MANA 6100 Organizational Behavior Syllabus, Final Version Fall 2014 Instructor: Moira J. Kelly Phone: 262-679-6529 Office Hours: After class sessions, and other times and place by mutual agreement E-mail Address: moira.kelly@marquette.edu; kellyconsulting@wi.rr.com (this email will get to me faster than the MU address.) I will respond to all email and phone messages within 24 hours. D2L is the only place online for course management materials, postings, drop-box, and notices. Students can use Marquette Outlook mail, or other email providers such as yahoo, g-mail, and the like should the student prefer. Textbook: Essentials of Organizational Behavior by Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 12 th Edition, Pearson. This book is available from the bookstore and online in various sites. We will also use several case studies from the Harvard Business School. You must first register on the site before you can download the cases. To obtain the first six case studies, go to the following site for purchase: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/28086918 COURSE OBJECTIVES The field of Organizational Behavior is concerned with people, and how they interact within work organizations. As such, we will focus on "people problems" in organizations. This course is designed to provide students with a broad exposure to topics and issues of importance to managers of organizations. We will look at and analyze the intersection of the administrative process and the organization in attaining goals in various environments. We will discuss determinants of group and organizational performance, with consideration given to the intergroup processes, complex processes, and the behavioral consequences of organizational structure. The course is designed to look at theory of organizational behavior as well as applications to current events, analysis of specific business models, and the acquisition of related skills to be effective in organizational situations. This course will aim to provide students with the ability to: develop an understanding of the psychological and sociological theories that help explain behavior and functioning of organizations relate these theories to everyday organizational life to help prepare you for your careers in organizations diagnose issues in organizations and develop practical, effective recommendations to resolve those issues CLASS STRUCTURE There will be four segments to each class. Segment 1: Reviews of assigned chapters, with lecture highlights on the most important elements. This may be augmented by PowerPoint presentation or other audio-visual means. Segment 2: Entire class group discussion on how organizational behavior is manifested in current events. Students will be required to bring in at least one example of an OB topic that is relevant in current events and be prepared to briefly describe the example and explain its relevance to the topic of the week. Examples can be drawn from legitimate news sources in print, broadcast, or digital media and may cover stories about local, national, or international situations in governmental or business applications (including sports and entertainment businesses). Segment 3: Case study discussion. Students will be divided into 3 groups. One student will be the discussion leader for each group. The 3 groups will discuss and analyze the case study assigned to that class session, and the group leader will present a summary of the discussion to the entire class at the end of the segment. Segment 4: Skills Acquisition. Each class session will have a specific skill that is important to the success of any one working with organizational issues. Examples include but are not limited to understanding listening styles to improve communication, enhancing negotiation abilities, and resolving coworker disputes. In this segment, the class will have the opportunity to learn or improve these vital business skills that are relevant to applying organizational behavior knowledge to specific situations. CLASS POLICIES 1. Come to class prepared for each of the four segments in each class. 2. You cannot participate if you are not present. This is a condensed semester and missing even one class is missing a lot of participation. Missing more than one class is unacceptable except for an extreme emergency. If you do not think you can attend the sessions of this class, you might consider whether you should take the course in another semester’s offerings. You should let me know ahead of time if you will not be able to attend all or part of one class. Given the nature of the course layout, it is very difficult to make up a lost session. One realistic impact to consider will be a reduction in points for participation. (See the section on participation points below) 3. Class participation is critical if this course is to succeed and if you want to maximize your grade points. Class participation means quality of your interaction, not just quantity. 4. We will all respect opinions that differ from our own. 5. Please inform me as soon as possible if you have any conditions that may limit or affect your ability to participate in this course so that we can make necessary arrangements. You may also contact the Office of Student Educational Services (OSES), in AMU 317 (414-288-3270) for more information (see also: http://www.marquette.edu/oses/). 6. Cell/smart phone use and personal work on laptops or tablets is allowed only during class breaks. Please silence your personal technology so that it is not disruptive to others. GRADES AND ASSESSMENTS Please submit your work to the D2L drop box. You will be receiving your points on a “collect as you go” basis. If you want to discuss any component of your graded assignments, you must do so within one week of receiving the points or accept the points in their entirety. All written assignments are subject to submission to a plagiarism detection service such as ‘Turnitin’. Written work will be evaluated using these criteria: 1. Content: comprehensive, appropriate, original, quality work. 2. Organization: coherent and logical. 3. References: References used are clearly documented. 4. Writing: Appropriate grammar, spelling, etc. Assignment Maximum total points Class participation Discussion Leader Individual Case Study Write-ups Group Case Exercise Corporate Policy/Procedure Application of Org Behavior to Movies TOTAL Maximum 25 pts per class Leading one case discussion 2 of your choosing at 50 pts each All members of team get same pts See detailed notes See detailed notes 200 100 100 200 200 200 1000 CLASS PARTICIPATION Classroom participation includes attendance; frequency, accuracy and insight regarding contributions; working cooperatively with fellow students, preparation for class discussions; reading, understanding and completing assignments and actively engaging in skills acquisition activities. After each class I will do a general overall evaluation of the session and assign each student between 25 and 0 points for the session as follows: a. The student was not present, or was not at all engaged. (0) b. The student seemed aware of what was going on and did not participate beyond basic responses to discussion and/or activities. (10) c. The student was prepared in the context of the material of the text and readings and did participate at least once in the class discussion; the student followed instructions for skill acquisition activities and offered limited commentary about them. (15) d. The student was quite well prepared in terms of the material, and stated multiple points or positions in an articulate manner; the student had relevant commentary about skills acquisition exercises. (20) e. The student was not only well-prepared in terms of the case and the theoretical material of the course, but also integrated comments of his or her fellow students and sometimes led the discussion; the student made insightful commentary about skills acquisition exercises and demonstrated clear understanding as to how the skills acquisition exercises are linked to other class events, readings and discussions. (25) I will share class participation points with each student individually each class session for the week before. MAXIMUM POINTS: 200 CASE DISCUSSION LEADER Each student will be responsible for leading a small group in a discussion about one of the case studies. Preparation will include: Summary of the situation Clear discussion of the theoretical foundation(s) of the issue Outline of the issues both from the class and the case that you expect to cover Method you’ll use to involve the whole group in the discussion We will determine the case assignments in the first week of class. Students will be graded on the presentation of the case summary, leading the group in an engaging discussion that brings out the key points, and an outline of the issues intended to be discussed in the facilitation. I will observe how you interact with your group. A one-page outline of your plan for the facilitation will be turned in before you start, and you will also submit a self-reflection and analysis of your work, which is due no later than the start of the following class session. You will receive your points total within two weeks of the session you lead. MAXIMUM POINTS: 100 INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY ANALYSIS You will pick 2 of the case studies we are using and will write up an analysis of these two cases. Please follow the Written Case Analysis Format that will be posted on D2L. You will receive your points totals within two weeks of the time you submit each analysis. MAXIMUM POINTS: 100 (50 for each case maximum) GROUP CASE EXERCISE There will be one group case exercise that will use one of the HBS studies. The class will be divided into three or four teams, depending on final class size. This is a timed activity and each group must complete a Written Case Analysis and a presentation it will give of its findings. The presentation itself will not occur during the timed activity, but will be done the following week. You will receive your points totals soon after the last class. Each group will be scored as one unit. In other words, one person in a group will receive the same number of points as all others in that group. Of the maximum 200 points, a maximum of 150 points will be given for the written analysis of the case, and a maximum of 50 points will be given for the group presentation the following week. MAXIMUM POINTS: 200 SAMPLE POLICY AND PROCEDURE In this assignment, you’ll be asked to draft a policy and its procedure for an organization. These procedures are what you would suggest to help the organization become more effective, based on the principles we cover in the class and that are outlined in the text. Each policy and procedure must contain the following elements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. why this is needed (policy) organizational values you want to reinforce (policy) definition of terms (procedure) assignment of responsibilities (procedure) the procedure or process itself how exactly will it work what might go wrong how you’ll adapt for changes, if needed how it relates to other procedures the training materials or other communication pieces that will introduce this to employees. It is critical that you do NOT replicate any procedures from current or past employers, since that would be plagiarism. You may refer to them for what a procedure looks like, but do not use them in any other form. The purpose of the exercise is to have you try your hand at actually creating company policy and procedures and to think through each of those steps. Topic areas for sample procedures: Reporting ethical issues Reducing employee tardiness Establishing an employee attitude survey Rewarding employee loyalty and initiative Resolving internal conflict (employee-to-employee disputes) Creating a communications procedure for internal company news and issues How to select leaders for work teams Creating flexible work schedules Insuring that job performance reviews are completed Bringing new hires into the organization Reducing workplace stress You will receive your points total within two weeks from the time the policy and procedure is turned in. MAXIMUM POINTS: 200 MOVIE ANALYSIS You will select a movie from an established list and will write an analysis from the perspective of organizational behavior, focusing on the theories covered in class and the implications of your findings for other organizations. In a way, this is a cumulative “final” for the class. You will need to analyze the film and draw implications from it. You should assess the various aspects of organizational behavior, as discussed in class and the text, which are found in the movie. The focus is on the integration of concepts from the class, not on a review of the movie itself. The following list shows the kind of topics that could be addressed. Please note this is not an all-inclusive list, and not all topics will be in every movie. General overview of culture/team/organization portrayed in the movie Organization of team or organization, including work design and group structure Team development and interaction issues (selection, development, and roles) Individual issues (personality, ability, and values) Leadership style(s) used Decision-making style or technique used Use of informal and formal power Conflict resolution techniques Motivational factors – rewards and recognition Value of creativity, innovation, and diversity Experience with change and how it was handled Training, learning, and education used and their value Synthesis of organizational behavior topics Lessons learned by the student Potential future applications in other organizations I anticipate that the written paper will be approximately 10-15 pages long. You will receive your points totals soon after the last class. MOVIES SELECTION LIST Das Boot Working Girl The Great Escape Lord of the Flies Wizard of Oz Wall Street Star Wars- The Empire Strikes Back Apollo 13 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Gladiator All the President’s Men Lord of the Rings Toy Story Henry the 5th (Branagh version) The Bridge on the River Kwai A Bug’s Life Chicken Run 12 Angry Men Glory The Firm West Side Story Stalag 17 Boiler Room MAXIMUM POINTS: 200 GRADING SYSTEM I will use the following grading system (outlined below) in setting grades from the grades I assign for the assignments. Therefore, if you average 93-100% you will receive an A in this class, even if everyone in the class is in this range. 93 – 100 A 88 – 92.99 AB 83 – 87.99 B 78 – 82.99 BC 73 – 77.99 C below 73 F ATTENDANCE The Marquette University Graduate School of Management considers regular class attendance an important component of the learning process. Students are expected to attend scheduled class meetings; excessive absences may have adverse consequences, ranging from a lowered course grade to forced withdrawal from the course. Excessive absence is generally defined as missing more than 10-15 percent of the regularly scheduled class time. Because of the nature of the unique scheduling for this course, it is extremely difficult to “make up” any lost class. There is a significant amount of participation in each class, as well as information necessary for successful completion of assignments. In the event of bad weather, the Office of the Provost makes the decision to cancel classes. Please look for official announcements about the status of the University. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MISSION AND ASSESSMENT The fundamental mission of the College of Business Administration is to provide a quality education grounded in Catholic, Jesuit intellectual values. Students are expected to learn how to function effectively in a diverse and global economy so that they may develop into ethical and socially responsible global leaders and responsible members of their organizations and communities. As one of many methods of assuring that the goals of our educational mission are successfully met, the college regularly and systematically engages in the assessment of these competencies. Students in the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration program are assessed on their ability to reason ethically, communicate effectively, analyze critically, and understand local, national and global business and cultural issues. Students in our MBA programs are also assessed on their competency to communicate effectively, reason ethically and apply critical thinking, as well as their capacity to comprehend the global strategic issues of firms and perform fundamental activities of business managers. Students in our other graduate programs are assessed on specific competencies related to their disciplines. Assessment takes place each semester in all programs and settings using quantifiable measures; that information is gathered and analyzed information to help continuously improve the educational process. The College of Business Administration is dedicated to successfully providing a quality education for all students. Assessment is the continuous improvement process of evaluating our success. More information on assessment can be found at (http://www.marquette.edu/assessment/) or in the assurance of learning tabs under http://business.marquette.edu/academics/assurance-of-learning-graduate The College’s MBA program learning goals are: i. Perform the fundamental activities of business ii. Communicate effectively in business settings iii. Comprehend global strategic issues of a corporation iv. Apply ethical reasoning to business situations Each undergraduate major also has a unique program goal and associated learning outcomes that must be assessed each semester. In addition, graduate programs other than the MBA program have their own program goals and associated outcomes also assessed each semester. Please contact your department chair, the Executive Associate Dean, the various graduate program directors, or Noreen Lephardt in the Economics Department, the faculty representative to the University’s Assessment Committee, for more on our assessment process and how this might be discussed as part of your course syllabus. STATEMENT ON ACEDEMIC INTEGRITY We, the scholars of Marquette University, recognize the importance of personal integrity in all aspects of life and work. We commit ourselves to truthfulness, honor, and responsibility by which we earn the respect of others. We support the development of good character in our academic community, and commit to uphold the highest standards of academic integrity as an important aspect of personal integrity. Our commitment obliges us as students, faculty, and staff to conduct ourselves according to the Marquette University Honor Code set forth below. We do this in pursuit of Marquette University’s mission, which is the search for truth, the discovery and sharing of knowledge, the fostering of personal and professional excellence, the promotion of a life of faith, and the development of leadership expressed in service to others. Students are asked to commit to academic integrity through the following honor pledge. I recognize the importance of personal integrity in all aspects of life and work. I commit myself to truthfulness, honor, and responsibility, by which I earn the respect of others. I support the development of good character, and commit myself to uphold the highest standards of academic integrity as an important aspect of personal integrity. My commitment obliges me to conduct myself according to the Marquette University Honor Code. The honor code obliges students: 1. To fully observe the rules governing exams and assignments regarding resource material, electronic aids, copying, collaborating with others, or engaging in any other behavior that subverts the purpose of the exam or assignment and the directions of the instructor. 2. To turn in work done specifically for the paper or assignment, and not to borrow work either from other students, or from assignments for other courses. 3. To give full and proper credit to sources and references, and to acknowledge the contributions and ideas of others relevant to academic work. 4. To report circumstances that may compromise academic honesty, such as inattentive proctoring or premature posting of answers. 5. To complete individual assignments individually, and neither to accept nor give unauthorized help. 6. To accurately represent their academic achievements, which may include their grade point average, degree, honors, etc., in transcripts, in interviews, in professional organizations, on resumes and in the workplace. 7. To report any observed breaches of this honor code and academic honesty. Academic integrity is a matter of great importance to the entire Marquette community and as such the honor code obliges others on campus as well. The honor code obliges instructors: 1. To monitor and design exams and assignments so that honest students will not be disadvantaged by other students who might choose to cheat if given the opportunity. 2. To report circumstances that may compromise academic honesty, such as inattentive proctoring or premature posting of answers. 3. To follow all published procedures regarding cases of academic misconduct. 4. To report any observed breaches of this honor code and academic honesty. The honor code obliges researchers: 1. To give full and proper credit to sources and references, and to acknowledge the contributions and ideas of others relevant to research. 2. To conduct research experiments according to professional standards of objectivity conscientiousness, reliability and transparency. 3. To conduct all experiments according to professional ethical standards, and, when applicable, to submit all proposed investigations to the relevant oversight bodies. 4. To provide sufficient documentation of research methodology so that other researchers in the field may replicate work. 5. To observe all duties required by copyright and patent regulations. 6. To follow all published procedures regarding cases of personal and academic misconduct. 7. To report any observed breaches of this honor code and academic honesty. The honor code obliges staff: 1. To interpret procedures and regulations in the spirit of furthering the highest standards of personal and academic integrity. 2. To report circumstances that may compromise academic honesty, such as inattentive proctoring or premature posting of answers. 3. To follow through on reporting, punishment, and record-keeping on all incidents of personal and academic misconduct. 4. To follow all published procedures regarding cases of personal and academic misconduct. 5. To report any observed breaches of this honor code and academic honesty. Students caught cheating on a written assignment will at a minimum receive a zero for that assignment and, depending on the nature of the infraction, the student may be subject to further action taken by the University. The Dean’s Office has the authority to assign a failing grade for cheating. Academic dishonesty or “cheating” refers to any attempt to gain an advantage that is not available to other students, or an attempt to give another student such an advantage. Plagiarism is often a less obvious form of cheating, but is as serious. Plagiarism, in general, is representing the work of another person as your own. The most obvious form of plagiarism is directly using another person’s text without quotations or making reference to the original work. However, plagiarism also includes representing another’s ideas as one’s own, even if they are reworded, without making reference to the original source from which those ideas come. Quoting work and making reference to another’s work in the correct form is not always easy to do. When in doubt, always try to make reference to a source from which the ideas or quotes have come. An attempt to do this, even if it is not in an established format, is a good safeguard against being accused of plagiarism. This summary of plagiarism and cheating (paragraph above)was listed in Prof. Cotton’s syllabus for another MANA 6100 course and I thought it exactly stated my own views. EMERGENCY PLANS Every Marquette University campus building has emergency shelter and evacuation plans. Please familiarize yourself with the plans of each building in which you take classes or attend meetings. Make sure to note the routes to the lowest level of the buildings for shelter during inclement weather, as well as exits from the buildings in the event of fire or other emergency. CLASS SCHEDULE August 23 2014 Introduction and Why We Study Organizational Behavior Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapters 1 -3 Topics: Introduction, Diversity, Attitude, Job Satisfaction HBS #1 Case Study Martha Rinaldi: Should She Stay Or Should She Go? August 30, 2014 No Class Because of Labor Day Weekend September 6, 2014 Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapters 4-6 Topics: Emotion, Moods, Personality, Values, Perception, Decision-Making HBS #2 Case Study Jamie Turner at MLI, Inc. September 13, 2014 Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapters 7-9 Topics: Motivation, Group Behavior, HBS #3 Case Study Robin Ash and Printzlof Press September 20, 2014 Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapters 10-12 Topics: Teams, Communication, Leadership HBS #4 Case Study Ron Ventura at Mitchell Memorial September 27, 2014 Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapters 13-14 Topics: Power, Politics, Conflict, Negotiation HBS # 5 Case Study Kay Sunderland: Making the Grade at Attain Learning Policy/ Procedure Paper Due October 4, 2014 Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapters 15-16 Topics: Organizational Structure; Organizational Culture HBS #6 Case Study Rebuilding a Global Team: Tariq Khan at Tek October 11, 2014 Group Exercise Event with customized case study October 18, 2014 Readings: Robbins & Judge, Chapter 17 Topics: Change , Stress Group Exercise Event Presentations Movie Analysis Paper Due WRITTEN CASE ANALYSIS FORMAT* * * * Read this carefully!* * * The format below should be used for your case analyses. Some cases require specific questions to be addressed for the future, while other cases are in the format of a retrospective look at the situation. For cases in which some of the incidents may have already occurred, consider what alternatives could have been considered or what might have caused the situation to have turned out differently (i.e., more successfully). In either case (retrospective or future-oriented), there is a general model that is typically followed. For this class, you will be required to utilize this approach, making sure that issues raised in the specific case are fully considered and integrated. A. Identify the core problems. You must first separate cause from effect by showing how the problem has led to the specific symptoms. For example, if in the case employee turnover is high and absenteeism is increasing, are these problems? Is it possible that poor working conditions and low pay are undermining morale and dissatisfaction?• Might these factors, in turn, contribute to employee turnover and absenteeism, making them the actual core problems? Attempting to map the suspected causal linkage strengthens your analysis and allows you to identify solutions that may effectively overcome the problem(s). Make sure to clearly and succinctly state what you believe to be the core problem(s) in each case. This is the most important part of the case analysis. and should be adequately addressed. Failure to be clear about what you believe to be the core problem(s) will result in a loss of points. B. Develop alternative solutions. Please specify three potential solutions. Do not evaluate these solutions at this stage; rather, briefly discuss what each would entail. You will evaluate each potential solution at a later stage. C. Specify the decision criteria (benchmarks) by which each solution will be judged. No organization can implement everything at the same time. In reality, some criteria will be more important than others. You need to clearly distinguish what the relevant factors are that managers must consider when evaluating each alternative. For example, is cost a factor (in almost every situation, cost will be a factor)? What about speed or timeliness, problem resolution, sufficient authority to implement, or possible unintended, detrimental consequences? Is the alternative viable (sufficient, feasible, and realistic?). Do not gloss over this section, as this is the most important criteria for determining the solution to be recommended. D. Choose action (preferred solution) after comparing the solutions with the decision criteria. Each alternative should be compared to the same benchmarks. This means that each and every solution must be subjected to the scrutiny of each and every decision criteria you identify. Then, after you have carefully thought through each alternative, summarize your discussion in this section. E. Develop an action plan. This does not need to be extensive; rather, briefly describe what is to be done, who is to do it, when will the specific steps be taken, and how the plan will be implemented. How will the people get what they need to implement your solution (e.g., human and financial resources, additional space, authorization, power, training)? Why hasn't the organization already done what you have recommended? F. Discuss how the organization can evaluate the effectiveness of your solution. Again, this does not need to be a lengthy discussion. Briefly describe how one will be able to tell if the problem has been resolved. When and how should this be measured? Will this solution potentially lead to new problems in the future? How will these problems be forestalled? Make sure to provide an introduction and a conclusion in all case analyses. The introductions should clearly state the objectives of the analysis and what you will accomplish. The conclusion should demonstrate how your objectives were met. A full and complete reference list of ALL sources cited must be provided at the end of each paper. HELPFUL HINTS FOR WRITTEN CASE ANALYSES AND BUSINESS WRITING IN GENERAL* 1. The strongest papers integrate material from course concepts, tools, and readings to the greatest extent possible. This is the foundation for a strong argument and is usually more credible than one's own opinion. 2. Since we are all familiar with the case, it is unnecessary to repeat case facts. Instead, case facts should be used to support your arguments or alternatives and to provide justification for what you are suggesting. 3. Be sure to show how your solution resolves the main problem(s) you have identified. It is important to clearly link the solutions you propose to the specific issues raised throughout the paper. 4. Please eliminate pat phrases, such as "talk is cheap" or "this is as good as it gets." These types of phrases add no value to business writing and only detract from the message you are trying to convey. Instead, use specific words with concrete meanings and avoid buzzwords. 5. Do not use sexist language; do use care to avoid spelling, grammatical, and punctuation errors. Incomplete and run-on sentences do not communicate your ideas clearly or in a persuasive manner. 6. Use tentative or soft tones. It is better to use such phrases as "x will likely cause z" or "this may affect that," rather than "this will result in that," since it is unlikely that you can guarantee what the end results of different actions will be. 7. Solid business writing includes proper writing styles, including introductory and summary paragraphs, citations (when appropriate), and transitions between one section and another. An introduction is always necessary to tell readers about the specific objectives of the paper. Make sure to use phrases such as, "This paper will .... " or "This paper will examine the issues related to HP's employee dissatisfaction and propose ....” A final paragraph should also be included that summarizes how the paper met those objectives (e.g., "This paper addressed the core problems that led to XYZ experiencing ...” ). 8. Avoid using the word "feel" in any form of professional business writing. Use of the word "feel" is appropriate only when the sentence expresses an emotion. ("I feel sad.") Use the words "believe" or "think" when something cognitive is being expressed. We rarely "feel" that people should do something. More correctly, we "believe" or "think" that people, companies, and others should do something. Adjust your writing accordingly. 9. Make sure to put page numbers on all but the first page. 10. It is absolutely critical that you cite work and ideas that are not uniquely your own. Without proper citations, you are plagiarizing someone else's work. Please use APA style for in-text citations and for formatting your reference list. The library has a citation manual for your reference, or you may purchase one in most bookstores. A handout is also available in D2L and from your instructor. 11. Limit the text of your write-up to no more than 6double-spaced, type-written pages, with no more than one-inch margins on the top, bottom and both sides. Please use a normal or typical 12-point font (nothing fancy) to maintain consistency and avoid manipulation of page length. Cases should be submitted electronically, but must be in Microsoft Word format, and must not exceed the requirements listed herein. 12. Please put your name on the last page of the document so I do not know whose paper is being graded until the end of the analysis. Failure to adhere to these guidelines can result in a reduction in overall points for the assignment. *The Format and Helpful Hints were originally obtained from a class taught by Dr. Bonnie O’Neill.