ARCH 242: BUILDING HISTORY II
Renaissance & Baroque: Rise & Evolution of the Architect
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AGENDA FOR TODAY . . .
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
- The Artisan Architect
- Linear Perspective
- Church Components
- Santa Maria del Fiore
- Architectural Problems
- Santo Spirito
- Pazzi Chapel in Santa Croce
- Discuss
- San Lorenzo
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FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446
- Born in Florence, Italy
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FLORENCE, ITALY
Florence
Modern map of Italy Map of Tuscany by Ignazio Danti 1580-1581
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FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446
- Born in Florence, Italy
- Engineer, Goldsmith, Clockworker, Etc.
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GUILDS OF FLORENCE
- Guilds were secular, regimented organizations formed to preserve the rights of their members.
- Basically, two types of guilds:
1- Merchant Guilds
2- Craft Guilds
- In Florence, levels of Guilds existed as a result of chronology.
1- Greater Guilds (1190s): Judges, Lawyers, Notaries, Bankers, Silk Weavers & Merchants, Merchants, Finishers, Dyers, Wool, Manufacturers & Merchants, Physicians & Pharmacists,
Furriers, and Skinners
2- Intermediate Guilds (early 1200’s): Butchers, Grazers, , Master Stonemasons, Tailors
Wood-carvers, Linen Manufacturers, Cloth retailers, Blacksmiths, Shoemakers
3- Lesser Guilds (late 1200’s): Vintners, Innkeepers, Curriers, Tanners, Bakers, & Millers, Olive Oil Merchants, Saddlers, Harness-Makers, Locksmiths, Toolmakers, Armourers, Swordsmiths,
Carpenters
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ARTE DELLA LANA
Wool Guild of Florence
- In 1239 Umiliati monks arrived in Florence and started Florence’s wool
industry.
- During the Renaissance, much of Florence’s wealth came from the wool
industry.
- In the 1330’s Florence’s Wool Guild takes over responsibility for building and funding Florence’s Cathedral.
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FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446
- Born in Florence, Italy
- Engineer, Goldsmith, Clockworker, Etc.
- First Architect to be named
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FROM GOLDSMITH TO ARCHITECT
Competition for the Bronze Doors of the
Baptistery of San Giovanni
- In 1401, the Guild of Cloth sponsors
the competition.
- Each candidate was given 4 sheets of
Bronze & asked to execute a scene with
the subject of Abraham’s sacrifice of
Isaac described in Genesis 22:12-13.
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RIVALRY
Filippo Brunelleschi -vs- Lorenzo Ghiberti
- The competition is narrowed down from 7 to 2.
- Ghiberti apprenticed under Bartoluccio.
- Brunelleschi & Ghiberti work in two very
different approaches.
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LORENZO GHIBERTI WINS
Ghiberti, 1401, Abraham’s Sacrifice of Isaac
Brunelleschi, 1401, The Sacrifice of Isaac
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BRUNELLESCHI IN ROME
Engraving by Aegidius Sadeler II, Palatine Hill in Rome, 1606
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BRUNELLESCHI IN ROME
Pantheon, erected in 1st Century AD, Rome
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LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
A mathematical system in which the illusion
of space is created on a two-dimensional
surface.
- Horizon line:
runs across the canvas at eye level. It is
where sky meets ground.
- Vanishing Point:
located near the center of the
horizon line. All orthogonal lines
merge to the vanishing point.
Filippo Brunelleschi’s Perspective Technique from a Lost Painting of the Battistero di San Giovanni
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BRUNELLESCHI’S EXPERIMENT
See “Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi’s Experiment”
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FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446
- Born in Florence, Italy
- Engineer, Goldsmith, Clockworker, Etc.
- First Architect to be named
- The Artisan Architect
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FLORENCE, ITALY
01 Santa Maria del Fiore
02 San Lorenzo
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03 Santo Spirito
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04 Pazzi Chapel
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03
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TERMINOLOGY
Components of a church, using Chartres Cathedral as an example.
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FACADE
A single exterior side of a building. In most cases, it is the “front” of the building.
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NARTHEX
The entrance or lobby area.
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NAVE
The primary approach to the apse or altar.
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SIDE AISLES
Lateral aisles other than the nave.
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TRANSEPT
Separates the nave from the choir and apse.
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CROSSING
The junction of the nave, choir, and transept.
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CHOIR
The space near the altar which is allotted for clergy or singers.
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APSE
A semi-circular or polygonal termination to the choir or aisles of the church.
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ALTAR
The “holiest” place in a Christian church.
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AMBULATORY
A place of procession around the altar.
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APSIDAL CHAPEL
An “extra” sanctuary in which other altars may be placed.
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SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436
- In 1296, the original cathedral was begun
by Arnolfo Cambio.
- In 1357, Francesco Talenti enlarges and
modifies the plan.
- Talenti’s plan calls for an eight-sided conical dome, without buttressing.
- On August 19, 1418, the Wool Guild opens
a public competition for vaulting for the
new dome.
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SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436
- In 1420, a technical solution for vaulting
that was proposed by Brunelleschi was
approved.
- A double-shelled structure.
- Vertical stone ribs reinforce the structure.
-Horizontal reinforcement consists of
stone & iron tension chains (one of wood)
that are partially visible.
- Brunelleschi provides for future
maintenance.
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SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436
- Dome was built without centering.
- Dome was built in a psuedo-circular plan,
similar to the Pantheon.
- Brunelleschi invents new machines and
technologies to achieve construction.
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SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, 1420-1436
- Brunelleschi remained on site during
construction.
- New structural and engineering technologies would go on to be used in
other domes, such as Saint Peter’s in Rome.
- In 1436, it was the highest and widest vault
ever to be raised.
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ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS
Lunette with Piazza del Duomo by the Italian School
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ARCHITECTURAL QUESTIONS
- How does one deal with a section?
- How does one layout a plan?
- How does one turn a corner?
- How does one create an opening?
- How does the roof meet the sky?
- How does the foundation meet the ground?
- How does one deal with the component to the whole?
i.e. How does the house relate to the street? How does the street relate to the neighborhood?
How does the neighborhood related to the city?
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ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE
How does one implement linear perspective architecturally? How does one see?
San Lorenzo, 1421-1428
Santo Spirito , 1428-1482
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SIMILAR STRUCTURES
Both are Gothic structures, but space and structure are perceived differently.
San Lorenzo, 1421-1428
Santo Spirito , 1428-1482
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SAN LORENZO, 1421-1428
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SAN LORENZO, 1421-1428
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SAN LORENZO, 1421-1428
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SANTO SPIRITO, 1428-1482
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SANTO SPIRITO, 1428-1482
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WALL TREATMENT
San Lorenzo, 1421-1428
Santo Spirito , 1428-1482
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ELONGATED - VS- SHORTENED PERSPECTIVE
San Lorenzo, 1421-1428
Santo Spirito , 1428-1482
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PAZZI CHAPEL, BUILT AFTER 1442
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FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446
Florence, Italy
Questions?
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