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Psychological attributes &
decisions —  Ways of classifying the the psychological
testing.
—  Is the attribute relatively stable or fluid?
—  Adult intelligence / attitudes and moods
•  Defining & Measuring —
Psychological Attributes •  Major types of tests 10/5/15
—  What is the type of behaviors manifested?
—
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Psychological attributes &
decisions Individual differences in intelligence are manifest in
the performance of cognitively demanding tasks.
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Intelligence-General Mental
Ability —  3 domains that are most relevant to
—  What is intelligence?
—  (+) correlated with any other measure that involves
cognitive ability.
—  Difficult to arrive at a widely acceptable definition of
intelligence.
—  First, intelligence is a construct.
—  What an intelligent person does.
—  Second, intelligence can’t be defined in terms of one
type of behavior.
decision making.
—  Ability
—  Interest
—  Personality
They all represent stable attributes.
—
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_______ are most likely to be relevant for making
long-term decisions about individuals.
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Last, intelligence should be related to success in a
variety of cognitively demanding task.
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1
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Intelligence-General Mental
Ability Two-factor theory —  Some theories were developed to identify the
—  While a good intelligence test is expected to be
—  Two-factor theory introduced by Spearman.
—  Scores on any two cognitively demanding tasks
show a (+) correlation.
—  Each test measured some specific factor (S)
different types of mental abilities.
—
—
highly g loaded, each test has also its own S
(specific factor).
which was unique to each test. And this is, on
the other hand, independent of individual’s
general intelligence.
A good measure of general intelligence will
successfully predict all cognitive performance.
Spearman introduced the general intellectual factor,
g. A test with a high g loading predict a wide range
of ‘intelligent’ behaviors.
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—  There are group factors related to, but not
—  introduced by Cattell (1963).
identical to, general intelligence factors.
—  Seven group factors (1938):
—
—
—
—
—
—
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Fluid and Crystallized
Intelligence Thurstone and group factors —
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—  Fluid: ability to see relationships, as in letter
and number series and analogies. Reasoning
ability.
—  Crystallized: refers to one’s acquired skills and
knowledge (store of factual knowledge).
—  They show different developmental trends.
Verbal comprehension
Word fluency
Number
Space
Associative memory
Perceptual speed
Reasoning
—  So, not a single general factor (g), 7 different
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group factors. These are also called primary
mental abilities.
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Hierarchical Modes of
Intelligence Hierarchical Modes of
Intelligence —  introduced by Carroll (1993)
—  Tests that measure both g and specific aspects
of intelligence are acceptable.
—  Both a general intelligence factor as well as
some major group factors exist.
—  One can choose to use a test which measures
g, other can use a test which measures
mechanical abilities. It depends on the thing
that you are interested in and on the purpose of
testing.
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Guilford’s
structure of
intellect model —  The first scale to provide a practical and
reasonably valid measure of intelligence was
developed by Binet and Simon (1905).
—  This scale contained 30 items for the use of
language, reasoning and comprehension,
arranged in order of difficulty (advantage of the
scale).
—  The disadvantage is the lack of scoring the test
and interpreting the scores.
the g factor.
—  Intelligence is classified in 3 dimensions:
—
—
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Operations
—  What an individual does.
Contents
—  The material on which operations are performed.
Products
—  The form in which information is stored and
processed.
This model has some problems in terms of both
theoretically and practically.
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The first scale on intelligence —  Guilford did not accept
—
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—
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Was a score of 22/30 good? bad?
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Interest —  Binet’s tests were developed to be used with
—  What is interest?
—  A response of liking to an object or activity (Strong,
1943).
—  Ability?
children.
—  Wechsler developed one to be used with adults.
—
—
The popular one:Wechsler adult intelligence scale
Developed another for assessing children’s
intelligence.
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—  Interest can be used to predict choices.
—  A person who loves to work with figures is more
likey to choose a career in accounting.
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Interest 14
Basic approaches to Interest —  Expressed vs. inventoried interest?
—  People might be unaware of their interests or could
not verbalize them.
—  The development of complex, indirect methods of
interest measurement.
—  Interest inventories could help to clarify interests so
they serve a useful purpose.
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—  Actuarial approach
—  Compares a person’s interests with those of
members of specific groups and attempt to predict
satisfaction with various acitivities.
—  Work-related interests, vocational interests,
preferences for activities, preferences for types of
people
—  Needs to be statistically redeveloped since it
compares your scores with scores of members of
specific groups.
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—  Trait-factor approach
—  First, the interest should be well defined
—  Set of factors needs to be determined and
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measured.
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Personality Personality —  What is personality?
—  Peoples are unique.
—
—
—  2 principles in evaluating a personality
inventory
Peoples do not behave similarly in all situations.
On the other hand, there are commonalities in
behavior.
—
—  It is believed that behavior should be
—
considered as stable to allow measurement.
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Ques&ons Personality —  ‘Big five’ refers to
—  five personality factors found in most personality
inventories.
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Interpretability
—  Results must convey information about a person that
can be interpreted reliably by various users.
Stability
—  Reliable relationship between the behavior and the
score.
—  Bahavior must show some consistency over a specific
situations.
?????
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—  The three domains that are most relevant to —  _______ are most likely to be relevant for making decision making are a) b)
c)
d)
—
—
—
—
long-­‐term decisions about individuals. ability, interest, mood interest, mood, personality ability, mood, personality ability, personality, interest 10/5/15
—
—
—
—
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—  Adult intelligence is an example of a ________ attribute. a)
b)
c)
d)
fluid attributes steady attributes stable attributes unstable attributes 10/5/15
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—  General intellectual factor, g, is the most critical Moods are examples of _______ attributes. component in a)
group factor theory —
b)
hierarchical modeling —
c)
two factor theory —
d)
Theory X —
—
—
—
—
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a)
b)
c)
d)
stable; fluid fluid; stable steady; fluid fluid; steady 23
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—  The theory that scores on cognitive tests are influenced by —  The most important implication of Spearman's Two Factor general intelligence, and specific factors was presented by —
—
—
—
a)
b)
c)
d)
Spearman Thurstone Vernon Binet 10/5/15
a)
individual differences in intelligence level do exist —
b)
a good intelligence test will maximize error —
c)
specific factors are the same as general intelligence —
d)
a good measure of general intelligence will successfully predict all cognitive performance —
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—  Thurstone proposed that there were 10/5/15
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—  According to Cattell, the ability to see relationships, such as in analogies, requires —
a)
seven primary mental abilities —
b)
five primary mental abilities; two secondary mental abilities —
c)
two types of intelligence —  d) over 120 different abilities 10/5/15
Theory is that —
—
—
—
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a)
b)
c)
d)
fluid intelligence general intelligence stable intelligence crystallized intelligence 28
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—  The theory that both a general intelligence factor as well —  Operations, Contents, and Products are elements of as some major group factors exist is part of —
—
—
—
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a)
b)
c)
d)
—
—
Two-­‐factor theory the Spearman-­‐Thurstone model hierarchical models of intelligence the Structure of Intellect model —
—
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a)
b)
c)
d)
Two-­‐factor theory group Factor theory the hierarchical model the Structure of Intellect model 30
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