RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
• International customary law, as
• A nation
is a
•
The
term
peoples
defined in the UN Charter, the
historically
should
include
International Covenant on
constituted, stable
Economic, Social and Cultural nations/nationalities,
national
minorities,
community
of people,
Rights, and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political ethnic
minorities,
formed
on the basis of
Rights, affirms the right of all and
indigenous
a common
language,
peoples to self determination, peoples, all of whom
territory, economic
by virtue of which they freely have the inalienable
life, and psychological
determine their political
right
to
self
make-up
manifested
status and freely pursue their
determination.
in a common culture.
economic, social and cultural
development.
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of
Maguindanao
Pat a Pangampong
ku Ranaw
HISTORY OF
RESISTANCE
The 1896 Revolution helped in
stopping Spanish expansionism
to Mindanao.
HISTORY OF
COLONIALISM
Kiram-Bates
Treaty (1899)
“FRIENDLY RELATIONS”
Treaty of Paris 1898
•Respect Religion and Tradition
•Recognition of Religious and Political Authority
Monthly Allowance:
•$250 for the sultan
•$60-$75 for each datu
In exhange ----- x Moro weapons
x Piracy & Slavery
COLONIAL INJUSTICE
SYSTEMATIC LAND GRABBING
•Land Registration Act of 1902 (Torrens
Titling vs Adat – no ownership)
•Philippine Bill of 1902 (16 has vs 1,634 has)
•Public Land Act of 1903 – unregistered
become Public Lands
BUD DAJO MASSACRE (1906)
- More than 1,000 Moro men,
women and children dead
BUD BAGSAK
MASSACRE (SULU, 1913)
Americanization of
Bangsamoro
June 1903 – MORO PROVINCE
(Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao & Sulu)
•
Kategorya ng mga probinsya -“sibilisado” at “di-sibilisado.”
1912 – Pensionado: 200 Moro youth
schooled in America
•Undermined authority of Imam and
Shariah
•Imposed Cedula vs. drakat (zakat) of
agama.
•Prohibition of Madrasah-- Arabic &
Qur’an
•1911- prohibition of weapons
•Agricultural Corporations – more than
1,634 hectares
•1913 to 1917 - Seven Agricultural
Colonies: Pikit, Silik, Paidu Pulangi,
Pagalungam, Glan (Cotabato Province)
& Momungan Lanao
FOREIGN-OWNED PLANTATIONS AND RESETTLEMENTS
YEAR
NAME OF COMPANY
HECTARES
1906
Davao P lanters Association
(Abaca, Coconut, Rubber)
1910
159 European and American
Plantations
1926
Del Monte Corp (Bukidnon)
(Pineapple)
1,024 sa
simula-- 7,922
expansion
1914
Weyerhauser (Maguindanao)
- Logging concession
72,000 has
1929
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co
(Zamboanga) –rubber plantation
1937
Dole (Cotabato)- Pineapple
Findlay Miller (Lanao) logging
Lianga Bay Logging (Surigao)
1,000,000 (?)
39,489
7,750
6,818
• 1st Cotabato Valley –
Christians 16 has vs. 8
has Moro families
• 1930 – 17 agricultural
settlements in Cotabato,
Davao, Zamboanga del
Sur, Agusan & Lanao
• Plantations for Export ,
mining and logging.
Coconut and sugar mills
• Cooper Act of 1902
• Act 2254 & Act 2280 1913
•
Public Land Act No. 2874 of 1919
• Commonwealth Act No.
141 of 1936
• Act No. 141
ACT No. 141 (American Administration)
• 4 has for Moros
• 24 for Christians
• 1,024 has for corporations
In 1935, a group of
Maranaw datus
petitioned for a
separate state
from President
Roosevelt. Even
earlier, some
prominent Sulu
sultans also made
a "declaration of
rights and
purposes" asking
for some
independence for
Sulu.
1946 – Republic of the Philippines
1948-1960
roughly 1.2
million
Filipinos
migrated to
Mindanao
NATIONAL OPPRESSION
JABIDDAH
MASSACRE
•
•
•
•
MAR Settlements
Five-Year Plan State-Directed
Settlement Policy (1975-1980)
1960-1970, estimated 362,000
people migrated to Mindanao • Tawi-Tawi Balimbing-Bongao
1975 – another 106,912
• Sulu Panamao-Talipao-Patikul
hectares for public resettlement
• Basilan Lamitan-Sumisip-Maluso
in Mindanao
1977 Philippine Ministry of
• ZdlNorte Liloy-Salug-Sindangan
Agrarian Reform (MAR) - 44
settlement w/ area 734,825 ha • Lanao del Norte and Sur
and 49,898 settler families
• Cotabato Province
March 18, 1968
28-64 Moro
youth were
killed in
Corregidor Island
due to OPLAN
MERDEKA
1969 – 1972 : Creation of MNLF
December 23, 1976 – TRIPOLI AGREEMENT,
essentially giving up independence and
settling for autonomy in Maguindanao and
Sulu (MINSUPALA)
July 1977- 1986: AFP’s “search and
destroy" but Moro defended territories
1971 to 1976 of military operations, 50,000
to 80,000 died and 300,000 displaced
1983 – MNLF split between Misuari and
Hashim Salamat
Post Martial Law:
1986-1991
1987 Constitution --Creation of the ARMM;
integration of some
Sharia laws in the fields
of customary and
marriage laws;
GRP formula for peace
negotiation is US and Japan’s
recipe for intervention:
Demobilization
Disarmament
Reintegration/Rehabilitation
1996 GRP-MNLF FINAL PEACE
AGREEMENT,
Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao and Southern Philippines
Council for Peace and Development;
SZOPAD
RA 9094 Expanded ARMM
March 1984 - Ustadz Hashim Salamat
publicly announced the split from
Misauri-led MNLF and established the
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
Four Point Program:
•Islamization
•Strengthen organization
•Military Strength
•Self Reliance
1999: GRP-MILF Peace Negotiations
Ceasefire – GRP violations
33 Major Camps and Satellite Camps:
Abubakre and Bushra
CPP-NPA-NDFP in Mindanao
1964 – KABATAAN MAKABAYAN
(Moro Recruits)
CP
P
ARMAS
1970’s Guerilla Zones and Basees in
Mindanao, including Moro and
Lumad areas
1982 – Moro Revolutionary
Organization (MRO) and Moro
Revolutionary Army (MRA)
CNL
MAKIBAKA
Kabataang
Makabayan
1989 Rectification Movement
1999 NDF-MILF Tactical Alliance
RCTU
2005 – Moro Resistance and
Liberation Organization
VICTIMS OF
NATIONAL
OPPRESSION
Christian Settlers - 13 Million
Moro Population - 3.7 Million
Lumad Population - 2.1 Million
ARMM – 2.4 Million inhabitants
Mindanao Tri-People
Muslim
Christian
Settlers
72%
20%
8%
IPs
Lumad 18
Ethnolinguistic
Groups
Moro 13 tribes
BANGSAMORO: Thirteen
Ethnolinguistic groups
Palawanis & Molbog
Kalbogan
Jama
Mapun
Badjao
Yakan
Maranao
Iranon
Maguindanao
Tausug
Samal/Sama Bangingi
Kalagan
Sangir
LUMAD: Eighteen
Ethnolinguistic groups
MAMANWA
7,1800
MANOBO
250,000
HIGAONON 265,000
SUBANEN 858,970
TIGWAHANON 36,128
BANWAON
5,000
DIBABAWON
81,997
LUMAD are the 18
ethnolinguistic
tribes found in
Mindanao
TALAANDIG
10,000
TEDURAY
354,625
MANSAKA
115,248
15,000
MATIGSALOG
TEDURAY
T’BOLI
374,212
B’LAAN
256,106
MANDAYA
268,913
MANSAKA
115,248
Christian
Visayan
Settlers
SURIGAONON
Cebuano
CHAVACANO
Cebuano
ILOCANO
ILONGGO
Continuing Challenge: High incidence of
poverty, poor quality of life
– Mindanao has continually lagged behind in social services.
• Though urban poverty has decreased by 31 percent since 1991,
rural poverty has also increased by 31 percent since 1991.
• Poverty incidence in Mindanao reached 38.8 percent, an increase
of 1.1 percent from 2003 figures
• 6 of the 10 poorest provinces are from Mindanao
• 19.2 % of families in Mindanao are food poor.
• Mindanao has 4 of the bottom 5
provinces in the Human Development
Index
• 4.67 million families that earned
less than what they needed for
basic food and non-food needs
LANDED ELITES
AMPATUAN
Lobregat
Family Cassava
and Coconut
Plantation,
Balabagan,
Lanao del Sur
Landed and
Political elite in
the ARMM
Pinol –
Arakan Valley
Complex; PALMA
Complex; Plough
Now, Pay Later;
African Palm
Plantation
QuebranzaDimaporo
coconut
plantations
BF Goodrich and
Sime Darby Tires;
One Town One
Product (rubber)
Paglas Banana
Nestle
investments Plantation
on Coffee
Growers
Mangudadatu
plantations
AlcantaraDominguez
mining
POST- 2010 ELECTIONS IN MINDANAO
Noynoy’s
Mindanao
Agenda?
Can he
change
Mindanao
Politics?
PLUNDER OF RESOURCES
TVI OPERATION
IN SIOCON,
ZAMBOANGA del
NORTE
LIGUASAN MARSH
•
•
•
Comprehensive Dev’t Plan
for the Liguasan Marsh
1999 – 2025
Known to have extensive
oil and natural gas
deposits, which oil
companies and the Phil.
Gov’t are keen to exploit
Project-SEED-Pikit or
Social, Economic
Enhancement Program
(SEED)
POLITICAL REPRESSION
ALL-OUT WAR to WAR ON TERROR
MILITARY OPERATIONS IN MINDANAO:
•April 2000 – All-Out War
•November 2001 – Pursuit Ops vs. Misuari
•January-July 2002: Balikatan in Basilan
•August 2002: Foreign Terrorist Organization
•February 2003 – Buliok War
•September 2003 – Lanao Offensives
February 2005 – Maimbong Sulu
Between
400,000 and
1M displaced;
160,000 dead
ALL-OUT WAR to WAR ON TERROR
March 24, 2001 “Agreement on the General
Framework for the Resumption of Peace Talks”
GRP-MILF Tripoli Agreement on Peace of 2001
•The Security and Rehabilitation Aspects are in the nature
of confidence-building.
•Ancestral Domain is political in nature and as such it is the
door to all other political issues in the negotiations.
August 7, 2001 Guidelines for the Ceasefire
September 11, 2001 Twin Towers Bombing
US War on Terror (2001) and the
US-RP Balikatan (2002) under
the VFA (1999)
Balikatan US-RP Joint Military
Exercises in Moro Areas
JOINT OPERATIONS TASK FORCE –
MEDCAPS 2005
PHILIPPINES (since 2002), Camp
SIOCON
(TVI)
Sirawai
Navarro, Zamboanga City
Canatuan Gold
Camp
Malagutay,
MEDCAPS 2005
Brgy. Malagutay,
Edwin Andrews Air
Sirawai
Zamboanga City
Base in Sta. Maria,
Zamboanga City
3rd Marine Brigade,
Camp Teodolfo
Bautista, Busbus,
Jolo Sulu)
TAWI-TAWI USNS
MERCY NAVAL
BOAT; Philippine
Naval Station,
Batu-Batu,
Panglima Sugala,
MEDCAPS
CAMP
Mt.
Butig
RANAO
6th
Infantry 05
BAYANIHAN
Division,
Talayan;Camp
Siongco,
MEDCAPS in
Maguindanao
Parang
64th IB, Datu Piang,
Maguindanao
US BOMB
EXPERTS, FBI,
CIA AND
AUSTRALIAN
SPIES
BALANCE PISTON 06-02
BALANCE
PISTON 06-02
MEDCAPS
MEDCAPS
2005 Carmen, North Cotabato US TROOPS
2005 Lamitan Carmen, North Cotabato; LEBAK, SK
Lamitan;
2007 MEDCAP MIDSAYAP
SEABEES, Tipo-Tipo
US TROOPS IN
SARANGGANI
Disregard of Civil and Political Rights
Disregard of Civil and Political Rights
Bu Bizma: Victim of
US-RP Balikatan
POLITICAL REPRESSION
IN MINDANAO
1.The Human Security Act (Republic
Act 9372) & War on Terror
2. AFP’s Oplan Bantay Laya (20022006) Oplan Bantay Laya II
(2006-2010)
3. National Internal Security Plan –
Indigenous People
3. Extra-Judicial Killings & Abductions
4. 2006– Executive Order 546 –
establishing paramilitary troops
or CVO’s
5.US Counter Insurgency Guide and
Oplan Bayanihan
6. Investment Defense Forces for
plantations and mining
Highlighted EJK Case under
10th Infantry Division
Aquino’s Mindanao:
JUSTICE TO THE
VICTIMS OF WAR
Year 2008-2010
600,000 to 750,000
displaced
US Counter Insurgency Guide
Oplan Bayanihan
PROSECUTE ARROYO
PRESENCE OF US TROOPS
PROSECUTE THE AMPATUANS
PRIVATE ARMIES
No. Of
Active
Area
8 PAGs
Ilocos
3 PAGs
Cagayan Valley
6 PAGs
Central Luzon
6 PAGs
Calabarzon
4 PAGs
Mimaropa
7 PAGs
Bicol
6 PAGs
Western Visayas
2 PAGs
Central Visayas
1 PAGs
Eastern Visayas
2 PAGs
Zamboanga Peninsula
7 PAGs
Northern Mindanao
1 PAG
Caraga
19 PAGs
ARMM
Malacañang-formed Independent
Commission Against Private Armies,
said that of the 112 identified private
armed groups (PAGs), a total of 72
remain active
GPH-MILF PEACE TALKS 2011
•
•
•
•February 9, 2010
•January 4 GPH letter
•International Monitoring Team
•International Coordinating Group
MILF calls for the release of 25 MILF
members including Engr. Eduard
Guerra( a.k.a. Abraham Yap
Alonto), arrested on September 22
at the Davao International Airport
en route to Geneva, Switzerland, to
attend a meeting of the United
Nations Human Rights Council
•
•
•
2008
Memorandum on
Ancestral Domain
Terms of
Reference
Concepts and
Principles
Territory
Resources
Governance
GPH-MNLF PEACE TALKS 2011
Amendatory bill
for Republic Act
(RA) 9054-ARMM
expansion
Will present RA9054 to the OIC
Fourth Tripartite Meeting:
Out of the 32 issues, 3 items in
common:
•area of autonomy
•sharing of revenues between central
government and regional government
in strategic minerals
transitional mechanism
X. Rights of Indigenous Peoples,
National Minorities and
Nationalities for SelfDetermination And
Decolonization Against
Discrimination, Racism, and
National Oppression by
Imperialism
andSAGUNA
Local Reaction
SU BANGSA,
SU MORO,
MANININDEG!
TAKBEER! ALLAHU AKBAR!