A & P 2 –Unit 7 Review & Practice Questions
Mary Stangler Center for Academic Success
This review is meant to highlight basic concepts from unit7. It does not cover all concepts presented by your instructor. Refer back
to your notes, unit objectives, labs, handouts, etc. to further prepare for your exam.
1. Functions of the respiratory system - 3 meanings of respiration
a. Pulmonary ventilation: define the terms
i.
Inspiration (inhalation) –
ii.
Expiration (exhalation) –
b. Gas exchange: define the terms
i.
External gas exchange –
ii.
Internal gas exchange –
c. Cellular respiration: give the equation
2. Describe the function of the respiratory epithelium and give examples of where each is found.
a. Stratified squamous epithelium –
b. Pseudostratified epithelium –
c. Simple squamous epithelium –
d. Why is the lining of the nasopharynx different from that of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?
3. Air Flow Through Respiratory Structures – use the following terms to trace the route of airflow from the nose to the
alveoli. Alveoli, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Glottis, laryngopharynx, Larynx, Nasopharynx, Nose, Oropharynx, Trachea,
Vestibule
4. Nasal cavity: What is the function of the nasal conchae and nasal meatuses?
5. Larynx (voice box): give the function of the following structures.
a. Larynx –
b. Epiglottis c. Glottis –
d. Identify cartilages associated with the larynx.
e. What are vocal folds of the larynx also called?
f. When the tension in your vocal folds increases, does the pitch of your voice go higher or lower?
6. Trachea: What is the function of the trachea?
a. Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped?
b. Describe the location and function of the trachealis muscle.
c. What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
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7. If food enters the bronchi, is it more likely to lodge in the left or right bronchus? Why?
8. Pulmonary surfactant: What would happen to the alveoli if they didn’t produce surfactant?
9. Name the type of alveolar cells:
a. _______________________________ - make up 5% of alveolar surface, produce pulmonary surfactant
b. _______________________________ - make up 95% of alveolar surface, for rapid gas exchange between
alveolus and capillary
c. _______________________________ - numerous, wander through alveoli phagocytizing dust and debris
10. Gas: Pressure &Volume – Circle the correct choice from the word pair.
a. During inhalation the lungs expand and the volume increases, thus the pressure will increase/decrease.
b. During exhalation the volume of the lungs decreases, thus the pressure will increase/decrease.
c. What is a partial pressure?
11. Mechanics of breathing:
a. Which muscles are involved in inhalation?
b. Which muscles are involved in forced exhalation?
12. Neural control of breathing:
a. Which nervous system structures control involuntary breathing?
b. Which nervous system structures control voluntary breathing?
c. Explain how chemoreceptors, proprioreceptors, stretch, and irritant receptors help maintain homeostasis of the
respiratory system.
13. Little Mikey is angry with his father, so he tells him that he will hold his breath until he turns blue and dies. Should
Mikey’s father worry? Why or why not?
14. External Gas Exchange – explain how gases are exchanged from the respiratory membrane to the alveoli, speak of
concentrations and pressures.
15. Internal Gas Exchange – explain how gases are exchanged at the systemic capillaries, speak of concentrations and
pressures.
16. Transporting gases in the blood:
a. How is oxygen carried in the blood?
b. How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
17. Some factors affecting gas exchange:
a. Name 2 disorders that cause thickening of the respiratory membrane.
i.
Why is this important?
b. Name 2 disorders that cause decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane.
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i.
Why is this important?
c. Name common disorder that causes resistance to airflow.
i.
Why is this important?
18. What is Spirometry?
Define the respiratory volume or capacity:
a. Tidal volume –
b. Inspiratory reserve volume
c. Expiratory reserve volume
d. Residual volume
e. Inspiratory capacity
f. Vital capacity
g. Functional residual capacity
h. Total lung capacity
i. When fluid accumulates in the alveoli of the lungs how does it affect vital capacity?
19. Put the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in order from the inner layer to the outer surface and describe each?
Adventitia, Muscosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa, Submucosa
20. Mechanical vs. chemical digestion: name the stage of digestion.
a. _______________________ digestion – physically breaks food down into smaller pieces, ex. teeth chewing,
stomach grinding. What is the greater purpose of this?
b. _______________________ digestion – chemical breakdown into to simpler molecules
21. Chemical Digestion: reactants and products. Give the product.
a. Polysaccharides are chemically broken down into ______________________________
b. Proteins are chemically broken down into ____________________________________
c. Fats are chemically broken down into _______________________________________
22. Name the structures of the oral cavity.
a. _______________________________ – projection visible in rear of the mouth, closes off nasal passages during
swallowing
b. _______________________________ – posterior portion of the mouth, closes off nasal passages during
swallowing
c. _______________________________ – anterior portion of the mouth, separates mouth from nasal cavity
d. _______________________________ - used to manipulate food, contains the taste buds
what type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
e. When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes what is happening?
23. Describe the structure and function of the various types of teeth:
a. Incisors –
b. Canine –
c. Premolars –
d. Molars –
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24. Label the parts of the tooth:
25. Describe the locations of the extrinsic salivary glands:
a. Parotid glands –
b. Submandibular glands –
c. Sublingual glands –
26. Saliva: what is its function in digestion?
Describe the function of the following saliva components.
a. Salivary amylase –
b. Lingual lipase –
c. Mucus d. The digestion of which nutrient would be affected if the parotid salivary glands were damaged?
27. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx.
a. What muscles are associated with the pharynx?
b. What structure connects the pharynx to the stomach?
28. Describe the structure and function of the esophagus.
29. Deglutition: What is it?
Name the phases of deglutition:
a. ________________________ phase – involuntary, tongue blocks oral cavity, epiglottis protects glottis,
pharyngeal constrictors push bolus down to esophagus
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b. ________________________ phase –voluntary, tongue is used to push bolus against palate and back toward
laryngopharynx
c. ________________________ phase – involuntary, peristalsis pushes bolus down to stomach
30. Gross anatomy of the stomach: Label the parts.
31. Microscopic anatomy of the stomach: Name the feature.
a. _______________________ - secrete mucus, gastrin, HCl
b. _______________________ - lining of the stomach, simple columnar epithelium with glands
c. _______________________ - depressions in gastric mucosa
d. Explain what gastrin is and how it functions in the digestive system.
e. What is produced by the parietal cells?
f.
What is produced by the chief cells?
32. Gastric secretions:
a. What is HCl’s function in digestion of proteins and fats?
b. What is the function of intrinsic factor?
33. Accessory organs to digestion:
a. What organ produces bile?
b. What is the function of bile?
c. What organ stores excess bile?
d. What does pancreatic juice consist of?
e. Name the pancreatic enzyme?
i.
_____________________- digests starch to glucose
ii.
_____________________ - digests fats to glycerol and fatty acids
iii.
_____________________- is a proenzyme that gets converted to trypsin in the small intestine to digest
proteins
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34. Hormonal control of the pancreas
a. Do high-fat foods raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin?
b. Which substance is secreted by the duodenum if there is acid in chyme?
c. Which substance is secreted by the duodenum if there are carbohydrates in chyme?
d. If the small intestines did not produce secretin, how would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected?
35. Gross Anatomy of the small intestine: Name the section.
a. _______________________ - is the first 10 inches of the small intestine, glands produce bicarbonate to
neutralize stomach acid, receives chyme, bile, pancreatic juice with enzymes
b. _______________________ - is the middle 40% of the small intestine, where most digestion and nutrient
absorption takes place
c. ______________________ - is the last 60% of the small intestine, some digestion and nutrient absorption still
occurs here, is the site of Peyer’s patches (lymphatic nodules)
d. Is peristalsis more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another or is segmentation more
efficient?
36. Microscopic anatomy of the small intestine:
Describe 3 structures of the small intestine that function to greatly increase surface area.
37. Gross anatomy of the large intestine: Describe each of the structures.
a. Cecum –
b. Colon –
i.
Haustra
ii.
Right colic (hepatic) flexureiii.
Left colic (splenic) flexure –
c. Rectum –
38. Motility of the large intestine: How are haustral churning and mass movements different?
39. Digestive system disorders: Name the disorder.
a. _______________________________ - HCl and pepsin erode the gastric mucosa
b. _______________________________ - inflammation of the gastric mucosa
c. ______________________________ - feces pass through large intestine too quickly when irritated
d. _______________________________ - caused by overstretching stomach/duodenum, chemical irritants such as
alcohol and toxins, intense pain
e. ______________________________ - fecal movement is too slow, feces become hardened and compacted as
water is reabsorbed
40. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not?
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