON, INTERNET STIMULATE MIGTATION (PULL)
ENVIRONMENTAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, ETC.
Migration Theories
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“Laws” of Migration – 1885; Ernst Ravenstein (studied internal migration in England)
1. NET migration amounts to a fraction of the GROSS migration.
2. The majority of migrants move a SHORT distance.
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose BIG CITIES.
4. RURAL residents are less migratory than inhabitants of URBAN areas.
5. FAMILIES are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
Interaction of Places
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Gravity Model – mathematical prediction of the interaction between places (Ernest
Ravenstein)
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Interaction being a function of the POPULATION size of the places involved
and the DISTANCE between them.
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Spatial interaction (such as migration) is DIRECTLY related to the
populations and INVERSELY related to the distance between them.
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In mathematical terms: Interaction is proportional to the
multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance
between them.
Pa Pb
-Gravity model equation: Iab =
dab2
Gravity Model Symbols
Iab = INTERACTION
Pa = POPULATION (ORIGIN – a)
Pb = POPULATION (DESTINATION – b)
dab = DISTANCE (BETWEEN a & b)
Factors of/Against Migration
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DISTANCE DECAY - degenerative effects of distance on human movements and interactions.
STEP MIGRATION - migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (e.g. from a farm to a village, and later to
town then city)
CHAIN MIGRATION - migration that is assisted by those already living in an area (relatives, friends); people tend to
immigrate to areas where they find connections and a measure of familiarity.
INTEVENING OPPORTUNITY - the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of
places farther away (e.g. jobs).
COUNTER MIGRATION - when govt’s send back migrants caught entering their countries illegally.
VOLUNTARY MIGRATION - relocation by choice; FORCED MIGRATION - the role of pull & push factors is not
relevant (neither is choice).
Types of Movement
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CYCLIC movement – has a closed route repeated annually or seasonally (e.g. nomadic migration, “Sunbirds”); may
also may define your activity (or action) space (e.g. commuting).
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PERIODIC movement – involves intermittent but recurrent movement (e.g. college, armed service);
TRANSHUMANCE - system of pastoral farming; move according to seasonal availability (e.g. Switzerland).
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MIGRATORY movement – permanent relocation from a source to a destination (must also take ________ migration
into account).
Refugees
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INTERNATIONAL refugees have crossed one or more international borders, whereas INTRANATIONAL refugees
have abandoned their homes but remain in their own countries.
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Most refugees move without any more tangible PROPERTY than what they can carry or transport with them.
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Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat. (TECHNOLOGY that facilitates
modern migration is inoperative)
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Refugees move without the official DOCUMENTS that accompany channeled migration.
Internal and External Migrations: Give TWO
examples for each of the following: internal migration,
external migration, interregional migration (from one
geographic realm to another), dislocation (refugees).
The answers below are only samples.
o
o
o
o
INTERNAL – AFRICAN AMERICANS
MIGRATING NORTHWARD IN POST-WWI
U.S.; U.S. POPULATION STREAM WESTWARD
& SOUTHWARD (CENTER OF POPULATION
NOW IN MISSOURI).
EXTERNAL – JEWISH IMMIGRANT TO
ISRAEL AFTER 1948; GERMANS MIGRATION
WESTWARD BEFORE CONSTRUCTION OF THE
BERLIN WALL.
INTERREGIONAL – AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE;
IRISH POTATO FAMINE
DISLOCATION – HUTUS VS. TUTSIS IN RWANDA;
DISPLACED ARABS IN ISRAEL
Population Growth and Sustainability
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The image to the right shows the JCURVE; the change in human population
over the past few centuries has been a
history of rapid growth.
The image below shows the S-CURVE;
human population grew slowly at first, but
then increased rapidly – however, the
MDCs (MOST DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES) have witnessed a decrease
in population growth (due to
industrialization and urbanization).
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CARRYING CAPACITY = the maximum sustainable population size
that can be supported indefinitely into the future without degrading the
environment for future generations; this limit is not constant with
respect to all countries or regions (MDCs vs. LDCs).
Identify at least THREE ways in which humans have increased their
carrying capacity:
GREEN REVOLUTION
MECHANIZATION
EXPANDING FARMLAND,…
Policy Responses to Demographic Changes
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The UNITED NATIONS has played a major role in addressing population problems (a GLOBAL issue).
The first UN POPULATION CONFERENCE was held in Bucharest, Romania, in 1974; the population EXPLOSION
was in full force, and controlling population GROWTH was a priority; the world was also in the middle of the COLD
WAR, and both China (which viewed population control as a CAPITALIST plot) and the U.S.S.R. (still recovering
from WWII) employed EXPANSIVE population policies.
The second conference was held in 1984, in Mexico City; the GREEN REVOLUTION had narrowed the food gap,
and growth rates generally had DECLINED; China had embarked on a severely RESTRICTIVE population policy
(“One Child Policy”) – and was even awarded a medal by the UN.
During the 1994 conference, held in Egypt, the “Cairo Strategy” was proposed, but not fully adopted – combining
FAMILY planning with sex education in SCHOOLS; these measures were opposed by some conservative Roman
Catholic and Muslim countries.
The former Soviet Union and China under Mao Zedong led other communist societies in EXPANSIVE population
policies, which encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase; after Mao’s death, the new leaders
launched the ONE-CHILD policy in 1979 – this fell most drastically on FEMALE children.
In the past, some governments have engaged in EUGENIC population policies, which were designed to favor one
racial or cultural sector; the NAZIS were the ultimate examples for “eugenics”.
Today the majority of the world’s governments seek to reduce the rate of natural increase through RESTRICTIVE
POPULATION POLICIES (e.g., birth control, one-child policy, etc.).
In 1948, JAPAN passed the Eugenic Protection Act (legalized abortion, promoted family planning & contraceptives)
due to their high growth rates; today their demographic situation is a major concern, but due to extremely LOW
growth (they are a very homogeneous nation and largely discourage IMMIGRATION).