A & P 2 –Unit 7 Review & Practice Questions
Mary Stangler Center for Academic Success
This review is meant to highlight basic concepts from unit7. It does not cover all concepts presented by your instructor. Refer back
to your notes, unit objectives, labs, handouts, etc. to further prepare for your exam.
1. Functions of the respiratory system - 3 meanings of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation: define the terms
Inspiration (inhalation) –
Expiration (exhalation) –
Gas exchange: define the terms
External gas exchange –
Internal gas exchange –
Cellular respiration: give the equation
2. Describe the function of the respiratory epithelium and give examples of where each is found.
Stratified squamous epithelium –
Pseudostratified epithelium –
Simple squamous epithelium –
Why is the lining of the nasopharynx different from that of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?
3. Air Flow Through Respiratory Structures – use the following terms to trace the route of airflow from the nose to the
alveoli. Alveoli, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Glottis, laryngopharynx, Larynx, Nasopharynx, Nose, Oropharynx, Trachea,
Vestibule
4. Nasal cavity: What is the function of the nasal conchae and nasal meatuses?
5. Larynx (voice box): give the function of the following structures.
Larynx –
Epiglottis Glottis –
Identify cartilages associated with the larynx.
What are vocal folds of the larynx also called?
When the tension in your vocal folds increases, does the pitch of your voice go higher or lower?
6. Trachea: What is the function of the trachea?
Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped?
Describe the location and function of the trachealis muscle.
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
Rev. 3.29.2012 pg. 1
7. If food enters the bronchi, is it more likely to lodge in the left or right bronchus? Why?
8. Pulmonary surfactant: What would happen to the alveoli if they didn’t produce surfactant?
9. Name the type of alveolar cells:
_______________________________ - make up 5% of alveolar surface, produce pulmonary surfactant
_______________________________ - make up 95% of alveolar surface, for rapid gas exchange between alveolus
and capillary
_______________________________ - numerous, wander through alveoli phagocytizing dust and debris
10. Gas: Pressure &Volume – Circle the correct choice from the word pair.
During inhalation the lungs expand and the volume increases, thus the pressure will increase/decrease.
During exhalation the volume of the lungs decreases, thus the pressure will increase/decrease.
What is a partial pressure?
11. Mechanics of breathing:
Which muscles are involved in inhalation?
Which muscles are involved in forced exhalation?
12. Neural control of breathing:
Which nervous system structures control involuntary breathing?
Which nervous system structures control voluntary breathing?
Explain how chemoreceptors, proprioreceptors, stretch, and irritant receptors help maintain homeostasis of the
respiratory system.
13. Little Mikey is angry with his father, so he tells him that he will hold his breath until he turns blue and dies. Should
Mikey’s father worry?
14. External Gas Exchange – explain how gases are exchanged from the respiratory membrane to the alveoli, speak of
concentrations and pressures.
15. Internal Gas Exchange – explain how gases are exchanged at the systemic capillaries, speak of concentrations and
pressures.
16. Transporting gases in the blood:
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
17. Some factors affecting gas exchange:
Name 2 disorders that cause thickening of the respiratory membrane.
Why is this important?
Rev. 3.29.2012 pg. 2
Name 2 disorders that cause decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane.
Why is this important?
Name common disorder that causes resistance to airflow.
Why is this important?
18. What is Spirometry?
Define the respiratory volume or capacity:
Tidal volume –
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Inspiratory capacity
Vital capacity
Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity
When fluid accumulates in the alveoli of the lungs how does it affect vital capacity?
19. Put the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in order from the inner layer to the outer surface and describe each?
Adventitia, Muscosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa, Submucosa
20. Mechanical vs. chemical digestion: name the stage of digestion.
_______________________ digestion – physically breaks food down into smaller pieces, ex. teeth chewing,
stomach grinding. What is the greater purpose of this?
_______________________ digestion – chemical breakdown into to simpler molecules
21. Chemical Digestion: reactants and products. Give the product.
Polysaccharides are chemically broken down into ______________________________
Proteins are chemically broken down into ____________________________________
Fats are chemically broken down into _______________________________________
22. Name the structures of the oral cavity.
_______________________________ – projection visible in rear of the mouth, closes off nasal passages during
swallowing
_______________________________ – posterior portion of the mouth, closes off nasal passages during swallowing
_______________________________ – anterior portion of the mouth, separates mouth from nasal cavity
_______________________________ - used to manipulate food, contains the tastebuds
What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes what is happening?
23. Describe the structure and function of the various types of teeth:
Incisors –
Canine –
Premolars –
Molars Rev. 3.29.2012 pg. 3
24. Label the parts of the tooth:
25. Describe the locations of the extrinsic salivary glands:
Parotid glands –
Submandibular glands –
Sublingual glands –
26. Saliva: what is its function in digestion?
Describe the function of the following saliva components.
Salivary amylase –
Lingual lipase –
Mucus The digestion of which nutrient would be affected if the parotid salivary glands were damaged?
27. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx.
What muscles are associated with the pharynx?
What structure connects the pharynx to the stomach?
28. Describe the structure and function of the esophagus.
29. Deglutition: What is it?
Name the phases of deglutition:
________________________ phase – involuntary, tongue blocks oral cavity, epiglottis protects glottis, pharyngeal
constrictors push bolus down to esophagus
Rev. 3.29.2012 pg. 4
________________________ phase –voluntary, tongue is used to push bolus against palate and back toward
laryngopharynx
________________________ phase – involuntary, peristatalsis pushes bolus down to stomach
30. Gross anatomy of the stomach: Label the parts.
31. Microscopic anatomy of the stomach: Name the feature.
_______________________ - secrete mucus, gastrin, HCl
_______________________ - lining of the stomach, simple columnar epithelium with glands
_______________________ - depressions in gastric mucosa
Explain what gastrin is and how it functions in the digestive system.
What is produced by the parietal cells?
What is produced by the chief cells?
32. Gastric secretions:
What is HCl’s function in digestion of proteins and fats?
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
33. Accessory organs to digestion:
What organ produces bile?
What is the function of bile?
What organ stores excess bile?
What does pancreatic juice consist of?
Name the pancreatic enzyme?
_____________________- digests starch to glucose
_____________________ - digests fats to glycerol and fatty acids
_____________________- is a proenzyme that gets converted to trypsin in the small intestine to digest proteins
Rev. 3.29.2012 pg. 5
34. Hormonal control of the pancreas
Do high-fat foods raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin?
Which substance is secreted by the duodenum if there is acid in chyme?
Which substance is secreted by the duodenum if there are carbohydrates in chyme?
If the small intestines did not produce secretin, how would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected?
35. Gross Anatomy of the small intestine: Name the section.
_______________________ - is the first 10 inches of the small intestine, glands produce bicarbonate to neutralize
stomach acid, receives chyme, bile, pancreatic juice with enzymes
_______________________ - is the middle 40% of the small intestine, where most digestion and nutrient absorption
takes place
______________________ - is the last 60% of the small intestine, some digestion and nutrient absorption still occurs
here, is the site of Peyer’s patches (lymphatic nodules)
Is peristalsis more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another or is segmentation more
efficient?
36. Microscopic anatomy of the small intestine:
Describe 3 structures of the small intestine that function to greatly increase surface area.
37. Gross anatomy of the large intestine: Describe each of the structures.
Cecum –
Colon –
Haustra
Right colic (hepatic) flexureLeft colic (splenic) flexure –
Rectum –
38. Motility of the large intestine:
How are haustral churning and mass movements different?
39. Digestive system disorders: Name the disorder.
_______________________________ - HCl and pepsin erode the gastric mucosa
_______________________________ - inflammation of the gastric mucosa
______________________________ - feces pass through large intestine too quickly when irritated
_______________________________ - caused by overstretching stomach/duodenum, chemical irritants such as
alcohol and toxins, intense pain
______________________________ - fecal movement is too slow, feces become hardened and compacted as water
is reabsorbed
40. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not?
Rev. 3.29.2012 pg. 6