GEOLOGY 12
STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER 2 MINERALS AND ROCKS
Name __________________
Major Concepts
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The atomic structure of an element determines how it can bond with other elements to
form compounds.
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid element or compound with a definite
composition, and most importantly, an orderly arrangement of atoms.
The composition and structure of minerals may be reflected in their physical
properties.
Silicate minerals are the largest group of minerals in the earth's crust.
Nonsilicate mineral groups are defined by some chemical constituent or characteristic
that all members of a given group have in common.
Rocks are solid, cohesive aggregates of one or more minerals (or mineral materials).
Terms and Phrases
amphibole
anion
atomic mass number
atomic number
carbonates
cation
chain structure
cleavage
covalent bond
crystal form
crystalline
electron
native element
feldspars
neutron
ferromagnesian
nucleus
glass
olivine
halides
oxide
ion
permeability
ionic bond
plastic deformation
isotopes
polymorph
luster
proton
micas
pyroxene
Moh's Hardness Scale
rock cycle
sheet structure
silicates
silica tetrahedron
solid solution
specific gravity
streak
sulfate
sulfide
Introductory Assignments
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Define or explain the terms and phrases listed above.
Rewrite the Summary on page 34 in point form.
Review chapter by paying special attention to the diagrams, photos and their
captions. Read text for clarification.
Complete the Main Topic Questions below.
Highlight the main ideas on reading supplements (see handouts).
Main Topic Questions (in class)
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Which terms describe components of atomic structure?
Which terms are used to understand how elements are defined and how they bond?
Which terms are related to the general definition of a mineral or are properties of minerals?
Which terms are examples of silicate minerals or silicate structures?
Which terms are examples of non-silicate mineral families?
Which terms are used to classify rocks and to describe rock properties?
cont’d…
Assignments and Activities
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Graphing Activity - Elements In The Earth’s Crust
CDROM – The Wonders of Rocks and Minerals (Mineral section only)
Lab Exercise Two – Mineral Identification (summary chart and follow-up questions)
Questions for Review p.35 (see below)
Chapter 2 WS
Questions for Review (see text p.35)
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What are isotopes?
Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.
How is a mineral defined? What are the two key identifying characteristics of a
mineral?
What is the phenomenon of solid solution, and how does it affect the definition of a
mineral?
Explain the limitations of using color as a tool in mineral identification. Cite and
explain any three other physical characteristics that might aid in mineral identification.
What is the basic structural unit of all the silicate minerals? Describe the basic
structural arrangements of the following: chain silicates, sheet silicates, and
framework silicates.
Give the compositional characteristic common to each of these non-silicate mineral
groups: carbonates, sulfides, and oxides.
Follow-Up and Evaluation
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Mineralogy Crossword
Mineral ID Test
Chapter 2 Quiz
Minerals and Resources Test
(Chapters 1, 2, 20 & 21 and Outcomes A, B & F or 15%)
Chapter 2
Study Guide
Page 2
"Must Know" Minerals
♦ Use the following properties in identifying minerals:
simple crystal shape
cleavage
fracture
hardness
color
streak
luster
specific gravity (relative density)
special properties, such as reaction to dilute HCI and magnetism
♦ Use appropriate references and tests to describe and identify the following minerals:
1. silicates and aluminosilicates:
quartz and varieties of quartz
potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar
muscovite, biotite, and talc
augite (pyroxene) and hornblende (amphibole)
garnet
asbestos
olivine
2. oxides:
hematite, limonite, magnetite
3. sulphides:
pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, bornite
4. carbonates and sulphates:
calcite, malachite, azurite, gypsum
5. native elements, halides and phosphates:
graphite, gold, halite, fluorite, apatite
Chapter 2
Study Guide
Page 3