New Jersey Fisheries in a Global Context Olaf P. Jensen, Ph.D. Rutgers University – olaf.p.jensen@gmail.com Agenda • 9:30 – 10:30 Global fisheries overview • 10:30 – 10:40 Break • 10:40 – 11:10 Fisheries research in Mongolia • 11:10 – 11:20 Break • 11:20 – 11:50 Radio tracking demonstration • 11:50 – 12:30 NJ Black Sea Bass research Objectives • Understanding the “Global Fisheries Crisis” – a balance between food provisioning and conservation • Environmental impacts of fish compared to other protein sources • Lessons for the conscientious consumer: two rules of thumb that don’t work and three that do What I mean by a “fishery” What is a “fishery” ? • A social‐ecological system organized around the harvest of wild marine/aquatic fish or invertebrates for use by humans. Fish “stocks” Fishermen Management Top 10 world fisheries (weight of landings) FAO 2006 World fishery landings peaked in the 1980s FAO 2006 “…it seems unlikely that the potential sustained yield of fish to man is appreciably greater than 100 million tons.” ‐ Ryther 1969, Science Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) landings are large Fishing effort and demand for seafood continue to grow • 4 million fishing vessels • landings worth 84.9 billion USD • 2.6 billion people rely on fish for >20% of their animal protein (1/3 of global population) FAO 2006 OLD TARGET NEW TARGET Impacts of fishing Catch OLD TARGET NEW TARGET Impacts of fishing Catch Biomass OLD TARGET NEW TARGET Impacts of fishing Catch Biomass Collapsed Species Source: Time magazine, November 2006 ALL FISH GONE BY 2048 Worm et al. (2006) Science 314:787‐790 What are the current status and trends of fisheries around the world? Stock status worldwide Fishing Intensity Emergency Room Recovery Room Worm et al. 2009 Science Fish Biomass • 166 stocks • 63% below MSY target • 65% fished at rates below UMSY Worm et al. 2009 Science Fishing Intensity Stock status worldwide Fish Biomass Stock status – selected regions updated – 241 assessments United States New Zealand Ricard et al. 2012 Europe Canada Recent local trends in fishing intensity and biomass MSY No species collapsed Summary of global fisheries status The bad news • Two‐thirds of fish populations are below their target population size • Many populations are collapsed (< 10% of their unfished population size) • Overfishing continues on nearly a third of fish populations The good news • Many regions of the world have controlled excessive fishing pressure • More than half of overfished populations are starting to recover What should we eat? • Nutrition and health • Animal rights • Environmental impacts Data and images courtesy of Dr. Ray Hilborn Environmental costs of food production • Water use • Pollution, fertilizer and pesticides • Antibiotics • Soil erosion • Fossil fuels and greenhouse gas • Biodiversity loss Water consumption Production method Beef Chicken Pork Sheep Goats Capture fisheries Water use cubic km 619 178 598 47 Near zero Dead Zones Pesticides Fertilizer and Pesticide Production Water Fertilizer Pesticides method use millions thousands of cubic km of tons tons Beef Chicken Pork Sheep Goats Capture fisheries 619 178 598 47 12 13 20 2 76 79 121 15 0 0 0 Antibiotics Antibiotics Production Water Fertilizer Pesticides Antibiotics method use millions of thousands tons cubic tons of tons km Beef 619 12 76 1,998 Chicken 178 13 79 5,085 Pork 598 20 121 4,994 Sheep Goats Capture fisheries 47 2 15 114 0 0 0 0 Soil Erosion Soil Erosion Production Water use Fertilizer Pesticides Antibiotics Soil Loss method cubic km millions of thousands tons millions of tons of tons tons per year Beef 619 12 76 1,998 307 Chicken 178 13 79 5,085 318 Pork 598 20 121 4,994 487 Sheep Goats Capture fisheries 47 2 15 114 60 0 0 0 0 0 Energy intensity of food production Crops Land animals Fish Environmental costs per 40g protein Water Fertilizer Pesticides Antibiotics Soil Loss (L) (g) (mg) (mg) (kg) 2200 50 494 21 16 Chicken 1331 18 163 55 3 Pork 1331 Dairy 1178 Capture fisheries low 46 34 422 299 53 50 8 7 0 0 0 0 Beef Environmental costs per 40 g protein Land Required CO2 (land use) CO2 (no land use) (m2) (kg) (kg) Beef 354 16.7 11.5 Chicken 1.4 2.5 1.4 Pork Dairy Capture fisheries 3.7 3.0 3.8 2.7 1.6 1.6 20‐100 0.3‐2.0 ? Fisheries have environmental impacts • Abundance is reduced • Some species will be depleted • Ecosystems will be changed Organic vegetable farming – the environmental ideal Two rules of thumb that don’t work… and three that generally do Two that don’t work •Wild is better than farm raised •Countries with better environmental records have more sustainable fisheries Three that generally do •Buy local •Buy lower trophic level (lower on the food chain) •Buy Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified Delicious and sustainable local Farm‐raised mussels seafood choices Black Sea Bass Atlantic Sea Scallop Reliable seafood sustainability info: fishwatch.gov The problem with seafood sustainability cards or “The cod dilemma” Atlantic cod • Designed to send a price signal: reward sustainable fisheries, punish bad ones • In well‐managed fisheries, catch is restricted when abundance declines • Supply and demand can sometimes help fishermen weather the rebuilding period • If seafood cards work as intended, they lower the price fishermen receive during rebuilding – essentially punishing fishermen for doing the right thing Conclusion • All fisheries have environmental impacts • All food sources have environmental impacts • Well‐managed fisheries reduce impacts while providing food • Consumers (and institutional food buyers) can reward good management through their seafood‐buying choices 1) Buy local 2) Buy lower on the food chain 3) Buy MSC certified Questions? Managing the World’s Largest Trout, the Mongolian “River Wolf” 1.8 °C 0.6 °C IPCC Hucho taimen: The River Wolf Taimen (Hucho taimen) Salmonidae Family Sub-family Genus Coregoninae Salmoninae Thymallinae Salvelinus Salmo Oncorhynchus Hucho Brachymystax Project location: Eg-Uur watershed, Mongolia Taimen diet and growth Climate change and thermal stress in taimen Temperature (C) Uur River Water Temperature July 2011 Late October Late April July 2012 Temperature-dependence of respiration rates Measure the decline in dissolved oxygen in a sealed tank. Repeat over a range of temperatures. Taimen Movements Taimen Movements 46 tagged taimen > 4 years tracking Movements: results Home range size Seasonal movements Gilroy et al. 2010 Eco. Fresh. Fish Acknowledgements Science Team Bud Mendee Ganzorig Amaraa Norman-Mercado Silva Brian Weidel Tom Hrabik John Waldman Tim Zimmerman David Gilroy Jake Vander Zanden Zeb Hogan Kyle Hartman Brian Roth Sudeep Chandra Students: Talia Young Ed McGinley Mikaela Provost Kirk Olson Tyler Ahrenstorff Ivana Roman Corey Krabbenhoft Trevor Krabbenhoft Anna Hermes Funding Sources National Science Foundation USAID (PEER Program) National Geographic Society Trust for Mutual Understanding Mohammed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund Partner Organizations Taimen Conservation Fund Institute of Geoecology Mongol Ecology Center Sweetwater Travel Hovsgol Travel 11 Questions? Nassau grouper Protogynous hermaphrodite Clownfish Protandrous hermaphrodite Blue-headed wrasse Protogynous hermaphrodite Coral goby Bi-directional sex change Photo credit: www.csl.cornell.edu, treesearn.com 11 hermaphroditic stocks on the East Coast Black Sea Bass Gag Grouper Red Porgy Red Grouper Black Sea Bass Snowy Grouper Hogfish Gag Grouper Red Grouper Gulf Yellowedge Black Grouper 1) How does fishery management address the unique challenges of hermaphroditic fish? a. Are sex changing fish more likely to be overfished? 2) When does sex change happen in black sea bass? 3) Does fishing have a differential impact on males and females? 1) How does fishery management address the unique challenges of hermaphroditic fish? a. Are sex changing fish more likely to be overfished? 2) When does sex change happen in black sea bass? 3) Does fishing have a differential impact on males and females? Sex ratio Gonochoristic species (no sexchange) Age Sex ratio Gonochoristic species (no sexchange) Age Sex ratio Gonochoristic species (no sexchange) Age Fishery size regulation s Fishery size regulation s Sex ratio Protogynous hermaphrodite (female Æ male) Age Sex ratio Fishing mortality disproportionately affects males Age Aggressive behavior in male territoriality and mate competition Tiger grouper Photo credit: www.reed.edu, Scott Heppell Blue-headed wrasse Moyer and Nakazono (1978) Warner and Swearer (1991) Kline et al. (2011) Sex ratio Age Disproportionately high male mortality Sex ratio Age Disproportionately high male mortality #1 - Increasingly skewed sex ratios #1 - Increasingly skewed sex ratios gag snowy grouper scamp Species Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) Scamp (Mycteroperca phenax) California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) Blue‐throated wrasse (Notolabrus tetricus) Snowy grouper (Epinephelus niveatus) CA sheephead Location Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico California South Australia North & South Carolina wrasse Δ proportion male Citation Coleman et al. (1996) Coleman et al. 36% to 18% (1996) Hamilton et al. 25% to 20% (2007) Shepherd et al. 10% to 5% (2010) 17% to 1% 7‐23% to 1% Wyanski et al. (2000) Photo credit: FishBase #1 - Increasingly skewed sex ratios gag snowy grouper scamp Species Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) Scamp (Mycteroperca phenax) California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) Blue‐throated wrasse (Notolabrus tetricus) Snowy grouper (Epinephelus niveatus) CA sheephead Location Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico California South Australia North & South Carolina wrasse Δ proportion male Citation Coleman et al. (1996) Coleman et al. 36% to 18% (1996) Hamilton et al. 25% to 20% (2007) Shepherd et al. 10% to 5% (2010) 17% to 1% 7‐23% to 1% Wyanski et al. (2000) Photo credit: FishBase Sex ratio Age Disproportionately high male mortality #2 - Females will change sex earlier #2 - Females will change sex earlier CA sheephead ShrimpSpecies Venus tuskfish California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) Venus tusk fish (Choerodon venustus) Roman (Chrysoblephus laticeps) Roman Location Δ in age or size California ‐240 mm Great Barrier Reef, Australia ‐4 mm South Africa Parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) (Sparisoma rubripinne) (Scarus taeniopterus) (Sparisoma aurofrenatum) (Scarus iserti) Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Parrotfish Citation Hamilton et al. (2007) Platten et al. (2002) ‐2 years, 4 months Götz et al. (2008) Caribbean Islands ‐7 mm ‐8 mm ‐6 mm ‐5 mm ‐4 mm Hawkins and Roberts (2004) Alaska ‐2 mm Charnov and Anderson (1989) Photo credit: FishBase #2 - Females will change sex earlier CA sheephead ShrimpSpecies Venus tuskfish California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) Venus tusk fish (Choerodon venustus) Roman (Chrysoblephus laticeps) Roman Location Δ in age or size California ‐240 mm Great Barrier Reef, Australia ‐4 mm South Africa Parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) (Sparisoma rubripinne) (Scarus taeniopterus) (Sparisoma aurofrenatum) (Scarus iserti) Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Parrotfish Citation Hamilton et al. (2007) Platten et al. (2002) ‐2 years, 4 months Götz et al. (2008) Caribbean Islands ‐7 mm ‐8 mm ‐6 mm ‐5 mm ‐4 mm Hawkins and Roberts (2004) Alaska ‐2 mm Charnov and Anderson (1989) Photo credit: FishBase Sex ratio Age Disproportionately high male mortality #1 - Increasingly skewed sex ratios #2 - Females will change sex earlier 11 stock assessments on the East Coast Black Sea Bass Hogfish Black Grouper Gag Grouper Red Porgy Black Sea Bass Red Grouper Snowy Grouper Gag Grouper Red Grouper Gulf Yellowedge Did the stock assessment … 11 stock Black Sea Bass - reportassessments sex ratio at age or size? Gag Grouper - track change in sex ratio? Hogfish Red Grouper - track changes in the size or age at sex change? - include male and female in spawning biomass? Black Grouper Snowy Grouper - evaluate differences in sex-specific mortality? Red Porgy Gulf Yellowedge Did the stock assessment … 11 stock Black Sea Bass - reportassessments sex ratio at age or size? 10 of 11 - track change in sex ratio? Gag Grouper 2 of 11 Hogfish Red Grouper - track changes in the size or age at sex change? 4 of 11 Snowy Grouper Black Grouper - include male and female in spawning biomass? 9 of 11 - evaluate differences in sex-specific mortality?Gulf0Yellowedge of Red Porgy 11 Status of exploited fish stocks Legend Gonochoristic Hermaphrodite Status of exploited fish stocks Data from Ricard et al. 2012 Legend Gonochoristic Hermaphrodite Status of exploited fish stocks Hermaphrodite stock are not more likely to be overfished than non-sex changing stocks. Data from Ricard et al. 2012 Legend Gonochoristic Hermaphrodite Status of exploited fish stocks Hermaphrodite stock are not more likely to be overfished than non-sex changing stocks. Data from Ricard et al. 2012 Black sea bass in New Jersey Photo credit: fishingcharters.com Black sea bass in New Jersey Commercial fishing traps Recreational hook­and­line Photo credit: Orion Weldon, Mikaela Black sea bass in New Jersey Recreational hook­and­line Commerci Recreational catch al Landings (mt) Commercial catch 6,000 Anglin g 1966 2006 1986 Shepherd and Nieland (2010) Biomass Black sea bass were overfished and overfishing was occurring prior 2006 Fishing mortality Trends in the black sea bass fishery 1966 2006 Shepherd and Nieland (2010) Sex‐change is socially mediated (Benton and Berlinsky 2006) Photo credit: Orion Weldon, d Field sampling RUMF S Atlantic City, NJ Photo credit: Orion Weldon, Jenna R k Field sampling Photo credit: Orion Weldon Field sampling Photo credit: Orion Weldon Field sampling Photo credit: Orion Weldon Field sampling Photo credit: Kistine Carolan, Orion W ld 1) How does fishery management address the unique challenges of hermaphroditic fish? a. Are sex changing fish more likely to be overfished? 2) When does sex change happen in black sea bass? 3) Does fishing have a differential impact on males and females? Sex change as a function of… Sex change seaso n Sex change as a function of… Sex change size Sex change age Number of recaptures Sex change as a function of season Summer Winter Number of recaptures Sex change as a function of season n= 225 Summer Winter Number of recaptures Sex change as a function of season n= 225 changed sex! n=0 Summer Winter Number of recaptures Sex change as a function of season n= 225 changed sex! n = 15 n=0 Summer Winter Number of recaptures Sex change as a function of season n= 225 changed sex! n = 15 n=7 n=0 Summer Winter Number of recaptures Sex change as a function of season n= 225 0 % 47% changed sex! n = 15 n=7 n=0 Summer Winter Sex change as a function of body size n= 126 Sex change as a function of body size n= 126 All sex changing fish were 4-5 years Proportion male Sex ratio at age Age Proportion male Sex ratio at age sex chang e Age Proportion male Sex ratio at age sex chang e 0.37 Age 1) How does fishery management address the unique challenges of hermaphroditic fish? a. Are sex changing fish more likely to be overfished? 2) When does sex change happen in black sea bass? 3) Does fishing have a differential impact on males and females? All fishing methods have size selectivity frequency Selectivity: the sample bias obtained by fishing gear ? length Population distribution Selectivity curve Catch distribution Asymptotic Dome‐shaped Distinct sex-specific behavior in sex-changing species Tiger grouper (territoriality) California sheephead (mate competition) Blue-headed wrasse (harem) Nassau grouper (spawning aggregations) Photo credit: seapics.com, biosch.hku.hk/ecology/ys.htm, www.uwphotographyguide.com Length (mm) Probability of Recapture Probability of Recapture P(males in traps) P(males by angling) Length (mm) Probability of Recapture P(males in traps) P(males by angling) P(females in traps) P(females in pots) Length (mm) Probability of Recapture P(males in traps) P(males by angling) P(females in traps) P(females by angling) Length (mm) Traps Hook-andline Major conclusions: • Sex change is not accounted for in most stock assessments. • Hermaphroditic stocks are not more likely to be overfished than gonochoristic stocks • Approximately 50% of female black sea bass are expected to change sex over the winter from 2011 to 2012 • At 365 mm and at age 4, 50% of females are expected to change sex • In black sea bass, males and females experience different probabilities of capture by size and gear; commercial traps capture a higher proportion of males than angling, but large males are most likely to be captured by hook-and-line gear. Acknowledgeme nts Field work: Volunteer fishermen (>80) Mike Wun Evan Kwityn Chris Filosa Anthony Vastano Andrew Hassall Talia Young Jennifer Pincin Katie Wright Jason Morson Phil Neubauer Orion Weldon Eleanor Bochenek Funding: NOAA – Research Set Aside program Rutgers University Manasquan River Marlin & Tuna Club