Anatomy LEOCT review
1. ANATOMY -the study of the structure (morphology, form)
of body parts
PHYSIOLOGY - the study of the function of body parts.
2.
Atom – C, H, O
Molecule - H2O, etc
Macromolecule – Proteins, Nucleic acids
Organelle – Ribosomes, Nucleus, etc
Cell – Nerve cells, Skin cells
Tissue – Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, etc
Organ – Stomach, Brain, etc
Organ system – Nervous, Digestive, etc
Organism
3. Synthesis – The making of a compound.
Also called anabolism
The joining of amino acids to form a protein.
The joining of glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat
molecule.
(Dehydration synthesis reaction)
Decomposition – The breaking down of molecules or
Compounds to form smaller molecules.
Also called catabolism
The breaking down of a complex carbohydrate
(starch) into monosaccharides (glucose molecules)
(Hydrolysis reaction)
4. Mitosis – Cell division in all somatic (body)
cells. The chromosome number stays the
same. (46
46)
Meiosis – Cell division that takes place in the
reproductive organs to form sperm or
egg cells. The chromosome number is reduced
to half. (46
23)
5. They catalyze chemical reactions, they are
substrate specific.
They bind to the substrate and is released
when the chemical reaction is completed.
•Animations of Active
Transport & Passive
Transport
6. Types of transport
•
Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
•
Weeee!!
!
high
low
Active Transport
cell does use energy
1. Protein Pumps
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis
This is
gonna
be hard
work!!
high
low
7. Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth muscle
Heavily striated
Voluntary control, found in skeletal muscles,
Help with movement, maintaining of posture,
Produces heat.
Finely striated
Involuntary control, found in wall or heart,
causes heart to contract and pump blood.
Nonstriated
Involuntary control, found in walls of hollow
organs and blood vessels, causes movement
of internal organs, blood vessels
8.
Soma – body of neuron
Axon – carries impulses away from
neuron
Dendrite – carries impulses to neuron
9. Cells far apart
Have matrix (intercellular material-fluids, fibers, etc…)
between cells.
Types
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
10.Temp rises - dermal blood vessels dilate,
Sweat glands secrete sweat (heat from the blood
escape to the outer environment, evaporation of
sweat cools body off) – leads to a drop in body temp
to normal.
Temp drops – dermal blood vessels constrict, sweat
glands remain inactive, arrector pili muscles
contract causing goose bumps and allow the hair
follicles to stand on end – leads to a rise in body
temp to normal.
. Epidermis
• Dermis - “true skin”
• Subcutaneous layer
• 11
12. By the type of tissue that binds the
bones at each junction.
Also according to the degree of
movement possible at the bony junction.
Axial: 80 bones
Skull - face and cranium
Earbones - 3
Hyoid bone - in neck,
not attached to any other bone
helps in tongue movement
Spinal column
Sternum and ribs
Appendicular skeleton - 126 bones
Upper extremities and Lower
extremities
that connect to the:
Pectoral girdle - scapula and
clavicle (shoulder) and
Pelvic girdle - hips
14. Diaphysis
Main shaft
Strong support
Hollow = decrease in weight
Epiphysis
Ends of long bone
Bulbous shape allows for muscle attachment and gives stability to
joints
Contains spongy tissue
15. Epiphysis of the long bone
16.
Skull – Male is larger and heavier, forehead is shorter,
Facial are less round, jaw larger.
Pelvis – Female hips are broader, Pelvic cavity is wider,
Pelvis bones of female are lighter and more delicate.
Coccyx – Male coccyx is less movable than female.
•17. A nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon at the
neuromuscular junction – forms a motor end plate.
•The synaptic cleft separates the membrane of the neuron and the
membrane of the muscle fiber.
•When nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, Ach (Acetylcholine) is
released into the synaptic cleft.
This stimulates the muscle fiber and causes a muscle impulse.
•Sarcolemma is stimulated.
•Calcium channels open and Ca ions are released
•Specific sites on actin fibers are exposed.
•Actin and myosin form linkages
•Actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by myosin
cross bridges.
•Muscle fiber shortens and contracts
For animation of muscle contraction – See this website
http://www.dnatube.com/video/5034/Contraction-of-musclefunction-of-neuromuscular-junction
18.
Trapezius
Anterior
Muscles
Posterior
Muscles
• Central Nervous System
19.
• brain
• spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
• nerves
• cranial nerves
• spinal nerves
•Neurons
20 • Neuroglial cells
Different types of neurons: (By function)
•Afferent (sensory) - to cord or brain
•Efferent (motor) - away from cord or brain
•Interneurons (synapse between 1 and 2) - from afferent to efferent (from
sensory to motor)
AND
(By Type)
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar
Neuroglial cells – May stimulate neurons in the embryo to specialize.
Produce growth factors that nourish neurons, remove ions and
Neurotransmitters that accumulate between neurons enabling them to
continue transmitting information.
21. Afferent – carry nerve impulses from the peripheral
body parts to the brain or spinal cord
Efferent – carry nerve impulses from the brain or spinal
cord to the effectors (muscles or glands).
22. Resting potential – difference in electrical charge
between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve
cell membrane.
Action potential – sequence of electrical changes that
occurs in a portion of a nerve cell membrane that is
exposed to a stimulus that exceeds the membrane’s
threshold.
23. Taste (Gustatory senses)
Taste Buds
• organs of taste
• located on papillae of tongue, roof
of mouth, linings of cheeks, and
walls of pharynx
Taste Receptors
• chemoreceptors
• taste cells – modified epithelial cells that function as
receptors
• taste hairs – microvilli that protrude from taste cells;
sensitive parts of taste cells
• Hearing
•Auricle
• Collects sounds waves
• Flap on the side of the head
• External auditory meatus
• Ear canal
• Carries sound to tympanic membrane
• Terminates with tympanic membrane
• Tympanic membrane
• Ear drum
• Vibrates in response to sound waves
• Separates external from middle ear
Middle ear:
•Three auditory ossicles (bones)
• Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane
• Malleus, incus, and stapes
Inner ear:
•Cochlea
• Functions in hearing
• Semicircular canals
• Functions in equilibrium
• Vestibule
• Functions in equilibrium
Sight:
Visual Accessory Organs
• Eyelids
• Lacrimal apparatus
• Extrinsic eye muscles
•Lacrimal gland (tear gland)
• lateral to eye
• secretes tears
Sight (continue)
Coats of the eye ball:
Outer tunic:
Cornea
• anterior portion
• transparent
No blood vessels
Sclera
• posterior portion
• opaque
• protection
Middle tunic:
Iris
• anterior portion
• pigmented
• controls light intensity
Ciliary body
• anterior portion
• pigmented
• holds lens
• moves lens for focusing
Choroid coat
• provides blood supply
• pigments absorb extra light
Inner tunic:
•Retina
• contains visual receptors - Rods and Cones
• continuous with optic nerve
• ends just behind margin of the ciliary body
• composed of several layers
Smell:
Olfactory Receptors
• chemoreceptors
• respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids
Olfactory Organs
• contain olfactory receptors and supporting
epithelial cells
• cover parts of nasal cavity, superior nasal
conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum
24. Location:
Lies within the mediastinum - behind sternum (rests on
diaphragm).
2/3 of the heart is on the left side of the body.
Structure:
•
Coverings
Pericardium - sac around the heart - loose-fitting
Fibrous - tough white outer covering,
Serous parietal - smooth lining of the fibrous sac.
Epicardium - covers surface of the heart - smooth
Also called serous visceral pericardium
Pericardial space - area between pericardium and epicardium
Contains fluid - pericardial fluid
Lubricates beating heart
• The wall of the heart:
Epicardium – reduces friction.
Myocardium – thick contractile middle layer, high in mitochondria.
Endocardium – delicate inner layer.
•
Cavities
Upper – atria
Lower – ventricles
•Valves and Openings
Blood flows in one direction.
Cuspid valves – between cavities.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve - left cavities.
Tricuspid valve - right cavities.
The semi-lunar valve moves blood out of the heart to the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
Function:
Pump blood through the body.
Blood flow (remember ‘Pump your blood’ song!) ☺
• CO2 rich blood enters right atrium
• Tricuspid valve to right ventricle
• Pulmonary artery
• CO2 is given off in lungs, exchanged with O2
• O2 rich blood enters left atrium through the pulmonary veins
• Bicuspid valve
• Left ventricle
• Aorta
• Arteries
• Aterioles
• Capillaries – gives off O2, picks up CO2 – venules – veins – Vena
cavae – right atrium
25. Arteries – strong, elastic vessels, adapted for carrying blood
away from the heart under high pressure. Walls have 3 distinct layers
Subdivide into thinner tubes and form aterioles
Capillaries – smallest blood vessels. Connect smallest arterioles
and the smallest venules.
Venules – microsopic vessels that continue from capillaries and
merge to form veins.
Veins - carry blood back to the heart. Walls of veins are similar to
those of arteries in that they compose of 3 distinct layers, but the
middle layer is poorly developed and they consequently
have thinner walls that contain less smooth muscle.
26. Plasma = fluid portion of blood.
55% of the blood’s volume
90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% acids and salts.
Blood Cells:
Erythrocytes – red blood cells (rbc) (99%)
Leukocytes – white blood cells (.2%)
Thrombocytes – platelets (.6 – 1%)
27. There are four different types of blood
A, B, AB, O
They are determined by the protein (antigen) found on the red
blood cell membrane.
28. Respiratory system:
Air Distributor
Gas exchanger
Filters, warms, and humidifies air
Influences speech
Allows for sense of smell
Urinary system:
Waste removal
Maintains water and electrolyte balance
Regulates pH
Digestive system:
Preparation of food for absorption and use by the millions of body cells
Endocrine system releases hormones that:
Regulate metabolic processes
Control rates of certain chemical reactions
Transport across cell membrane
Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Roles in reproduction, development, and growth
Lymphatic system:
Transports excess fluid away from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.
Also help defend the body against infections.
Reproductive system:
Makes gametes – sperm and ova
32. Brain is covered with the hard bony cranium
The brain has 3 membranes (meninges)covering it:
Dura Mater - outer, white fibrous tissue
Arachnoid Membrane - cobwebby, middle
Pia Mater - adheres to brain, transparent
Divisions of the brain:
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
oblongata
Brain stem
28
ERROR: stackunderflow
OFFENDING COMMAND: ~
STACK: