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APPENDIX
P R O P E R T Y TA B L E S A N D
CHARTS (SI UNITS)
1
TABLE A–1
Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of
some substances 866
TABLE A–2
Boiling and freezing point properties 867
TABLE A–3
Properties of solid metals 868–870
TABLE A–4
Properties of solid nonmetals 871
TABLE A–5
Properties of building materials 872–873
TABLE A–6
Properties of insulating materials 874
TABLE A–7
Properties of common foods 875–876
TABLE A–8
Properties of miscellaneous materials 877
TABLE A–9
Properties of saturated water 878
TABLE A–10 Properties of saturated refrigerant–134a 879
TABLE A–11 Properties of saturated ammonia 880
TABLE A–12 Properties of saturated propane 881
TABLE A–13 Properties of liquids 882
TABLE A–14 Properties of liquid metals 883
TABLE A–15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 884
TABLE A–16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 885–886
TABLE A–17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 887
TABLE A–18 Emissivities of surfaces 888–889
TABLE A–19 Solar radiative properties of materials 890
FIGURE A–20 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed
flow in circular pipes 891
865
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–1
Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances
Specific Heat Data at 25⬚C
Substance
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Argon, Ar
Bromine, Br2
Isobutane, C4H10
n-Butane, C4H10
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Carbon monoxide, CO
Chlorine, Cl2
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), CHCIF2
Ethane, C2H6
Ethylene, C2H4
Fluorine, F2
Helium, He
n-Heptane, C7H16
n-Hexane, C6H14
Hydrogen, H2
Krypton, Kr
Methane, CH4
Neon, Ne
Nitrogen, N2
Nitric oxide, NO
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
Oxygen, O2
n-Pentane, C5H12
Propane, C3H8
Propylene, C3H6
Steam, H2O
Sulfur dioxide, SO2
Tetrachloromethane, CCI4
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4
Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3
Xenon, Xe
Molar Mass
M, kg/kmol
28.97
17.03
39.95
159.81
58.12
58.12
44.01
28.01
70.905
86.47
30.070
28.054
38.00
4.003
100.20
86.18
2.016
83.80
16.04
20.183
28.01
30.006
46.006
32.00
72.15
44.097
42.08
18.015
64.06
153.82
102.03
84.04
131.30
Gas Constant
R, kJ/kg·K*
0.2870
0.4882
0.2081
0.05202
0.1430
0.1430
0.1889
0.2968
0.1173
0.09615
0.2765
0.2964
0.2187
2.077
0.08297
0.09647
4.124
0.09921
0.5182
0.4119
0.2968
0.2771
0.1889
0.2598
0.1152
0.1885
0.1976
0.4615
0.1298
0.05405
0.08149
0.09893
0.06332
cp, kJ/kg·K
cv, kJ/kg·K
k ⫽ cp /cv
1.005
2.093
0.5203
0.2253
1.663
1.694
0.8439
1.039
0.4781
0.6496
1.744
1.527
0.8237
5.193
1.649
1.654
14.30
0.2480
2.226
1.030
1.040
0.9992
0.8060
0.9180
1.664
1.669
1.531
1.865
0.6228
0.5415
0.8334
0.9291
0.1583
0.7180
1.605
0.3122
0.1732
1.520
1.551
0.6550
0.7417
0.3608
0.5535
1.468
1.231
0.6050
3.116
1.566
1.558
10.18
0.1488
1.708
0.6180
0.7429
0.7221
0.6171
0.6582
1.549
1.480
1.333
1.403
0.4930
0.4875
0.7519
0.8302
0.09499
1.400
1.304
1.667
1.300
1.094
1.092
1.288
1.400
1.325
1.174
1.188
1.241
1.362
1.667
1.053
1.062
1.405
1.667
1.303
1.667
1.400
1.384
1.306
1.395
1.074
1.127
1.148
1.329
1.263
1.111
1.108
1.119
1.667
*The unit kJ/kg·K is equivalent to kPa·m3/kg·K. The gas constant is calculated from R ⫽ RU /M, where RU ⫽ 8.31447 kJ/kmol·K is the universal gas
constant and M is the molar mass.
Source: Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Gaithersburg, MD.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–2
Boiling and freezing point properties
Boiling Data at l atm
Freezing Data
Substance
Normal Latent Heat of
Boiling
Vaporization
Point, ⬚C
hfg, kJ/kg
Freezing
Point, ⬚C
Ammonia
⫺33.3
⫺77.7
1357
Latent Heat
of Fusion Temperature, Density
hif, kJ/kg
⬚C
r, kg/m3
322.4
Argon
Benzene
Brine (20% sodium
chloride by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane
⫺185.9
80.2
161.6
394
⫺189.3
5.5
103.9
⫺0.5
⫺78.4*
78.2
78.6
198.1
179.9
⫺268.9
⫺252.8
⫺11.7
204–293
356.7
⫺161.5
—
385.2
230.5 (at 0⬚C)
838.3
855
800.1
974
22.8
445.7
367.1
251
294.7
510.4
⫺17.4
⫺138.5
⫺56.6
⫺114.2
⫺156
⫺10.8
18.9
—
⫺259.2
⫺160
⫺24.9
⫺38.9
⫺182.2
109
108
181.1
200.6
—
59.5
105.7
—
11.4
58.4
Methanol
Nitrogen
64.5
⫺195.8
1100
198.6
⫺97.7
⫺210
99.2
25.3
124.8
306.3
⫺57.5
180.7
⫺218.8
13.7
⫺187.7
80.0
Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane
⫺183
—
⫺42.1
Refrigerant-134a
⫺26.1
Water
100
212.7
230–384
427.8
216.8
2257
⫺96.6
0.0
Liquid Properties
28
126
—
80.3
—
333.7
Specific
Heat
cp, kJ/kg·K
⫺33.3
⫺20
0
25
⫺185.6
20
682
665
639
602
1394
879
4.43
4.52
4.60
4.80
1.14
1.72
20
⫺0.5
0
25
20
20
20
⫺268.9
⫺252.8
⫺11.7
20
25
⫺161.5
⫺100
25
⫺195.8
⫺160
20
25
⫺183
20
⫺42.1
0
50
⫺50
⫺26.1
0
25
0
25
50
75
100
1150
601
298
783
789
1109
1261
146.2
70.7
593.8
820
13,560
423
301
787
809
596
703
910
1141
640
581
529
449
1443
1374
1295
1207
1000
997
988
975
958
3.11
2.31
0.59
2.46
2.84
2.84
2.32
22.8
10.0
2.28
2.00
0.139
3.49
5.79
2.55
2.06
2.97
2.10
1.80
1.71
2.0
2.25
2.53
3.13
1.23
1.27
1.34
1.43
4.22
4.18
4.18
4.19
4.22
* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point
temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of ⫺56.5⬚C.)
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3
Properties of solid metals
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),
k(W/m·K)/cp (J/kg·K)
Properties at 300 K
Melting
Point,
K
r
kg/m3
cp
J/kg·K
k
W/m·K
933
2702
903
237
97.1
Alloy 2024-T6
775
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast
(4.5% Cu)
Beryllium
1550
2770
875
177
73.0
2790
1850
883
1825
Bismuth
545
9780
122
2573
2500
1107
27.0
594
8650
231
96.8
48.4
Chromium
2118
7160
449
93.7
29.1
Cobalt
1769
8862
421
99.2
26.6
Copper:
Pure
1358
8933
385
401
117
1293
8800
420
52
14
1104
8780
355
54
17
1188
8530
380
110
1493
8920
384
23
1211
5360
322
59.9
Gold
1336
19,300
129
317
Iridium
2720
22,500
130
147
Iron:
Pure
1810
7870
447
80.2
7870
447
7854
Composition
Aluminum:
Pure
Boron
Cadmium
Commercial bronze
(90% Cu, 10% Al)
Phosphor gear bronze
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn)
Constantan
(55% Cu, 45% Ni)
Germanium
Armco
(99.75% pure)
Carbon steels:
Plain carbon (Mn ⱕ 1%
Si ⱕ 0.1%)
AISI 1010
168
200
7.86
a ⫻ 106
m2/s
100
68.2
59.2
6.59
9.76
200
400
600
800
302
482
65
237
798
163
240
949
186
231
1033
186
218
1146
473
787
925
1042
174
185
990
301
161
126
106
90.8
203
1114
2191
2604
2823 3018
16.5
9.69
7.04
112
120
127
190
55.5
16.8
10.6
9.60 9.85
128
600
1463
1892
2160 2338
203
99.3
94.7
198
222
242
159
111
90.9
80.7
71.3 65.4
192
384
484
542
581
616
167
122
85.4
67.4
58.2 52.1
236
379
450
503
550
628
393
397
52
160
65
—
137
395
379
417
59
545
74
—
149
425
366
433
352
451
17
237
232
190
327
109
172
90
413
356
42
785
41
—
95
360
19
362
96.8
290
323
124
153
122
43.2
337
311
131
144
133
27.3
348
298
135
138
138
19.8
357
284
140
132
144
17.4
375
270
145
126
153
23.1
134
216
94.0
384
69.5
490
54.7
574
43.3 32.8
680
975
72.7
20.7
95.6
215
80.6
384
65.7
490
53.1
574
42.2 32.3
680
975
434
60.5
17.7
7832
434
63.9
18.8
7817
446
51.9
14.9
56.7
487
58.7
559
49.8
501
48.0
39.2 30.0
559
685 1169
48.8
39.2 31.3
685
1168
44.0
37.4 29.3
582
699
971
33.9
6.71
34.7
127
50.3
482
252
75
487
Carbon–silicon (Mn ⱕ 1%
0.1% ⬍ Si ⱕ 0.6%)
1000
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3
Properties of solid metals (Continued)
Composition
Melting
Point,
K
Carbon–manganese–silicon
(1% ⬍ Mn ⬍ 1.65%
0.1% ⬍ Si ⬍ 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels:
1
Cr– 41 Mo–Si (0.18% C,
2
0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo,
0.6% Si)
1 Cr– 12 Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr,
0.54% Mo,
0.39% Si)
1 Cr–V
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V)
Stainless steels:
AISI 302
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),
k(W/m·K)/cp(J/kg·K)
Properties at 300 K
r
kg/m3
cp
J/kg·K
k
W/m·K
8131
434
41.0
7822
444
7858
7836
a ⫻ 106
m2/s
100
400
600
800
11.6
42.2
487
39.7
559
35.0 27.6
685 1090
37.7
10.9
38.2
36.7
442
42.3
12.2
492
42.0
575
39.1
688
969
34.5 27.4
443
48.9
14.1
492
46.8
575
42.1
688
969
36.3 28.2
492
575
688
8055
480
15.1
3.91
7900
477
14.9
3.95
AISI 316
8238
468
13.4
3.48
AISI 347
7978
480
14.2
3.71
35.3
AISI 304
1670
Lead
601
11,340
129
Magnesium
923
1740
1024
156
87.6
Molybdenum
2894
10,240
251
138
53.7
Nickel:
Pure
1728
8900
444
90.7
1672
8400
420
12
1665
8510
439
11.7
3.1
2741
8570
265
53.7
23.6
Palladium
1827
12,020
244
71.8
24.5
Platinum:
Pure
2045
21,450
133
71.6
25.1
Alloy 60Pt–40Rh
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
Rhenium
1800
16,630
162
47
17.4
3453
21,100
136
47.9
16.7
Rhodium
2236
12,450
243
Nichrome
(80% Ni, 20% Cr)
Inconel X-750
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe)
Niobium
150
24.1
23.0
232
3.4
49.6
200
9.2
272
12.6
402
39.7
118
169
649
179
141
36.7
125
159
934
143
224
164
383
107
485
17.3
512
16.6
515
15.2
504
15.8
513
34.0
132
153
1074
134
261
33.3
20.0
22.8
559
585
19.8
22.6
557
582
18.3
21.3
550
576
18.9
21.9
559
585
31.4
142
149
146
1170
1267
126
118
275
285
65.6
530
16
525
17.0
67.6
562
21
545
20.5
1000
26.9
969
25.4
606
25.4
611
24.2
602
24.7
606
112
295
8.7
10.3
80.2
592
14
480
13.5
71.8
—
55.2
188
76.5
168
372
52.6
249
71.6
227
473
55.2
274
73.6
251
510
58.2
283
79.7
261
546
626
61.3 64.4
292
301
86.9 94.2
271
281
77.5
100
72.6
125
58.9
97
186
147
51.0
127
154
220
71.8
136
52
—
46.1
139
146
253
73.2
141
59
—
44.2
145
136
274
75.6
146
65
—
44.1
151
127
293
24.0
78.7
152
69
—
44.6
156
121
311
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3
Properties of solid metals (Concluded)
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),
k(W/m·K)/cp (J/kg·K)
Properties at 300 K
Melting
Point,
K
r
kg/m3
cp
J/kg·K
k
W/m·K
Silicon
1685
2330
712
148
Silver
1235
10,500
235
429
Tantalum
3269
16,600
140
57.5
24.7
Thorium
2023
11,700
118
54.0
39.1
505
7310
227
66.6
40.1
Titanium
1953
4500
522
21.9
Tungsten
3660
19,300
132
Uranium
1406
19,070
116
27.6
12.5
Vanadium
2192
6100
489
30.7
10.3
693
7140
389
2125
6570
278
Composition
Tin
Zinc
Zirconium
174
116
22.7
a ⫻ 106
m2/s
100
89.2
174
9.32
68.3
41.8
12.4
884
259
444
187
59.2
110
59.8
99
85.2
188
30.5
300
208
87
21.7
94
35.8
258
117
297
33.2
205
200
400
600
800
1000
264
556
430
225
57.5
133
54.6
112
73.3
215
24.5
465
186
122
25.1
108
31.3
430
118
367
25.2
264
98.9
790
425
239
57.8
144
54.5
124
62.2
243
20.4
551
159
137
29.6
125
31.3
515
111
402
21.6
300
61.9
867
412
250
58.6
146
55.8
134
42.4
913
396
262
59.4
149
56.9
145
31.2
946
379
277
60.2
152
56.9
156
19.4
591
137
142
34.0
146
33.3
540
103
436
20.7
332
19.7
633
125
146
38.8
176
35.7
563
20.7
675
118
148
43.9
180
38.2
597
21.6 23.7
342
362
From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–4
Properties of solid nonmetals
Composition
Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Beryllium oxide
Boron
Melting
Point,
K
r
cp
k
a ⫻ 106
kg/m3 J/kg·K W/m·K
m2/s
2323
3970
765
46
15.1
2323
3970
765
36.0
11.9
2725
3000
1030
2573
2500
1105
Boron fiber epoxy
590
(30% vol.) composite
k, || to fibers
k, ⬜ to fibers
cp
Carbon
Amorphous
1500
2080
Diamond,
type lla
—
insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic
2273
k, || to layers
k, ⬜ to layers
cp
Graphite fiber
450
epoxy (25% vol.)
composite
k, heat flow || to fibers
k, heat flow ⬜ to fibers
cp
Pyroceram,
1623
Corning 9606
Silicon carbide
3100
Silicon dioxide,
1883
crystalline (quartz)
k, || to c-axis
k,⬜ to c-axis
cp
Silicon dioxide,
1883
polycrystalline
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride
2173
272
27.6
9.99
1122
1950
3500
—
1.60
100
200
400
600
450
—
133
—
82
—
55
—
190
—
52.5
—
32.4
940
26.4
940
196
1350
18.7
1490
18.9
1110
15.8
1110
111
1690
11.3
1880
88.0
2.29
0.59
—
509 2300
2.10
0.37
364
2.23
0.49
757
2.28
0.60
1431
0.67
—
1.18
—
1.89
—
10,000
21
4000
194
1540
853
3230
9.23
411
1390
4.09
992
21.9
—
800
1000
13.0
1180
10.4
1180
70
1865
8.1
2135
10.5
1225
7.85
1225
47
1975
6.3
2350
2.37
—
2.53
—
2210
1950
5.70
4970
16.8
136
709
892
2.68
1406
667
534
2.01
1.60
1650
1793
1216
3.64
908
—
880
3.28
1038
—
1050
3.08
2.96
1122
1197
—
87
1135
1195
7.6
4.70
885
1.51
5.0
3.4
1075
1.75
4.2
3.1
1250
2.17
905
13.9
778
1040
11.3
937
1105
1155
9.88
8.76
1063
1155
1400
2600
11.1
0.87
935
808
3.98
3160
675
490
0.46
1.89
5.7
0.68
337
5.25
—
8.7
1.1
642
4.78
—
39
20.8
—
0.69
16.4
9.5
—
1.14
230
13.0
2650
10.4
6.21
2220
745
745
2400
691
392
2070
708
Thorium dioxide
3573
9110
235
Titanium dioxide,
polycrystalline
2133
4157
710
Sulfur
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),
k (W/m·K)/cp (J/kg·K)
Properties at 300 K
1.38
0.834
—
—
—
—
—
578
0.206 0.141
0.165
0.185
403
606
13
6.1
16.0
8.4
9.65
2.8
10.2
255
7.01
805
6.6
274
5.02
880
4.7
285
8.94
910
2.87
3.68
295
3.46
930
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5
Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24⬚C)
Material
Building Boards
Asbestos–cement board
Gypsum of plaster board
Plywood (Douglas fir)
Insulated board and sheating
(regular density)
Hardboard (high density, standard
tempered)
Particle board:
Medium density
Underlayment
Wood subfloor
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kg·K
R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
K·m2/W
Thickness,
L mm
Density, r
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m·K
6 mm
10 mm
13 mm
—
6 mm
10 mm
13 mm
20 mm
13 mm
20 mm
1922
800
800
545
545
545
545
545
288
288
—
—
—
0.12
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.00
1.09
—
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.30
1.30
0.011
0.057
0.078
—
0.055
0.083
0.110
0.165
0.232
0.359
—
1010
0.14
1.34
—
—
16 mm
20 mm
800
640
—
0.14
—
—
1.30
1.21
1.38
—
0.144
0.166
Building Membrane
Vapor-permeable felt
Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped
0.73 kg/m2 felt)
—
—
—
—
0.011
—
—
—
—
0.021
Flooring Materials
Carpet and fibrous pad
Carpet and rubber pad
Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.42
1.38
1.26
0.367
0.217
0.009
100 mm
200 mm
300 mm
1922
2082
2400
1920
1120
—
—
—
0.72
1.30
1.34
0.90
0.41
0.77
1.0
1.30
—
—
—
0.79
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.13
0.20
0.23
1920
1600
1280
960
0.18
1920
1280
1857
1.1
0.79
0.54
0.33
—
1.40
0.65
0.72
—
0.84
0.84
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Masonry Materials
Masonry units:
Brick, common
Brick, face
Brick, fire clay
Concrete blocks (3 oval cores,
sand and gravel aggregate)
Concretes:
Lightweight aggregates, (including
expanded shale, clay, or slate;
expanded slags; cinders;
pumice; and scoria)
940
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco
Stucco
—
—
—
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5
Properties of building materials (Concluded)
(at a mean temperature of 24⬚C)
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kg·K
R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
K·m2/W
Thickness,
L mm
Density, r
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m·K
10 mm
13 mm
1900
1100
1100
1100
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.00
1.51
1.26
1.46
1.26
0.037
0.026
0.077
0.058
0.009
—
—
1.30
0.166
19 mm
1860
0.72
0.84
0.026
13 mm
13 mm
—
720
1680
720
—
0.81
0.22
—
0.84
1.34
0.055
0.016
—
—
11 mm
25 mm
10 mm
1900
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.17
1.30
1.21
0.037
0.12
0.139
0.111
10 mm
10 mm
—
—
—
2530
—
—
1.0
1.22
1.34
0.84
0.11
0.32
0.018
Woods
Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.)
Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)
—
—
721
513
0.159
0.115
1.26
1.38
—
—
Metals
Aluminum (1100)
Steel, mild
Steel, Stainless
—
—
—
2739
7833
7913
222
45.3
15.6
0.896
0.502
0.456
—
—
—
Material
Roofing
Asbestos-cement shingles
Asphalt roll roofing
Asphalt shingles
Built-in roofing
Slate
Wood shingles (plain and
plastic/film faced)
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregate
Sand aggregate
Perlite aggregate
Siding Material (on flat surfaces)
Asbestos-cement shingles
Hardboard siding
Wood (drop) siding
Wood (plywood) siding lapped
Aluminum or steel siding (over
sheeting):
Hollow backed
Insulating-board backed
Architectural glass
Source: Table A–5 and A–6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–6
Properties of insulating materials
(at a mean temperature of 24⬚C)
Material
Blanket and Batt
Mineral fiber (fibrous form
processed from rock, slag,
or glass)
Density, r
kg/m3
50 to 70 mm
75 to 90 mm
135 to 165 mm
4.8–32
4.8–32
4.8–32
—
—
—
0.71–0.96
0.71–0.96
0.71–0.96
1.23
1.94
3.32
136
64–144
16
24
16
72
240
120
0.055
0.036
0.040
0.023
0.052
0.032
0.042
0.039
1.0
0.96
1.2
1.6
1.26
1.68
0.71
1.80
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
24–40
56–72
70
0.023–0.026
0.038–0.039
0.026
—
—
1.045
—
—
—
190
0.046
—
—
9.6–32
9.6–32
—
—
122
122
32–66
128–240
37–51
—
—
—
—
0.025
0.068
0.039–0.045
0.065
0.039–0.046
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
—
—
1.09
1.38
—
1.94
3.35
3.87
5.28
—
—
—
—
—
144
—
—
—
0.058
—
—
—
1.0
1.0
2.1
3.9
—
0.24
0.49
0.93
160
0.0017
—
—
40
0.00016
—
—
120
0.000017
—
—
Sprayed or Formed in Place
Polyurethane foam
Glass fiber
Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam)
Mineral wool granules with asbestos/
inorganic binders (sprayed)
~75 to 125 mm
~165 to 222 mm
~191 to 254 mm
~185 mm
Silica aerogel
Vermiculite (expanded)
Perlite, expanded
Sawdust or shavings
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp)
Roof Insulation
Cellular glass
Preformed, for use above deck
R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
K·m2/W
Thickness,
L mm
Board and Slab
Cellular glass
Glass fiber (organic bonded)
Expanded polystyrene (molded beads)
Expanded polyurethane (R-11 expanded)
Expanded perlite (organic bonded)
Expanded rubber (rigid)
Mineral fiber with resin binder
Cork
Loose Fill
Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kg·K
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m·K
—
13 mm
25 mm
50 mm
Reflective Insulation
Silica powder (evacuated)
Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 10–12 layers
(evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75–150
layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
84
85
65
75
82
92
84
80
23
78
89
82
89
75
87
Fruits
Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Blueberries
Cantaloupes
Cherries, sour
Cherries, sweet
Figs, dried
Figs, fresh
Grapefruit
Grapes
Lemons
Olives
Oranges
3.65
3.69
3.02
3.35
3.59
3.92
3.65
3.52
—
3.45
3.82
3.59
3.82
3.35
3.75
3.65
3.96
3.82
3.86
3.92
3.79
3.92
3.99
3.32
4.06
3.96
3.35
3.69
4.02
3.89
3.86
3.82
3.79
3.69
3.32
3.92
3.45
3.89
3.96
3.99
3.92
Above
Freezing
1.90
1.91
1.66
1.78
1.87
2.00
1.90
1.85
1.13
1.82
1.96
1.87
1.96
1.78
1.94
1.90
2.01
1.96
1.97
2.00
1.95
2.00
2.02
1.77
2.05
2.01
1.78
1.91
2.04
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.91
1.77
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.01
2.02
2.00
Below
Freezing
281
284
217
251
274
307
281
267
77
261
297
274
297
251
291
281
311
297
301
307
294
307
314
247
321
311
251
284
317
304
301
297
294
284
247
307
261
304
311
314
307
49
70
67
56
74
65
37
56
38
64
Meats
Beef carcass
Liver
Round, beef
Sirloin, beef
Chicken
Lamb leg
Port carcass
Ham
Pork sausage
Turkey
5
16
37
39
1
74
17
63
88
6
2
3
4
78
75
79
57
64
83
Fish/Seafood
Cod, whole
Halibut, whole
Lobster
Mackerel
Salmon, whole
Shrimp
Other
Almonds
Butter
Cheese, Cheddar
Cheese, Swiss
Chocolate milk
Eggs, whole
Honey
Ice cream
Milk, whole
Peanuts
Peanuts, roasted
Pecans
Walnuts
89
83
85
86
85
18
90
87
93
Peaches
Pears
Pineapples
Plums
Quinces
Raisins
Strawberries
Tangerines
Watermelon
Water
content,a
%(mass)
—
—
⫺12.9
⫺10.0
—
⫺0.6
—
⫺5.6
⫺0.6
—
—
—
—
⫺1.7
⫺1.7
—
—
⫺2.8
—
—
⫺1.7
—
—
—
—
2.08
2.15
—
3.32
—
2.95
3.79
—
—
—
—
2.48
3.18
3.08
2.72
3.32
3.02
2.08
2.72
2.11
2.98
3.45
3.35
3.49
2.75
2.98
3.62
3.82
3.62
3.69
3.72
3.69
—
3.86
3.75
3.96
⫺0.9
⫺1.6
⫺1.0
⫺0.8
⫺2.0
—
⫺0.8
⫺1.1
⫺0.4
⫺2.2
⫺2.2
⫺2.2
⫺2.2
⫺2.2
⫺2.2
Above
Freezing
Freezing
Pointa
⬚C
0.89
1.04
1.31
1.33
0.85
1.77
1.05
1.63
1.95
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.88
1.46
1.72
1.68
1.55
1.77
1.66
1.31
1.55
1.32
1.65
1.82
1.78
1.84
1.56
1.65
1.89
1.96
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.07
1.97
1.94
2.01
Below
Freezing
Specific heat,b
kJ/kg·K
17
53
124
130
3
247
57
210
294
20
7
10
13
164
234
224
187
247
217
124
187
127
214
261
251
264
190
214
277
297
277
284
287
284
60
301
291
311
Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg
Specific heat data are based on the specific heat values of a water and ice at 0⬚C and are determined from Siebel’s formulas: cp, fresh ⫽ 3.35 ⫻ (Water content) ⫹ 0.84, above freezing, and
cp, frozen ⫽ 1.26 ⫻ (Water content) ⫹0.84, below freezing.
The latent heat of fusion is determined by multiplying the heat of fusion of water (334 kJ/kg) by the water content of the food.
c
b
3:29 PM
⫺1.1
⫺1.1
⫺0.3
⫺0.8
⫺1.6
⫺1.2
⫺1.7
⫺1.8
—
⫺2.4
⫺1.1
⫺1.1
⫺1.4
⫺1.4
⫺0.8
⫺1.2
⫺0.6
⫺0.7
⫺0.6
⫺0.9
⫺1.4
⫺0.8
⫺0.5
⫺0.6
⫺0.5
⫺0.8
⫺1.8
⫺0.7
⫺0.2
⫺0.9
⫺1.8
⫺0.9
⫺0.8
⫺1.1
⫺0.6
⫺0.7
⫺0.6
⫺0.8
⫺0.3
⫺0.5
⫺1.1
Freezing
Pointa
⬚C
Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg Food
1/8/10
Sources: aWater content and freezing-point data are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, Sl version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air–Conditioning Engineers,
Inc., 1993), Chap. 30. Table 1. Used with permission. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.
84
93
89
90
92
88
92
94
74
96
93
75
85
95
91
90
89
88
85
74
92
78
91
93
94
92
Vegetables
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans, snap
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Corn, sweet
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Horseradish
Leeks
Lettuce
Mushrooms
Okra
Onions, green
Onions, dry
Parsley
Peas, green
Peppers, sweet
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Spinach
Tomatos, rlpe
Turnips
Food
Water
content,a
%(mass)
Specific heat,b
kJ/kg·K
Properties of common foods
(a) Specific heats and freezing-point properties
TABLE A–7
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APPENDIX 1
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–7
Properties of common foods (Concluded)
(b) Other properties
Water
Content,
% (mass)
Temperature, T
⬚C
Density, r
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m·K
Thermal
Diffusivity, a
m2/s
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kg·K
Fruits/Vegetables
Apple juice
Apples
Apples, dried
Apricots, dried
Bananas, fresh
Broccoli
Cherries, fresh
Figs
Grape juice
Peaches
Plums
Potatoes
Raisins
87
85
41.6
43.6
76
—
92
40.4
89
89
—
78
32
20
8
23
23
27
⫺6
0–30
23
20
2–32
⫺16
0–70
23
1000
840
856
1320
980
560
1050
1241
1000
960
610
1055
1380
0.559
0.418
0.219
0.375
0.481
0.385
0.545
0.310
0.567
0.526
0.247
0.498
0.376
0.14 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.13 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.096 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.11 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.14 ⫻ 10⫺6
—
0.13 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.096 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.14 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.14 ⫻ 10⫺6
—
0.13 ⫻ 10⫺6
0.11 ⫻ 10⫺6
3.86
3.81
2.72
2.77
3.59
—
3.99
2.69
3.91
3.91
—
3.64
2.48
Meats
Beef, ground
Beef, lean
Beef fat
Beef liver
Cat food
Chicken breast
Dog food
Fish, cod
Fish, salmon
Ham
Lamb
Pork, lean
Turkey breast
Veal
67
74
0
72
39.7
75
30.6
81
67
71.8
72
72
74
75
6
3
35
35
23
0
23
3
3
20
20
4
3
20
950
1090
810
—
1140
1050
1240
1180
—
1030
1030
1030
1050
1060
0.406
0.471
0.190
0.448
0.326
0.476
0.319
0.534
0.531
0.480
0.456
0.456
0.496
0.470
0.13
0.13
—
—
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.12
—
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
16
31.9
16
91
88
0
0
100
100
32.3
4
23
5
20
28
32
4
0
30
23
—
340
1000
—
—
910
920
1000
995
450
0.197
0.106
0.233
0.566
0.580
0.168
0.168
0.569
0.618
0.082
—
0.12
0.11
—
—
—
—
0.14
0.15
0.10
Food
Other
Butter
Chocolate cake
Margarine
Milk, skimmed
Milk, whole
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Water
White cake
⫻ 10⫺6
⫻ 10⫺6
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
⫻ 10⫺6
⫻ 10⫺6
⫻ 10⫺6
⫻ 10⫺6
⫻ 10⫺6
3.36
3.54
—
3.49
2.68
3.56
2.45
3.71
3.36
3.48
3.49
3.49
3.54
3.56
2.08
2.48
2.08
3.96
3.89
—
—
4.217
4.178
2.49
Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission.
Most specific heats are calculated from cp ⫽ 1.68 ⫹ 2.51 ⫻ (Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 32⬚C. Most
thermal diffusivities are calculated from a ⫽ k/rcp. Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–8
Properties of miscellaneous materials
(Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)
Material
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Chrome brick
473 K
823 K
1173 K
Fire clay, burnt
1600 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay, burnt
1725 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay brick
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Magnesite
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Chicken meat,
white (74.4%
water content)
198 K
233 K
253 K
273 K
293 K
Clay, dry
Clay, wet
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone
mix)
Cork
Cotton
Fat
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Crown
Lead
Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/m·K
2115
1300
0.062
1.4
3010
—
—
2.3
2.5
2.0
2050
—
—
1.0
1.1
1.1
Specific
Heat, cp
J/kg·K
920
1465
835
—
—
960
—
—
2325
—
—
1.3
1.4
1.4
960
—
—
2645
—
—
1.0
1.5
1.8
960
—
—
—
—
—
3.8
2.8
1.9
1130
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1550
1495
1350
1.60
1.49
1.35
0.48
0.49
0.930
1.675
0.26
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1260
2300
86
80
—
1.4
0.048
0.06
0.17
880
2030
1300
—
2800
2225
2500
3400
0.7
1–1.4
1.05
0.85
750
835
—
—
Source: Compiled from various sources.
Material
Ice
273 K
253 K
173 K
Leather, sole
Linoleum
Mica
Paper
Plastics
Plexiglass
Teflon
300 K
400 K
Lexan
Nylon
Polypropylene
Polyester
PVC, vinyl
Porcelain
Rubber, natural
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Snow, fresh
Snow, 273 K
Soil, dry
Soil, wet
Sugar
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer
Muscle
Vaseline
Wood, cross-grain
Balsa
Fir
Oak
White pine
Yellow pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
Wool, ship
Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/m·K
Specific
Heat, cp
J/kg·K
920
922
928
998
535
1180
2900
930
1.88
2.03
3.49
0.159
0.081
0.186
0.523
0.180
2040
1945
1460
—
—
—
—
1340
1190
0.19
1465
2200
—
1200
1145
910
1395
1470
2300
1150
0.35
0.45
0.19
0.29
0.12
0.15
0.1
1.5
0.28
1050
—
1260
—
1925
1170
840
—
—
1100
1190
1515
100
500
1500
1900
1600
0.13
0.16
0.2–1.0
0.60
2.2
1.0
2.0
0.58
2010
—
800
—
—
1900
2200
—
0.37
0.2
0.41
0.17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
140
415
545
435
640
0.055
0.11
0.17
0.11
0.15
—
2720
2385
—
2805
545
420
145
0.19
0.14
0.05
2385
2720
—
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878
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–9
Properties of saturated water
Temp.
T, ⬚C
0.01
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
374.14
Saturation
Pressure
Psat, kPa
0.6113
0.8721
1.2276
1.7051
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.628
7.384
9.593
12.35
15.76
19.94
25.03
31.19
38.58
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.33
143.27
198.53
270.1
361.3
475.8
617.8
791.7
1,002.1
1,254.4
1,553.8
2,318
3,344
4,688
6,412
8,581
11,274
14,586
18,651
22,090
Density
r, kg/m3
Liquid
Vapor
999.8
0.0048
999.9
0.0068
999.7
0.0094
999.1
0.0128
998.0
0.0173
997.0
0.0231
996.0
0.0304
994.0
0.0397
992.1
0.0512
990.1
0.0655
988.1
0.0831
985.2
0.1045
983.3
0.1304
980.4
0.1614
977.5
0.1983
974.7
0.2421
971.8
0.2935
968.1
0.3536
965.3
0.4235
961.5
0.5045
957.9
0.5978
950.6
0.8263
943.4
1.121
934.6
1.496
921.7
1.965
916.6
2.546
907.4
3.256
897.7
4.119
887.3
5.153
876.4
6.388
864.3
7.852
840.3 11.60
813.7 16.73
783.7 23.69
750.8 33.15
713.8 46.15
667.1 64.57
610.5 92.62
528.3 144.0
317.0 317.0
Enthalpy
of
Vaporization
Specific
Heat
cp, J/kg·K
hfg, kJ/kg
Liquid
Vapor
2501
2490
2478
2466
2454
2442
2431
2419
2407
2395
2383
2371
2359
2346
2334
2321
2309
2296
2283
2270
2257
2230
2203
2174
2145
2114
2083
2050
2015
1979
1941
1859
1767
1663
1544
1405
1239
1028
720
0
4217
4205
4194
4185
4182
4180
4178
4178
4179
4180
4181
4183
4185
4187
4190
4193
4197
4201
4206
4212
4217
4229
4244
4263
4286
4311
4340
4370
4410
4460
4500
4610
4760
4970
5280
5750
6540
8240
14,690
—
1854
1857
1862
1863
1867
1870
1875
1880
1885
1892
1900
1908
1916
1926
1936
1948
1962
1977
1993
2010
2029
2071
2120
2177
2244
2314
2420
2490
2590
2710
2840
3110
3520
4070
4835
5980
7900
11,870
25,800
—
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
Liquid
Vapor
0.561 0.0171
0.571 0.0173
0.580 0.0176
0.589 0.0179
0.598 0.0182
0.607 0.0186
0.615 0.0189
0.623 0.0192
0.631 0.0196
0.637 0.0200
0.644 0.0204
0.649 0.0208
0.654 0.0212
0.659 0.0216
0.663 0.0221
0.667 0.0225
0.670 0.0230
0.673 0.0235
0.675 0.0240
0.677 0.0246
0.679 0.0251
0.682 0.0262
0.683 0.0275
0.684 0.0288
0.683 0.0301
0.682 0.0316
0.680 0.0331
0.677 0.0347
0.673 0.0364
0.669 0.0382
0.663 0.0401
0.650 0.0442
0.632 0.0487
0.609 0.0540
0.581 0.0605
0.548 0.0695
0.509 0.0836
0.469 0.110
0.427 0.178
—
—
Prandtl
Number
Pr
Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Liquid
1.792
1.519
1.307
1.138
1.002
0.891
0.798
0.720
0.653
0.596
0.547
0.504
0.467
0.433
0.404
0.378
0.355
0.333
0.315
0.297
0.282
0.255
0.232
0.213
0.197
0.183
0.170
0.160
0.150
0.142
0.134
0.122
0.111
0.102
0.094
0.086
0.078
0.070
0.060
0.043
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, 1/K
Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
13.5
11.2
9.45
8.09
7.01
6.14
5.42
4.83
4.32
3.91
3.55
3.25
2.99
2.75
2.55
2.38
2.22
2.08
1.96
1.85
1.75
1.58
1.44
1.33
1.24
1.16
1.09
1.03
0.983
0.947
0.910
0.865
0.836
0.832
0.854
0.902
1.00
1.23
2.06
1.00 ⫺0.068 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.015 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.733 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.138 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.195 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.247 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.294 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.337 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.377 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.415 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.451 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.484 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.517 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.548 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.578 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.607 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.653 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.670 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.702 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.716 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.750 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.798 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.00 0.858 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.01 0.913 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.02 0.970 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.02 1.025 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.05 1.145 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.05 1.178 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.07 1.210 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.09 1.280 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.11 1.350 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.15 1.520 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.24 1.720 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.35 2.000 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.49 2.380 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.69 2.950 ⫻ 10⫺3
1.97
2.43
3.73
0.922
0.934
0.946
0.959
0.973
0.987
1.001
1.016
1.031
1.046
1.062
1.077
1.093
1.110
1.126
1.142
1.159
1.176
1.193
1.210
1.227
1.261
1.296
1.330
1.365
1.399
1.434
1.468
1.502
1.537
1.571
1.641
1.712
1.788
1.870
1.965
2.084
2.255
2.571
4.313
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
Liquid
Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n ⫽ m/r and a ⫽ k/rcp ⫽ n/Pr. The temperatures 0.01⬚C, 100⬚C,
and 374.14⬚C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at
any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg·⬚C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg·K, and the unit W/m·⬚C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m·K.
Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986),
pp. 1291–1322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.
cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd
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Page 879
879
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–10
Properties of saturated refrigerant–134a
Specific
Enthalpy
Density
Heat
of
Saturation
r, kg/m3
Vaporization cp, J/kg·K
Temp. Pressure
T, ⬚C
P, kPa Liquid
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
⫺40
⫺35
⫺30
⫺25
⫺20
⫺15
⫺10
⫺5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
51.2
66.2
84.4
106.5
132.8
164.0
200.7
243.5
293.0
349.9
414.9
488.7
572.1
665.8
770.6
887.5
1017.1
1160.5
1318.6
1492.3
1682.8
1891.0
2118.2
2365.8
2635.2
2928.2
3246.9
3594.1
3975.1
1418
1403
1389
1374
1359
1343
1327
1311
1295
1278
1261
1244
1226
1207
1188
1168
1147
1125
1102
1078
1053
1026
996.2
964
928.2
887.1
837.7
772.5
651.7
2.773
3.524
4.429
5.509
6.787
8.288
10.04
12.07
14.42
17.12
20.22
23.75
27.77
32.34
37.53
43.41
50.08
57.66
66.27
76.11
87.38
100.4
115.6
133.6
155.3
182.3
217.8
269.3
376.3
225.9
222.7
219.5
216.3
213.0
209.5
206.0
202.4
198.7
194.8
190.8
186.6
182.3
177.8
173.1
168.2
163.0
157.6
151.8
145.7
139.1
132.1
124.4
115.9
106.4
95.4
82.2
64.9
33.9
1254
1264
1273
1283
1294
1306
1318
1330
1344
1358
1374
1390
1408
1427
1448
1471
1498
1529
1566
1608
1659
1722
1801
1907
2056
2287
2701
3675
7959
748.6
764.1
780.2
797.2
814.9
833.5
853.1
873.8
895.6
918.7
943.2
969.4
997.6
1028
1061
1098
1138
1184
1237
1298
1372
1462
1577
1731
1948
2281
2865
4144
8785
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
Liquid
0.1101
0.1084
0.1066
0.1047
0.1028
0.1009
0.0989
0.0968
0.0947
0.0925
0.0903
0.0880
0.0856
0.0833
0.0808
0.0783
0.0757
0.0731
0.0704
0.0676
0.0647
0.0618
0.0587
0.0555
0.0521
0.0484
0.0444
0.0396
0.0322
Vapor
0.00811
0.00862
0.00913
0.00963
0.01013
0.01063
0.01112
0.01161
0.01210
0.01259
0.01308
0.01357
0.01406
0.01456
0.01507
0.01558
0.01610
0.01664
0.01720
0.01777
0.01838
0.01902
0.01972
0.02048
0.02133
0.02233
0.02357
0.02544
0.02989
Liquid
Vapor
Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Liquid
N/m
10
5.558
10⫺6 5.257
10⫺6 4.992
10⫺6 4.757
10⫺6 4.548
10⫺6 4.363
10⫺6 4.198
10⫺6 4.051
10⫺6 3.919
10⫺6 3.802
10⫺6 3.697
10⫺6 3.604
10⫺5 3.521
10⫺5 3.448
10⫺5 3.383
10⫺5 3.328
10⫺5 3.285
10⫺5 3.253
10⫺5 3.231
10⫺5 3.223
10⫺5 3.229
10⫺5 3.255
10⫺5 3.307
10⫺5 3.400
10⫺5 3.558
10⫺5 3.837
10⫺5 4.385
10⫺5 5.746
10⫺5 11.77
0.235
0.266
0.299
0.335
0.374
0.415
0.459
0.505
0.553
0.603
0.655
0.708
0.763
0.819
0.877
0.935
0.995
1.058
1.123
1.193
1.272
1.362
1.471
1.612
1.810
2.116
2.658
3.862
8.326
0.00205
0.00209
0.00215
0.00220
0.00227
0.00233
0.00241
0.00249
0.00258
0.00269
0.00280
0.00293
0.00307
0.00324
0.00342
0.00364
0.00390
0.00420
0.00455
0.00500
0.00554
0.00624
0.00716
0.00843
0.01031
0.01336
0.01911
0.03343
0.10047
Prandtl
Number
Pr
Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Liquid
4.878
4.509
4.178
3.882
3.614
3.371
3.150
2.947
2.761
2.589
2.430
2.281
2.142
2.012
1.888
1.772
1.660
1.554
1.453
1.355
1.260
1.167
1.077
9.891
9.011
8.124
7.203
6.190
4.765
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Vapor
⫺4
10
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
2.550
3.003
3.504
4.054
4.651
5.295
5.982
6.709
7.471
8.264
9.081
9.915
1.075
1.160
1.244
1.327
1.408
1.486
1.562
1.634
1.704
1.771
1.839
1.908
1.982
2.071
2.187
2.370
2.833
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫺6
0.01760
0.01682
0.01604
0.01527
0.01451
0.01376
0.01302
0.01229
0.01156
0.01084
0.01014
0.00944
0.00876
0.00808
0.00742
0.00677
0.00613
0.00550
0.00489
0.00429
0.00372
0.00315
0.00261
0.00209
0.00160
0.00114
0.00071
0.00033
0.00004
Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n ⫽ m/r and a ⫽ k/rcp ⫽ n/Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg·⬚C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg·K, and the unit W/m·⬚C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m·K.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, “An International
Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to
70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M.J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of
Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants,” IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525–535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon,
and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–11
Properties of saturated ammonia
Specific
Thermal
Enthalpy
Density
Heat
Conductivity
of
Saturation
k, W/m·K
r, kg/m3
Vaporization cp, J/kg·K
Temp. Pressure
T, ⬚C
P, kPa Liquid
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor Liquid
Vapor
⫺40
⫺30
⫺25
⫺20
⫺15
⫺10
⫺5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
71.66
119.4
151.5
190.1
236.2
290.8
354.9
429.6
516
615.3
728.8
857.8
1003
1167
1351
1555
1782
2033
2310
2614
2948
3312
3709
4141
4609
5116
5665
6257
690.2
677.8
671.5
665.1
658.6
652.1
645.4
638.6
631.7
624.6
617.5
610.2
602.8
595.2
587.4
579.4
571.3
562.9
554.2
545.2
536.0
526.3
516.2
505.7
494.5
482.8
470.2
456.6
0.6435
1.037
1.296
1.603
1.966
2.391
2.886
3.458
4.116
4.870
5.729
6.705
7.809
9.055
10.46
12.03
13.8
15.78
18.00
20.48
23.26
26.39
29.90
33.87
38.36
43.48
49.35
56.15
1389
1360
1345
1329
1313
1297
1280
1262
1244
1226
1206
1186
1166
1144
1122
1099
1075
1051
1025
997.4
968.9
939.0
907.5
874.1
838.6
800.6
759.8
715.5
4414
4465
4489
4514
4538
4564
4589
4617
4645
4676
4709
4745
4784
4828
4877
4932
4993
5063
5143
5234
5340
5463
5608
5780
5988
6242
6561
6972
2242
2322
2369
2420
2476
2536
2601
2672
2749
2831
2920
3016
3120
3232
3354
3486
3631
3790
3967
4163
4384
4634
4923
5260
5659
6142
6740
7503
—
—
0.5968
0.5853
0.5737
0.5621
0.5505
0.5390
0.5274
0.5158
0.5042
0.4927
0.4811
0.4695
0.4579
0.4464
0.4348
0.4232
0.4116
0.4001
0.3885
0.3769
0.3653
0.3538
0.3422
0.3306
0.3190
0.3075
0.01792
0.01898
0.01957
0.02015
0.02075
0.02138
0.02203
0.02270
0.02341
0.02415
0.02492
0.02573
0.02658
0.02748
0.02843
0.02943
0.03049
0.03162
0.03283
0.03412
0.03550
0.03700
0.03862
0.04038
0.04232
0.04447
0.04687
0.04958
Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Liquid
2.926
2.630
2.492
2.361
2.236
2.117
2.003
1.896
1.794
1.697
1.606
1.519
1.438
1.361
1.288
1.219
1.155
1.094
1.037
9.846
9.347
8.879
8.440
8.030
7.646
7.284
6.946
6.628
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Vapor
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
7.957
8.311
8.490
8.669
8.851
9.034
9.218
9.405
9.593
9.784
9.978
1.017
1.037
1.057
1.078
1.099
1.121
1.143
1.166
1.189
1.213
1.238
1.264
1.292
1.322
1.354
1.389
1.429
Liquid
Vapor
Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, l/K
Liquid
—
—
1.875
1.821
1.769
1.718
1.670
1.624
1.580
1.539
1.500
1.463
1.430
1.399
1.372
1.347
1.327
1.310
1.297
1.288
1.285
1.287
1.296
1.312
1.338
1.375
1.429
1.503
0.9955
1.017
1.028
1.041
1.056
1.072
1.089
1.107
1.126
1.147
1.169
1.193
1.218
1.244
1.272
1.303
1.335
1.371
1.409
1.452
1.499
1.551
1.612
1.683
1.768
1.871
1.999
2.163
0.00176
0.00185
0.00190
0.00194
0.00199
0.00205
0.00210
0.00216
0.00223
0.00230
0.00237
0.00245
0.00254
0.00264
0.00275
0.00287
0.00301
0.00316
0.00334
0.00354
0.00377
0.00404
0.00436
0.00474
0.00521
0.00579
0.00652
0.00749
Prandtl
Number
Pr
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
Surface
Tension,
N/m
0.03565
0.03341
0.03229
0.03118
0.03007
0.02896
0.02786
0.02676
0.02566
0.02457
0.02348
0.02240
0.02132
0.02024
0.01917
0.01810
0.01704
0.01598
0.01493
0.01389
0.01285
0.01181
0.01079
0.00977
0.00876
0.00776
0.00677
0.00579
Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n ⫽ m/r and a ⫽ k/rcp ⫽ n/Pr. The properties listed here
(except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg·⬚C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg·K, and the unit W/m·⬚C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m·K.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr,
“Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak,” DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167–181, 1993; Liley and Desai, “Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants,”
ASHRAE, 1993, ISBN 1-1883413-10-9.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–12
Properties of saturated propane
Density
Saturation
r, kg/m3
Temp. Pressure
T, ⬚C
P, kPa
Liquid Vapor
⫺120
0.4053
⫺110
1.157
⫺100
2.881
⫺90
6.406
⫺80
12.97
⫺70
24.26
⫺60
42.46
⫺50
70.24
⫺40 110.7
⫺30 167.3
⫺20 243.8
⫺10 344.4
0 473.3
5 549.8
10
635.1
15
729.8
20
834.4
25
949.7
30 1076
35 1215
40 1366
45 1530
50 1708
60 2110
70 2580
80 3127
90 3769
664.7
0.01408
654.5
0.03776
644.2
0.08872
633.8
0.1870
623.2
0.3602
612.5
0.6439
601.5
1.081
590.3
1.724
578.8
2.629
567.0
3.864
554.7
5.503
542.0
7.635
528.7 10.36
521.8 11.99
514.7 13.81
507.5 15.85
500.0 18.13
492.2 20.68
484.2 23.53
475.8 26.72
467.1 30.29
458.0 34.29
448.5 38.79
427.5 49.66
403.2 64.02
373.0 84.28
329.1 118.6
Specific
Enthalpy
Heat
of
Vaporization cp, J/kg·K
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
498.3
489.3
480.4
471.5
462.4
453.1
443.5
433.6
423.1
412.1
400.3
387.8
374.2
367.0
359.5
351.7
343.4
334.8
325.8
316.2
306.1
295.3
283.9
258.4
228.0
189.7
133.2
2003
2021
2044
2070
2100
2134
2173
2217
2258
2310
2368
2433
2507
2547
2590
2637
2688
2742
2802
2869
2943
3026
3122
3283
3595
4501
6977
1115
1148
1183
1221
1263
1308
1358
1412
1471
1535
1605
1682
1768
1814
1864
1917
1974
2036
2104
2179
2264
2361
2473
2769
3241
4173
7239
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
Liquid
0.1802
0.1738
0.1672
0.1606
0.1539
0.1472
0.1407
0.1343
0.1281
0.1221
0.1163
0.1107
0.1054
0.1028
0.1002
0.0977
0.0952
0.0928
0.0904
0.0881
0.0857
0.0834
0.0811
0.0765
0.0717
0.0663
0.0595
Vapor
0.00589
0.00645
0.00705
0.00769
0.00836
0.00908
0.00985
0.01067
0.01155
0.01250
0.01351
0.01459
0.01576
0.01637
0.01701
0.01767
0.01836
0.01908
0.01982
0.02061
0.02142
0.02228
0.02319
0.02517
0.02746
0.03029
0.03441
Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Liquid
6.136
5.054
4.252
3.635
3.149
2.755
2.430
2.158
1.926
1.726
1.551
1.397
1.259
1.195
1.135
1.077
1.022
9.702
9.197
8.710
8.240
7.785
7.343
6.487
5.649
4.790
3.807
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
Vapor
Liquid
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
6.820
5.878
5.195
4.686
4.297
3.994
3.755
3.563
3.395
3.266
3.158
3.069
2.996
2.964
2.935
2.909
2.886
2.866
2.850
2.837
2.828
2.824
2.826
2.784
2.834
3.251
4.465
4.372
4.625
4.881
5.143
5.409
5.680
5.956
6.239
6.529
6.827
7.136
7.457
7.794
7.970
8.151
8.339
8.534
8.738
8.952
9.178
9.417
9.674
9.950
1.058
1.138
1.249
1.448
Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Vapor
Liquid
N/m
Prandtl
Number
Pr
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
0.827
0.822
0.819
0.817
0.817
0.818
0.821
0.825
0.831
0.839
0.848
0.860
0.875
0.883
0.893
0.905
0.918
0.933
0.950
0.971
0.995
1.025
1.061
1.164
1.343
1.722
3.047
0.00153
0.00157
0.00161
0.00166
0.00171
0.00177
0.00184
0.00192
0.00201
0.00213
0.00226
0.00242
0.00262
0.00273
0.00286
0.00301
0.00318
0.00337
0.00358
0.00384
0.00413
0.00448
0.00491
0.00609
0.00811
0.01248
0.02847
0.02630
0.02486
0.02344
0.02202
0.02062
0.01923
0.01785
0.01649
0.01515
0.01382
0.01251
0.01122
0.00996
0.00934
0.00872
0.00811
0.00751
0.00691
0.00633
0.00575
0.00518
0.00463
0.00408
0.00303
0.00204
0.00114
0.00037
Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n ⫽ m/r and a ⫽ k/mcp ⫽ n/Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg·⬚C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg·K, and the unit W/m·⬚C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m·K.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, “Fundamental Equations of
State,” Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal
Butane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu, “A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple-Point to the CriticalPoint,” International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–13
Properties of liquids
Temp.
T, ⬚C
Density
r, kg/m3
Specific
Heat
cp, J/kg·K
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
Prandtl
Number
Pr
Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K
Methane [CH4]
⫺160
⫺150
⫺140
⫺130
⫺120
⫺110
⫺100
⫺90
420.2
405.0
388.8
371.1
351.4
328.8
301.0
261.7
3492
3580
3700
3875
4146
4611
5578
8902
0.1863
0.1703
0.1550
0.1402
0.1258
0.1115
0.0967
0.0797
1.270
1.174
1.077
9.749
8.634
7.356
5.761
3.423
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
1.133
9.169
7.551
6.288
5.257
4.377
3.577
2.761
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
2.699
2.264
1.942
1.694
1.496
1.331
1.188
1.055
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
2.126
1.927
1.803
1.738
1.732
1.810
2.063
3.082
0.00352
0.00391
0.00444
0.00520
0.00637
0.00841
0.01282
0.02922
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
7.429
6.531
5.795
5.185
4.677
4.250
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
7.414
6.622
5.980
5.453
5.018
4.655
0.00118
0.00120
0.00123
0.00127
0.00132
0.00137
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺5
10⫺5
1.360
8.531
5.942
4.420
3.432
2.743
2.233
1.836
1.509
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
12.65
8.167
6.079
4.963
4.304
3.880
3.582
3.363
3.256
0.00142
0.00150
0.00161
0.00177
0.00199
0.00232
0.00286
0.00385
0.00628
8.219
5.287
3.339
1.970
1.201
7.878
5.232
3.464
2.455
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
84,101
54,327
34,561
20,570
12,671
8,392
5,631
3,767
2,697
4.242
9.429
2.485
8.565
3.794
2.046
1.241
8.029
6.595
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺3
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺6
10⫺6
46,636
10,863
2,962
1,080
499.3
279.1
176.3
118.1
98.31
Methanol [CH3(OH)]
20
30
40
50
60
70
788.4
779.1
769.6
760.1
750.4
740.4
2515
2577
2644
2718
2798
2885
0.1987
0.1980
0.1972
0.1965
0.1957
0.1950
1.002
9.862
9.690
9.509
9.320
9.128
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫺100
⫺75
⫺50
⫺25
0
25
50
75
100
683.8
659.3
634.3
608.2
580.6
550.7
517.3
478.5
429.6
1881
1970
2069
2180
2306
2455
2640
2896
3361
0.1383
0.1357
0.1283
0.1181
0.1068
0.0956
0.0851
0.0757
0.0669
1.075
1.044
9.773
8.906
7.974
7.069
6.233
5.460
4.634
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
⫺8
10⫺7
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
5.857
5.088
4.460
3.942
3.510
3.146
Isobutane (R600a)
9.305
5.624
3.769
2.688
1.993
1.510
1.155
8.785
6.483
Glycerin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1276
1273
1270
1267
1264
1261
1258
1255
1252
2262
2288
2320
2354
2386
2416
2447
2478
2513
0.2820
0.2835
0.2846
0.2856
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2863
9.773
9.732
9.662
9.576
9.484
9.388
9.291
9.195
9.101
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
1797
1881
1964
2048
2132
2220
2308
2395
2441
0.1469
0.1450
0.1444
0.1404
0.1380
0.1367
0.1347
0.1330
0.1327
9.097
8.680
8.391
7.934
7.599
7.330
7.042
6.798
6.708
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10.49
6.730
4.241
2.496
1.519
0.9934
0.6582
0.4347
0.3073
Engine Oil (unused)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
150
899.0
888.1
876.0
863.9
852.0
840.0
828.9
816.8
810.3
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
3.814
0.8374
0.2177
0.07399
0.03232
0.01718
0.01029
0.006558
0.005344
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd
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Page 883
883
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–14
Properties of liquid metals
Temp.
T, ⬚C
Density
r, kg/m3
Specific
Heat
cp, J/kg·K
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K
Prandtl
Number
Pr
Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: ⫺39 ⬚C
0
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
13595
13534
13473
13412
13351
13231
13112
12993
12873
140.4
139.4
138.6
137.8
137.1
136.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
8.18200
8.51533
8.83632
9.15632
9.46706
10.07780
10.65465
11.18150
11.68150
4.287
4.514
4.734
4.956
5.170
5.595
5.996
6.363
6.705
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
1.687
1.534
1.423
1.316
1.245
1.126
1.043
9.820
9.336
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
1.241
1.133
1.056
9.819
9.326
8.514
7.959
7.558
7.252
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
10⫺8
0.0289
0.0251
0.0223
0.0198
0.0180
0.0152
0.0133
0.0119
0.0108
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺4
1.545
1.436
1.215
1.048
9.157
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺8
0.01381
0.01310
0.01154
0.01022
0.00906
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
2.167
1.976
1.814
1.702
1.589
1.475
1.360
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
0.02252
0.02048
0.01879
0.01771
0.01661
0.01549
0.01434
7.432
5.967
4.418
3.188
2.909
2.614
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
0.01106
0.008987
0.006751
0.004953
0.004593
0.004202
4.213
3.456
2.652
2.304
2.126
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
0.006023
0.004906
0.00374
0.003309
0.003143
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
10⫺7
0.02102
0.01611
0.01161
0.00753
0.00665
0.00579
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺4
10⫺4
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.815
1.829
1.854
Bismuth (Bi) Melting Point: 271⬚C
350
400
500
600
700
9969
9908
9785
9663
9540
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
10506
10449
10390
10329
10267
10206
10145
146.0
148.2
152.8
157.3
161.8
16.28
16.10
15.74
15.60
15.60
158
156
155
155
155
155
155
15.97
15.74
15.54
15.39
15.23
15.07
14.91
1.118
1.096
1.052
1.026
1.010
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
1.540
1.422
1.188
1.013
8.736
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Lead (Pb) Melting Point: 327⬚C
9.623
9.649
9.651
9.610
9.568
9.526
9.483
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
2.277
2.065
1.884
1.758
1.632
1.505
1.379
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Sodium (Na) Melting Point: 98⬚C
100
200
300
400
500
600
927.3
902.5
877.8
853.0
828.5
804.0
1378
1349
1320
1296
1284
1272
85.84
80.84
75.84
71.20
67.41
63.63
6.718
6.639
6.544
6.437
6.335
6.220
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
6.892
5.385
3.878
2.720
2.411
2.101
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
Potassium (K) Melting Point: 64⬚C
200
300
400
500
600
795.2
771.6
748.0
723.9
699.6
790.8
772.8
754.8
750.0
750.0
43.99
42.01
40.03
37.81
35.50
6.995
7.045
7.090
6.964
6.765
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
3.350
2.667
1.984
1.668
1.487
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting Point: ⫺11⬚C
100
200
300
400
500
600
847.3
823.2
799.1
775.0
751.5
728.0
944.4
922.5
900.6
879.0
880.1
881.2
25.64
26.27
26.89
27.50
27.89
28.28
3.205
3.459
3.736
4.037
4.217
4.408
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
5.707
4.587
3.467
2.357
2.108
1.859
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
6.736
5.572
4.339
3.041
2.805
2.553
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd
1/8/10
3:29 PM
Page 884
884
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–15
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, ⬚C
Density
r, kg/m3
Specific
Heat
cp, J/kg·K
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
⫺150
⫺100
⫺50
⫺40
⫺30
⫺20
⫺10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
2.866
2.038
1.582
1.514
1.451
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.246
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.145
1.127
1.109
1.092
1.059
1.028
0.9994
0.9718
0.9458
0.8977
0.8542
0.8148
0.7788
0.7459
0.6746
0.6158
0.5664
0.5243
0.4880
0.4565
0.4042
0.3627
0.3289
0.3008
0.2772
0.1990
0.1553
983
966
999
1002
1004
1005
1006
1006
1006
1006
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1008
1008
1009
1011
1013
1016
1019
1023
1033
1044
1056
1069
1081
1093
1115
1135
1153
1169
1184
1234
1264
0.01171
0.01582
0.01979
0.02057
0.02134
0.02211
0.02288
0.02364
0.02401
0.02439
0.02476
0.02514
0.02551
0.02588
0.02625
0.02662
0.02699
0.02735
0.02808
0.02881
0.02953
0.03024
0.03095
0.03235
0.03374
0.03511
0.03646
0.03779
0.04104
0.04418
0.04721
0.05015
0.05298
0.05572
0.06093
0.06581
0.07037
0.07465
0.07868
0.09599
0.11113
Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.158
8.036
1.252
1.356
1.465
1.578
1.696
1.818
1.880
1.944
2.009
2.074
2.141
2.208
2.277
2.346
2.416
2.487
2.632
2.780
2.931
3.086
3.243
3.565
3.898
4.241
4.593
4.954
5.890
6.871
7.892
8.951
1.004
1.117
1.352
1.598
1.855
2.122
2.398
3.908
5.664
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
8.636
1.189
1.474
1.527
1.579
1.630
1.680
1.729
1.754
1.778
1.802
1.825
1.849
1.872
1.895
1.918
1.941
1.963
2.008
2.052
2.096
2.139
2.181
2.264
2.345
2.420
2.504
2.577
2.760
2.934
3.101
3.261
3.415
3.563
3.846
4.111
4.362
4.600
4.826
5.817
6.630
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
3.013
5.837
9.319
1.008
1.087
1.169
1.252
1.338
1.382
1.426
1.470
1.516
1.562
1.608
1.655
1.702
1.750
1.798
1.896
1.995
2.097
2.201
2.306
2.522
2.745
2.975
3.212
3.455
4.091
4.765
5.475
6.219
6.997
7.806
9.515
1.133
1.326
1.529
1.741
2.922
4.270
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
Prandtl
Number
Pr
0.7246
0.7263
0.7440
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.7350
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7202
0.7177
0.7154
0.7132
0.7111
0.7073
0.7041
0.7014
0.6992
0.6974
0.6946
0.6935
0.6937
0.6948
0.6965
0.6986
0.7037
0.7092
0.7149
0.7206
0.7260
0.7478
0.7539
Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of r at the given temperature by P and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 1984;
and Thermophysical Properties of Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C.
Saxena, and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, ⬚C
Density
r, kg/m3
Specific
Heat
cp, J/kg·K
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
Prandtl
Number
Pr
Carbon Dioxide, CO2
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
2.4035
1.9635
1.6597
1.4373
1.2675
1.1336
0.9358
0.7968
0.6937
0.4213
0.3025
0.2359
746
811
866.6
914.8
957.4
995.2
1060
1112
1156
1292
1356
1387
0.01051
0.01456
0.01858
0.02257
0.02652
0.03044
0.03814
0.04565
0.05293
0.08491
0.10688
0.11522
5.860
9.141
1.291
1.716
2.186
2.698
3.847
5.151
6.600
1.560
2.606
3.521
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
1.129
1.375
1.612
1.841
2.063
2.276
2.682
3.061
3.416
4.898
6.106
7.322
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
4.699
7.003
9.714
1.281
1.627
2.008
2.866
3.842
4.924
1.162
2.019
3.103
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
0.8019
0.7661
0.7520
0.7464
0.7445
0.7442
0.7450
0.7458
0.7460
0.7455
0.7745
0.8815
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
1.378
1.629
1.863
2.080
2.283
2.472
2.812
3.111
3.379
4.557
6.321
9.826
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
9.012
1.303
1.764
2.274
2.830
3.426
4.722
6.136
7.653
1.700
3.284
6.543
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
0.7840
0.7499
0.7328
0.7239
0.7191
0.7164
0.7134
0.7111
0.7087
0.7080
0.7733
0.9302
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
8.564
1.028
1.191
1.345
1.491
1.630
1.886
2.119
2.334
3.281
4.434
6.360
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
9.774
1.436
1.969
2.567
3.227
3.944
5.529
7.297
9.228
2.136
4.022
7.395
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
0.8116
0.7494
0.7282
0.7247
0.7284
0.7344
0.7450
0.7501
0.7502
0.7331
0.7936
1.0386
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
7.293
8.391
9.427
1.041
1.136
1.228
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
6.624
9.329
1.240
1.582
1.957
2.365
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
0.6562
0.7071
0.7191
0.7196
0.7174
0.7155
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
Carbon Monoxide, CO
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
1.5297
1.2497
1.0563
0.9148
0.8067
0.7214
0.5956
0.5071
0.4415
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502
1081
1048
1039
1041
1049
1060
1085
1111
1135
1226
1279
1309
0.01901
0.02278
0.02641
0.02992
0.03330
0.03656
0.04277
0.04860
0.05412
0.07894
0.10458
0.13833
1.149
1.739
2.407
3.142
3.936
4.782
6.619
8.628
1.079
2.401
4.246
7.034
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Methane, CH4
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
0.8761
0.7158
0.6050
0.5240
0.4620
0.4132
0.3411
0.2904
0.2529
0.1536
0.1103
0.0860
2243
2217
2302
2443
2611
2791
3158
3510
3836
5042
5701
6001
0.02367
0.03042
0.03766
0.04534
0.05344
0.06194
0.07996
0.09918
0.11933
0.22562
0.31857
0.36750
1.204
1.917
2.704
3.543
4.431
5.370
7.422
9.727
1.230
2.914
5.068
7.120
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Hydrogen, H2
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
0.11010
0.08995
0.07603
0.06584
0.05806
0.05193
12635
13920
14349
14473
14492
14482
0.1404
0.1652
0.1881
0.2095
0.2296
0.2486
1.009
1.319
1.724
2.199
2.729
3.306
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded)
Temp.
T, ⬚C
Density
r, kg/m3
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
0.04287
0.03650
0.03178
0.01930
0.01386
0.01081
Specific
Heat
cp, J/kg·K
14481
14540
14653
15577
16553
17400
Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/m·K
0.2843
0.3180
0.3509
0.5206
0.6581
0.5480
Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.580
5.992
7.535
1.732
2.869
2.914
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
Prandtl
Number
Pr
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
1.403
1.570
1.730
2.455
3.099
3.690
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
3.274
4.302
5.443
1.272
2.237
3.414
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺3
10⫺3
10⫺3
0.7149
0.7179
0.7224
0.7345
0.7795
1.1717
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
1.390
1.640
1.874
2.094
2.300
2.494
2.849
3.166
3.451
4.594
5.562
6.426
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
9.091
1.312
1.774
2.289
2.851
3.457
4.783
6.242
7.816
1.713
2.889
4.278
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
0.6655
0.7121
0.7114
0.7056
0.7025
0.7025
0.7078
0.7153
0.7215
0.7022
0.5969
0.4483
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
1.616
1.916
2.194
2.451
2.694
2.923
3.350
3.744
4.114
5.732
7.133
8.417
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
9.246
1.342
1.818
2.346
2.923
3.546
4.923
6.463
8.156
1.871
3.243
4.907
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
0.7694
0.7198
0.7053
0.7019
0.7019
0.7025
0.7030
0.7023
0.7010
0.6986
0.6985
0.6873
7.187
8.956
1.078
1.265
1.456
1.650
2.045
2.446
2.847
4.762
6.411
7.808
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
7.305
1.114
1.587
2.150
2.806
3.556
5.340
7.498
1.002
2.761
5.177
8.084
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
1.0047
1.0033
0.9944
0.9830
0.9712
0.9599
0.9401
0.9240
0.9108
0.8639
0.8233
0.7833
Nitrogen, N2
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
1.5299
1.2498
1.0564
0.9149
0.8068
0.7215
0.5956
0.5072
0.4416
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502
957.3
1035
1042
1041
1043
1050
1070
1095
1120
1213
1266
1297
0.02001
0.02384
0.02746
0.03090
0.03416
0.03727
0.04309
0.04848
0.05358
0.07938
0.11793
0.18590
1.366
1.843
2.494
3.244
4.058
4.921
6.758
8.727
1.083
2.440
4.839
9.543
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Oxygen, O2
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
1.7475
1.4277
1.2068
1.0451
0.9216
0.8242
0.6804
0.5793
0.5044
0.3063
0.2199
0.1716
984.4
928.7
921.7
931.8
947.6
964.7
997.1
1025
1048
1121
1165
1201
0.02067
0.02472
0.02867
0.03254
0.03637
0.04014
0.04751
0.05463
0.06148
0.09198
0.11901
0.14705
1.201
1.865
2.577
3.342
4.164
5.048
7.003
9.204
1.163
2.678
4.643
7.139
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
Water Vapor, H2O
⫺50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
0.9839
0.8038
0.6794
0.5884
0.5189
0.4640
0.3831
0.3262
0.2840
0.1725
0.1238
0.0966
1892
1874
1874
1887
1908
1935
1997
2066
2137
2471
2736
2928
0.01353
0.01673
0.02032
0.02429
0.02861
0.03326
0.04345
0.05467
0.06677
0.13623
0.21301
0.29183
7.271
1.110
1.596
2.187
2.890
3.705
5.680
8.114
1.100
3.196
6.288
1.032
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
10⫺6
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺4
10⫺3
Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of p at the given temperature by r and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd
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3:29 PM
Page 887
887
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–17
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
Altitude,
z, m
Temperature,
T , ⬚C
Pressure,
P, kPa
Gravity
g, m/s2
Speed of
Sound,
c, m/s
Density,
r, kg/m3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
8000
9000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
15.00
13.70
12.40
11.10
9.80
8.50
7.20
5.90
4.60
3.30
2.00
0.70
⫺0.59
⫺1.89
⫺3.19
⫺4.49
⫺5.79
⫺7.09
⫺8.39
⫺9.69
⫺10.98
⫺12.3
⫺13.6
⫺14.9
⫺16.2
⫺17.5
⫺18.8
⫺20.1
⫺21.4
⫺22.7
⫺24.0
⫺25.3
⫺26.6
⫺27.9
⫺29.2
⫺30.5
⫺36.9
⫺43.4
⫺49.9
⫺56.5
⫺56.5
⫺56.5
⫺56.5
101.33
98.95
96.61
94.32
92.08
89.88
87.72
85.60
83.53
81.49
79.50
77.55
75.63
73.76
71.92
70.12
68.36
66.63
64.94
63.28
61.66
60.07
58.52
57.00
55.51
54.05
52.62
51.23
49.86
48.52
47.22
45.94
44.69
43.47
42.27
41.11
35.65
30.80
26.50
19.40
14.17
10.53
7.57
9.807
9.806
9.805
9.805
9.804
9.804
9.803
9.802
9.802
9.801
9.800
9.800
9.799
9.799
9.798
9.797
9.797
9.796
9.796
9.795
9.794
9.794
9.793
9.793
9.792
9.791
9.791
9.790
9.789
9.785
9.788
9.788
9.787
9.786
9.785
9.785
9.782
9.779
9.776
9.770
9.764
9.758
9.751
340.3
339.5
338.8
338.0
337.2
336.4
335.7
334.9
334.1
333.3
332.5
331.7
331.0
330.2
329.4
328.6
327.8
327.0
326.2
325.4
324.6
323.8
323.0
322.2
321.4
320.5
319.7
318.9
318.1
317.3
316.5
315.6
314.8
314.0
313.1
312.3
308.1
303.8
299.5
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1
1.225
1.202
1.179
1.156
1.134
1.112
1.090
1.069
1.048
1.027
1.007
0.987
0.967
0.947
0.928
0.909
0.891
0.872
0.854
0.837
0.819
0.802
0.785
0.769
0.752
0.736
0.721
0.705
0.690
0.675
0.660
0.646
0.631
0.617
0.604
0.590
0.526
0.467
0.414
0.312
0.228
0.166
0.122
Viscosity
m, kg/m·s
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m·K
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
⫻
0.0253
0.0252
0.0252
0.0251
0.0250
0.0249
0.0248
0.0247
0.0245
0.0244
0.0243
0.0242
0.0241
0.0240
0.0239
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0233
0.0232
0.0231
0.0230
0.0229
0.0228
0.0227
0.0226
0.0224
0.0223
0.0222
0.0221
0.0220
0.0219
0.0218
0.0217
0.0212
0.0206
0.0201
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
1.789
1.783
1.777
1.771
1.764
1.758
1.752
1.745
1.739
1.732
1.726
1.720
1.713
1.707
1.700
1.694
1.687
1.681
1.674
1.668
1.661
1.655
1.648
1.642
1.635
1.628
1.622
1.615
1.608
1.602
1.595
1.588
1.582
1.575
1.568
1.561
1.527
1.493
1.458
1.422
1.422
1.422
1.422
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
10⫺5
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45⬚ latitude and varies
with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z ⫽ 0) are taken to be P ⫽ 101.325 kPa, T ⫽ 15⬚C, r ⫽ 1.2250 kg/m3,
g ⫽ 9.80665 m2/s.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–18
Emissivities of surfaces
(a) Metals
Material
Aluminum
Polished
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Anodized
Bismuth, bright
Brass
Highly polished
Polished
Dull plate
Oxidized
Chromium, polished
Copper
Highly polished
Polished
Commercial sheet
Oxidized
Black oxidized
Gold
Highly polished
Bright foil
Iron
Highly polished
Case iron
Wrought iron
Rusted
Oxidized
Lead
Polished
Unoxidized, rough
Oxidized
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,
e
300–900
400
400–800
300
350
0.04–0.06
0.09
0.20–0.33
0.8
0.34
500–650
350
300–600
450–800
300–1400
0.03–0.04
0.09
0.22
0.6
0.08–0.40
300
300–500
300
600–1000
300
0.02
0.04–0.05
0.15
0.5–0.8
0.78
300–1000
300
0.03–0.06
0.07
300–500
300
300–500
300
500–900
0.05–0.07
0.44
0.28
0.61
0.64–0.78
300–500
300
300
0.06–0.08
0.43
0.63
Material
Magnesium, polished
Mercury
Molybdenum
Polished
Oxidized
Nickel
Polished
Oxidized
Platinum, polished
Silver, polished
Stainless steel
Polished
Lightly oxidized
Highly oxidized
Steel
Polished sheet
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Tin, polished
Tungsten
Polished
Filament
Zinc
Polished
Oxidized
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,
e
300–500
300–400
0.07–0.13
0.09–0.12
300–2000
600–800
0.05–0.21
0.80–0.82
500–1200
450–1000
500–1500
300–1000
0.07–0.17
0.37–0.57
0.06–0.18
0.02–0.07
300–1000
600–1000
600–1000
0.17–0.30
0.30–0.40
0.70–0.80
300–500
500–1200
300
300
0.08–0.14
0.20–0.32
0.81
0.05
300–2500
3500
0.03–0.29
0.39
300–800
300
0.02–0.05
0.25
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–18
Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded)
(b) Nonmetals
Material
Alumina
Aluminum oxide
Asbestos
Asphalt pavement
Brick
Common
Fireclay
Carbon filament
Cloth
Concrete
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Pyroceram
Ice
Magnesium oxide
Masonry
Paints
Aluminum
Black, lacquer, shiny
Oils, all colors
Red primer
White acrylic
White enamel
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,
e
800–1400
600–1500
300
300
0.65–0.45
0.69–0.41
0.96
0.85–0.93
300
1200
2000
300
300
0.93–0.96
0.75
0.53
0.75–0.90
0.88–0.94
300
300–1200
300–1500
273
400–800
300
0.90–0.95
0.82–0.62
0.85–0.57
0.95–0.99
0.69–0.55
0.80
300
300
300
300
300
300
0.40–0.50
0.88
0.92–0.96
0.93
0.90
0.90
Material
Paper, white
Plaster, white
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Rubber
Hard
Soft
Sand
Silicon carbide
Skin, human
Snow
Soil, earth
Soot
Teflon
Water, deep
Wood
Beech
Oak
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,
e
300
300
300
300
0.90
0.93
0.92
0.93
300
300
300
600–1500
300
273
300
300–500
300–500
273–373
0.93
0.86
0.90
0.87–0.85
0.95
0.80–0.90
0.93–0.96
0.95
0.85–0.92
0.95–0.96
300
300
0.94
0.90
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–19
Solar radiative properties of materials
Description/composition
Aluminum
Polished
Anodized
Quartz-overcoated
Foil
Brick, red (Purdue)
Concrete
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new
Oxidized, weathered
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered
Low iron oxide type
Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective)
Metal, plated
Black sulfide
Black cobalt oxide
Black nickel oxide
Black chrome
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Paper, white
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness
Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface)
Roofing tiles, bright red
Dry surface
Wet surface
Sand, dry
Off-white
Dull red
Snow
Fine particles, fresh
Ice granules
Steel
Mirror-finish
Heavily rusted
Stone (light pink)
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness
Wood
Solar
Absorptivity, as
Emissivity, e,
at 300 K
Ratio,
as /e
0.09
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.63
0.60
0.03
0.84
0.37
0.05
0.93
0.88
3.0
0.17
0.30
3.0
0.68
0.68
0.65
0.80
0.13
0.28
5.0
2.9
Solar
Transmissivity, ts
0.79
0.88
0.40
0.88
0.92
0.93
0.92
0.87
0.10
0.30
0.08
0.09
0.45
9.2
3.1
11
9.7
0.87
0.98
0.26
0.16
0.27
0.98
0.90
0.93
0.83
1.0
0.29
0.17
0.32
0.26
0.85
0.30
0.65
0.88
0.85
0.91
0.76
0.96
0.52
0.73
0.82
0.86
0.63
0.82
0.13
0.33
0.82
0.89
0.16
0.37
0.41
0.89
0.65
0.05
0.92
0.87
8.2
0.96
0.74
0.90
0.92
0.92
0.59
0.90
0.66
Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, “Solar Properties of Some Building Elements,” Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805–810, and other sources.
0.1
4 5 6
8 104
2(104) 3 4 5 6
0
0.9–9
0.5
0.01
0.0015
0.26
0.15
0.046
0.002
0.045
mm
Roughness, e
2(105) 3 4 5 6
Reynolds number, Re
8 105
Smooth pipes
e/D = 0
2(106) 3 4 5 6
e/D = 0.000001
8 106
Fully rough turbulent flow (f levels off)
flow are evaluated from the Colebrook equation
冢
冣
␧/D
2.51
1
⫽⫺2log10
⫹
.
3.7
Re 兹f
兹f
2(107) 3 4 5 6
0.00001
8 108
0.00005
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.01
0.008
0.015
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Relative roughness, e/D
2
L rV
. Friction factors in the turbulent
D 2
8 107
e/D = 0.000005
The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes for use in the head loss relation ⌬PL⫽ f
2(103) 3
0
0.003–0.03
0.0016
0.000033
0.000005
0.00085
0.0005
0.00015
0.000007
0.00015
Glass, plastic
Concrete
Wood stave
Rubber, smoothed
Copper or brass tubing
Cast iron
Galvanized iron
Wrought iron
Stainless steel
Commercial steel
103
ft
FIGURE A–20
0.008
0.009
i
Material
e
0.01
64/R
0.015
,f=
low
nar f
0.02
Transitional Turbulent
flow
flow
3:29 PM
0.025
0.03
Laminar
flow
Lam
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
1/8/10
Darcy friction factor, f
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APPENDIX 1