HSC BIOLOGY - Science Press

HSC BIOLOGY Kerri Humphreys © Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2008 (twice), 2010 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 sales@sciencepress.com.au www.sciencepress.com.au All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861 Contents Introduction v Verbs to Watch vi Dot Points Maintaining a Balance vii Blueprint of Life ix The Search for Better Health xi Communication xiii Genetics: The Code Broken? xv Questions Maintaining a Balance 1 Blueprint of Life 35 The Search for Better Health 71 Communication 103 Genetics: The Code Broken? 145 Summaries Maintaining a Balance 179 Blueprint of Life 195 The Search for Better Health 211 Communication 229 Genetics: The Code Broken? 247 Answers Maintaining a Balance 265 Blueprint of Life 277 The Search for Better Health 289 Communication 299 Genetics: The Code Broken? 315 Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology iii Contents Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Contents iv Dot Point HSC Biology Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVDVZHOODVVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQ the Board of Studies syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Biology course: 0DLQWDLQLQJD%DODQFH %OXHSULQWRI/LIH 7KH6HDUFKIRU%HWWHU+HDOWK &RPPXQLFDWLRQ *HQHWLFV7KH&RGH%URNHQ" Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH biology involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively. $WWKHHQGRIHDFKVHFWLRQLVDQµ$SSOLHG4XHVWLRQ¶7KLVTXHVWLRQOLQNVVHYHUDOGRWSRLQWVUHTXLULQJ\RXWR DQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKRZUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQFRQFHSWV+LJKHURUGHUTXHVWLRQVLQWKH+6&H[DPLQDWLRQ UHTXLUHVWXGHQWVWRDQDO\VHDVVHVVHYDOXDWHDQGOLQNFRQFHSWVIURPGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVRIWKHV\OODEXV Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology v Introduction Verbs to Watch account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions. distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation. explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details. assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size. extrapolate Infer from what is known. calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ identify Recognise and name. clarify Make clear or plain. interpret Draw meaning from. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories. investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW compare Show how things are similar or different. justify Support an argument or conclusion. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features. contrast Show how things are different or opposite. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action. deduce Draw conclusions. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. GH¿QH 6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV recommend Provide reasons in favour. demonstrate Show by example. recount Retell a series of events. describe Provide characteristics and features. summarise Express concisely the relevant details. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole. Science Press Verbs to Watch vi Dot Point HSC Biology Maintaining a Balance Dot Point Page Dot Point Page 1. Organisms are active in a limited temperature range 2 2.12 Investigation: TS and LS xylem and phloem 23 1.1 Role of enzymes 2 2.13 Applied Question Section 2 24 1.2 Investigation: Enzymes and temperature, pH, substrate 3 3. Regulation of concentrations of gases, water and waste products 25 1.3 pH and acidity 6 3.1 25 1.4 Constant internal environment 6 Why water concentrations are maintained in a narrow range 1.5 Homeostasis 6 3.2 Why removal of wastes is essential 25 1.6 Two stages of homeostasis 6 5ROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 1.7 Role of nervous system 7 3.4 26 1.8 Investigation: Feedback model 7 Diffusion and osmosis and removing nitrogenous wastes 1.9 Range of temperatures for life 8 3.5 Active and passive transport in mammalian kidney 26 3.6 Filtration and reabsorption in nephron 26 3.7 Investigation: Structure of mammalian kidney 27 3.8 Investigation: Renal dialysis 28 3.9 Roles of hormones aldosterone and ADH 29 1.10 Australian endotherms and ectotherms 8 1.11 Investigation: Australian adaptations for temperature 9 1.12 Plant responses to temperature 10 1.13 Applied Question Section 1 11 2. Plants and animals transport nutrients 13 DQGJDVHVLQDÀXLGPHGLXP 2.1 Substances in blood 13 2.2 Advantage of haemoglobin 14 2.3 Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries 14 2.4 Changes in blood composition 16 2.5 Investigation: Carbon dioxide and blood pH 17 2.6 Investigation: Size of red and white blood cells 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.10 Investigation: Hormone replacement therapy 30 3.11 Investigation: Urine concentration of PDPPDOVDQG¿VK 30 3.12 Investigation: Water concentration and nitrogenous wastes in insects and mammals 31 3.13 Enantiostasis and estuarine organisms 32 18 3.14 Investigation: Salt regulation in different plants 32 Need for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide 19 3.15 Adaptations of terrestrial Australian plants to reduce water loss 33 Investigation: Current technologies for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood 19 3.16 Investigation: Structures in plants to conserve water loss 34 3.17 Applied Question Section 3 34 Investigation: Donated blood 21 $UWL¿FLDOEORRG 2.11 Current theories for movement in xylem and phloem 22 Answers to Maintaining a Balance 265 Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology vii Maintaining a Balance Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance viii Dot Point HSC Biology Blueprint of Life Dot Point 1. 1.1 1.2 Page Evidence of evolution Investigation: Model natural selection Impact on evolution of physical and chemical environment changes and resource competition 1.3 Case study: Environmental change and change in a species 1.4 Supporting evidence for evolution 1.5 Investigation: Vertebrate forelimbs 1.6 Investigation: Technology advances and evolutionary relationships 1.7 Darwin/Wallace theory for divergent and convergent evolution 1.8 Investigation: Historical development of HYROXWLRQWKHRULHVDQGSROLWLFDOLQÀXHQFHV 1.9 Applied Question Section 1 2. Gregor Mendel and inheritance of characteristics 2.1 Experiments of Gregor Mendel 0HQGHO¶VWHFKQLTXHVDQGKLVVXFFHVV 2.3 Monohybrid crosses and dominance :K\0HQGHO¶VZRUNZDVUHFRJQLVHGODWHU 2.5 Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes 2.6 Distinguish allele and gene 2.7 Phenotype and dominant and recessive alleles 2.8 Investigation: Family trees and pedigrees ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ monohybrid crosses 2.10 Investigation: Hybridisation within a species 2.11 Applied Question Section 2 3. Structure of Chromosomes 3.1 Sutton and Boveri 3.2 Chemical nature of chromosomes and genes 3.3 DNA is a double helix with bases and VXJDUSKRVSKDWHEDFNERQH 3.4 Chromosomes during meiosis and inheritance of genes 3.5 Investigation: Model of meiosis and crossing over Dot Point 36 36 36 Page 3.6 Gamete production, sexual reproduction 53 and variability 6H[OLQNDJHDQG0HQGHO¶VUDWLRV 0RUJDQDQGVH[OLQNDJH 3.9 Codominance 55 ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ FRGRPLQDQFHDQGVH[OLQNDJH 3.11 Environment and gene expression 56 3.12 Investigation: Effect of environment 56 on phenotype 3.13 Applied Question Section 3 57 4. Structure of DNA 59 '1$UHSOLFDWLRQDQGLWVVLJQL¿FDQFH 4.2 DNA controls production of polypeptides 59 4.3 Investigation: Model for polypeptide 60 synthesis 4.4 Relationship of proteins and polypeptides 61 4.5 Investigation: Experiments of Beadle 61 DQG7DWXPIRUµRQHJHQHRQHSURWHLQ¶ 4.6 Mutations lead to new alleles 62 4.7 Evidence for mutagenic nature of radiation 62 4.8 Investigation: Flow chart for change in 62 DNA changes cell activity 4.9 Understanding source of variation supports 63 'DUZLQ¶VWKHRU\RIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ 4.10 Investigation: Modern example of 63 natural selection 3XQFWXDWHGHTXLOLEULXPDQGJUDGXDO evolution 4.12 Investigation: Watson, Crick, Franklin 64 and Wilkins 4.13 Applied Question Section 4 65 5. Current reproductive technologies 67 $UWL¿FLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQDUWL¿FLDO pollination and cloning 5.2 Investigation: Cloning 68 5.3 Producing transgenic species 68 5.4 Investigation: Examples of transgenic 69 species 5.5 Reproductive technologies and genetic 69 diversity 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 70 Answers to Blueprint of Life 277 38 38 41 41 41 42 43 45 45 46 47 47 47 48 49 50 51 51 51 51 52 52 Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology ix Blueprint of Life Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Blueprint of Life x Dot Point HSC Biology The Search for Better Health Dot Point Page Dot Point Page 1. What is a healthy organism? 72 4.4 Defence adaptations 87 'H¿QLQJKHDOWKDQGGLVHDVH ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ,PEDODQFHRIPLFURÀRUD 1.2 Function of genes, mitosis, differentiation, specialisation and health 72 4.6 Applied Question Section 4 88 5. MacFarlane Burnet’s work and immunisation 89 1.3 Investigation: Gene expression and maintenance and repair 73 $QWLERGLHV7FHOOV%FHOOV %DQG7FHOOVDQGWKHLPPXQHUHVSRQVH 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 73 5.3 Vaccinations prevent infection 90 2. Chinese and Hebrews advocated cleanliness and hygiene 75 5.4 Investigation: Vaccination programs including smallpox, diphtheria and polio 91 2.1 Distinguish infection and QRQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH 75 5.5 Suppression of immune response and organ transplant 92 2.2 Cleanliness and hygiene control disease 75 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 92 'H¿QLWLRQRISDWKRJHQ 6. Epidemiological studies and non-infectious diseases 93 2.4 Investigation: Microbes in food or water 77 6.1 Features of epidemiology – lung cancer 93 2.5 Investigation: Treatment of drinking water 77 6.2 Investigation: Cause and effect of smoking and lung cancer 93 2.6 Applied Question Section 2 78 3. Pasteur, Koch and the search for microbes 79 3.1 Work of Pasteur and Koch 79 ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3DVWHXU¶VH[SHULPHQW with microbes 3.3 Prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, macroparasites 81 3.4 1RQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH±LQKHULWHG nutritional, environmental ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ1DPHGQRQLQIHFWLRXV disease 6.5 Applied Question Section 6 96 7. Strategies to prevent and control disease 97 7.1 Quarantine in and across Australia 97 7.2 Preventing disease using public health programs, pesticides, genetic engineering 97 7.3 Investigation: Effectiveness of TXDUDQWLQHLQRUDFURVV$XVWUDOLD 98 7.4 Investigation: Plant pathogens and insect pests 99 7.5 Investigation: Shift from treatment and control to management or prevention of disease 100 Applied Question Section 7 101 Investigation: Cause and prevention of malaria 82 3.5 Investigation: Named infectious disease 82 3.6 Role of antibiotics in infectious disease 83 3.7 Investigation: Problems with antibiotic resistance 83 3.8 Applied Question Section 3 84 4. Immune response 85 4.1 Barriers to prevent entry of pathogens 85 7.6 4.2 Antigens trigger immune response 86 Answers to The Search for Better Health 4.3 Transplants and the immune response 86 289 Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology xi The Search for Better Health Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press The Search for Better Health xii Dot Point HSC Biology Communication Dot Point 1. Page Humans and animals detect a range of stimuli 1.1 Role of receptors in detecting stimuli 1.2 Stimulus, receptor, messenger, effector, response 1.3 Investigation: Range of senses in communication 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 2. Visual communication and the eye 2.1 Anatomy of the eye 2.2 Limited wavelengths detected by humans, a vertebrate and an invertebrate 2.3 Investigation: Dissection of a mammalian eye 2.4 Investigation: Range of wavelengths detected by humans and other animals 2.5 Applied Question Section 2 3. Signal clarity can affect interpretation 3.1 Conditions for refraction 3.2 Investigation: Convex lenses and accommodation 3.3 Refractive media in the eye 3.4 Accommodation and lens curvature 3.5 Investigation: Changes in the shape of the lens and focus 3.6 Refractive power and accommodation 3.7 Myopia and hyperopia 3.8 Depth perception 3.9 Investigation: Cataracts and technology to prevent blindness 3.10 Applied Question Section 3 4. Light signal and electrical impulse 4.1 Photoreceptor cells 4.2 Distribution, structure, function of photoreceptors 4.3 Role of rhodopsin 4.4 Three types of cones 4.5 Colour blindness 4.6 Investigation: Photoreceptors in mammals, insects and another animal 4.7 Investigation: Colour communication in animals Dot Point 104 4.8 5. Page Applied Question Section 4 Sound is an important communication medium 5.1 Why sound is a useful form of communication 6RXQGYLEUDWLQJREMHFWDQGIUHTXHQF\ ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ:DYHOHQJWKIUHTXHQF\ and pitch 5.4 Human larynx and sound production 5.5 Structures used by animals to produce sound 5.6 Applied Question Section 5 6. Organs to detect vibrations 6.1 Detection of vibrations by insects, ¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 6.2 Anatomy and function of human ear 6.3 Investigation: Structure of mammalian ear 6.4 Role of Eustachian tube 6.5 Path of sound wave through ear 6.6 Organ of corti 6.7 Sound shadow ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ)UHTXHQFLHVGHWHFWHG by humans and other animals 6.9 Investigation: Hearing aids and cochlear implants 6.10 Applied Question Section 6 7. Electrochemical changes in membranes 7.1 Nerve is a bundle of neurones 7.2 Neurones transmit signals 7.3 Investigation: Nerve and neurone structure 7.4 Threshold and action potential 7.5 Areas of cerebrum 7.6 Investigation: Brain dissection 7.7 Correct interpretation of signals and coordination 7.8 Investigation: Typical action potential 7.9 Applied Question Section 7 Answers to Communication 104 104 105 106 107 107 109 109 110 110 111 111 111 111 112 112 113 113 114 115 116 117 117 117 118 119 119 120 122 123 123 125 126 127 129 129 130 131 131 132 132 133 135 136 137 137 137 138 139 139 140 141 142 143 299 121 Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology xiii Communication Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Communication xiv Dot Point HSC Biology Genetics: The Code Broken? Dot Point 1. Page The structure of a gene and the code for a polypeptide 1.1 Information from DNA to RNA to polypeptide 1.2 Investigation: Model of DNA 1.3 Current understanding of gene expression 1.4 Applied Question Section 1 2. Multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance provide further variability within a trait 2.1 Characteristics determined by multiple alleles 2.2 Inheritance of ABO and Rhesus blood groups 2.3 Investigation: ABO blood groups and Rhesus factor 2.4 Polygenic inheritance 2.5 Investigation: Example of polygenic inheritance '1$¿QJHUSULQWLQJIRUHQVLFV paternity and pedigrees 2.7 Applied Question Section 2 2IIVSULQJVWXGLHVUHÀHFWLQKHULWDQFH on different chromosomes and genes on same chromosomes 3.1 Diploid and haploid 3.2 Dihybrid crosses and Mendel 3.3 Investigation: Dihybrid crosses when both traits inherited independently and when linked 3.4 Predict inheritance difference if two genes linked 3.5 Crossbreeding experiments identify relative positions of linked genes 3.6 Chromosome mapping and species relationships 3.7 Investigation: Model linkage 3.8 Applied Question Section 3 4. Human Genome Project %HQH¿WVRI+XPDQ*HQRPH3URMHFW 4.2 Limitations of data from Human Genome Project 4.3 Investigation: Why Human Genome Project could not be achieved by studying linkage maps Dot Point 146 Page 4.4 4.5 Procedure to produce recombinant DNA 160 Use of recombinant DNA technology 161 and gene position on a chromosome 4.6 Applied Question Section 4 161 5. Gene therapy and harmful conditions 163 8VHRIJHQHWKHUDS\IRUDQLGHQWL¿HG disease 5.2 Investigation: Current use of gene therapy 163 5.3 Applied Question Section 5 164 6. Mechanisms of genetic change 165 6.1 Distinguishing between mutations 165 of chromosomes 6.2 Investigation: Effect of one named 165 and described genetic mutation on human health 6.3 DNA repairs itself 166 6.4 Transposable genetic elements 166 6.5 Germ line and somatic mutations 166 6.6 Applied Question Section 6 167 7. Selective breeding is different to 169 gene cloning 7.1 Selective breeding in agriculture 169 7.2 Investigation: History of selective 169 breeding of one species and changes in the species 7.3 Gene cloning and examples 170 7.4 Gene cloning and whole organism 171 cloning 7.5 Use of cloning in animals or plants 171 7.6 Investigation: Processes used in 172 cloning an animal and verifying it is a clone 7.7 Applied Question Section 7 172 8. Timing of gene expression 173 8.1 Genes and embryonic development 173 8.2 Role of gene cascades 173 8.3 Ancestral vertebrate gene homologues 174 8.4 Evolution of genes and their actions 174 8.5 Investigation: Gene analysis and 175 evolutionary relationships 8.6 Applied Question Section 8 175 Answers to Genetics: The Code Broken? 315 146 147 148 149 151 151 151 152 152 152 153 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 157 158 159 159 160 Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology xv Genetics: The Code Broken? 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Science Press Genetics:The Code Broken? xvi Dot Point HSC Biology DOT POINT Maintaining a Balance Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 1 Maintaining a Balance 1. Most organisms are active in a limited temperature range. 1.1 Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism, describe their chemical composition and use a VLPSOHPRGHOWRGHVFULEHWKHLUVSHFL¿FLW\RQVXEVWUDWHV 1.1.1 Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.2 Describe the chemical composition of enzymes. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.1.3 7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVDVLPSOHPRGHOWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHVSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQ substrates. (a) Name this model. Substrate ....................................................................................................................... Active site ....................................................................................................................... (b) Enzyme Explain how this model illustrates the VSHFL¿FLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQVXEVWUDWHV ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(d) List the factors that affect enzyme activity. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 2 Dot Point HSC Biology , GHQWLI\GDWDVRXUFHVSODQFKRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVDQGSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQG investigation to test the effect of: LQFUHDVHGWHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHLQS+ FKDQJHLQVXEVWUDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQV on the activity of named enzyme(s). 1.2.1 Describe an experiment you performed to show the effect of increased temperature on the activity of a named enzyme. In your answer include: DOLVWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWXVHG DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG DVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRG DJHQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 3 Maintaining a Balance 1.2.2 Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of an enzyme. They made up a series of junket solutions and added buffers to the solutions so that the series of test tubes covered a range of pH. They added 5 mL milk to each test tube and then added some of the junket solution to different test tubes. Each test tube was kept in a water bath at 37ºC. (a) Explain why the students kept each water bath at 37°C. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Identify some of the variables that would have needed to be kept constant in this experiment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The following graph shows the activity of four different enzymes. Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4 7 10 11 12 13 14 Activity of enzyme 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 pH 9 Which graph would be most similar to the action of the enzyme rennin? Explain your answer. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Explain how the students could modify the experiment to improve reliability. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 4 Dot Point HSC Biology 1.2.3 Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of change in substrate concentration on the activity of an enzyme. They decided to use the enzyme catalase. Catalase speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic in the body and is produced in chemical reactions such as the oxidation of fatty acids. The students cut several raw potato cubes each measuring one cubic centimetre (cc). Each cube was ground with a mortar and pestle and then added to a test tube using a spatula. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution were added to each test tube (e.g. 6%, 3%, 1.5%) and the rate of reaction was observed (the rate of bubble production). (a) In this experiment, what was the source of the enzyme catalase? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why the students ground the potato with a mortar and pestle. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The students observed the rate of bubble production. What gas was being released? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) The students found that the more concentrated solution (6% hydrogen peroxide) had a faster rate of bubble production than the weaker solution (1.5% hydrogen peroxide). The students made the following inference from their results: ‘The more concentrated the reactants, the greater the rate of reaction’. Suggest a reason why more concentrated solutions have a faster rate of reaction. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Draw a generalised graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with change in substrate concentration. Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 5 Maintaining a Balance ,GHQWLI\WKHS+DVDZD\RIGHVFULELQJWKHDFLGLW\RIDVXEVWDQFH 1.3.1 What is pH? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... [SODLQZK\WKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIDFRQVWDQWLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQWLVLPSRUWDQWIRURSWLPDO ( PHWDEROLFHI¿FLHQF\ 1.4.1 Explain why organisms devote a lot of energy to maintaining a constant internal environment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... HVFULEHKRPHRVWDVLVDVWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKRUJDQLVPVPDLQWDLQDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWHUQDO ' environment. 1.5.1 'H¿QHKRPHRVWDVLV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.5.2 Identify body processes that are controlled by homeostasis. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ([SODLQWKDWKRPHRVWDVLVFRQVLVWVRIWZRVWDJHV GHWHFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH FRXQWHUDFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH 1.6.1 Identify the two stages of homeostasis. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.6.2 Describe how changes from the stable state are detected. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 6 Dot Point HSC Biology 1.7 Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to environmental changes. 1.7.1 HVFULEHWKHVWLPXOXVUHVSRQVHSDWKZD\DQGKRZLWHQDEOHVWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHPWRUHVSRQGWR ' environmental changes. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.8 Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to develop a model of a feedback mechanism. 1.8.1 The diagram shows a feedback mechanism for thermoregulation in humans. (a) W Blood vessels dilate How is a change in the internal body temperature of humans detected? X ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Cooling centre sends message Body temperature decreases ............................................................................................................................ (b) Hypothalamus in brain In this model, what is the effector and how does it carry out a response? ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Heating centre sends message Temperature increases (c) What is meant by negative feedback? ............................................................................................................................ Y Blood vessels constrict Z ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 7 Maintaining a Balance , GHQWLI\WKHEURDGUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHVRYHUZKLFKOLIHLVIRXQGFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHQDUURZ limits for individual species. 1.9.1 Identify the range of temperatures over which most life is found and give an exception to this range. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.9.2 Use an example to show how some species can only survive in a very narrow temperature range. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.10 Compare responses of named Australian ectothermic and endothermic organisms to changes in WKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGH[SODLQKRZWKHVHUHVSRQVHVDVVLVWWHPSHUDWXUHUHJXODWLRQ 1.10.1 Name an Australian ectotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient temperature to control its body temperature. 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.10.2 Name an Australian endotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient temperature to control its body temperature. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance 8 Dot Point HSC Biology 1.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to describe adaptations and responses that have occurred in Australian organisms to assist temperature regulation. 1.11.1 Distinguish between ectotherms and endotherms and identify organisms belonging to each group. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.11.2 7KHGLDJUDPVVKRZDEOXHWRQJXHOL]DUGDQGDEUXVKWDLOHGSRVVXP Identify which is an endotherm and which is an ectotherm and describe an adaptation or response of each to assist temperature regulation. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 9 Maintaining a Balance 1.12 Identify some responses of plants to temperature changes. 1.12.1 Complete the following table to summarise some adaptations of plants for temperature change. Temperature change Example What happens How this assists plant Becomes much colder Becomes much colder Becomes hotter Becomes hotter 1.12.2 Explain how vernalisation assists plants to live in cold climates. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 10 Dot Point HSC Biology 1.13 Applied Question Section 1 The following diagram shows a model you have studied. Walls of active site move a little and wrap around part A as it binds A A B (a) B Name this model. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain how enzymes speed up reactions. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The diagram shows the graph of the reaction rate of two enzymes against pH. Enzyme B Reaction rate Enzyme A 0 1 2 3 4 pH 5 6 7 8 9 10 If these enzymes are found in the human body, suggest possible places where enzyme A and enzyme B could work. Give a reason for each suggestion. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 11 Maintaining a Balance (d) The following data was collected when a group of HSC Biology students wanted to investigate the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme catalase. Catalase is an enzyme found in plants and animals and aerobic bacteria. Catalase is involved in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a waste product of metabolism in many organisms, e.g. hydrogen peroxide is DE\SURGXFWRIIDWW\DFLGR[LGDWLRQ+\GURJHQSHUR[LGHLVWR[LFWRFHOOVDQGPXVWEHTXLFNO\ removed. 2H2O2 catalase 2H2O + O2 The students used a liver suspension as the source of catalase and added 2 drops of suspension to test tubes containing 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 3 mL of water. Each test tube was then placed in a water bath held at a particular temperature. The test tubes were connected to a pressure sensor and data logger and the following results were the maximum pressures (atm/min) recorded by the students. Student results: Temperature °C Pressure (atm/min) 10°C 0.4 25°C 0.5 35°C 0.7 40°C 0.8 45°C 0.9 50°C 0.1 (i) Plot these results on the graph. (ii) Suggest why the students only tested the catalase activity in the temperature range 10°C to 50°C. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 12 Dot Point HSC Biology 2. Plants and animals transport dissolved nutrients and gases in a fluid medium. ,GHQWLI\WKHIRUPVLQZKLFKHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVFDUULHGLQPDPPDOLDQEORRG FDUERQGLR[LGH R[\JHQ ZDWHU VDOWV OLSLGV QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV RWKHUSURGXFWVRIGLJHVWLRQ 2.1.1 Complete the following table to summarise how substances are carried in the blood. Substance Form carried in mammalian blood Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water Salts Lipids Nitrogenous waste Other products of digestion Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 13 Maintaining a Balance 2.2 Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin. 2.2.1 Haemoglobin is often described as a ‘respiratory pigment’. What does this mean? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.2.2 Explain why the presence of haemoglobin in the red blood cells of mammals is an adaptive advantage. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3 Compare the structure of arteries, capillaries and veins in relation to their function. 2.3.1 ([SODLQZK\DUWHULHVQHHGWKLFNHUOD\HUVRIHODVWLFWLVVXHDQGPXVFOH¿EUHV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.3.2 Explain why it is incorrect to say that arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance 14 Dot Point HSC Biology 2.3.3 Complete the following table to compare arteries, capillaries and veins. Feature Arteries Capillaries Veins Diagram Definition Wall structure Blood pressure Diameter of blood vessel Function Composition of blood present Valves Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 15 Maintaining a Balance 2.4 Describe the changes in the chemical composition of blood as it moves around the body and LGHQWLI\WLVVXHVLQZKLFKWKHVHFKDQJHVRFFXU 2.4.1 For each of the following locations in the body, identify a chemical that changes concentration at that location and describe why the changes occurs. Location Chemical that changes concentration Lungs Carbon dioxide Lungs Oxygen Villi of small intestine Amino acids and glucose Liver Glucose Kidneys Water Kidneys Nitrogenous waste Gland Hormones Why the change in concentration occurs Science Press Maintaining a Balance 16 Dot Point HSC Biology HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHGFDUERQGLR[LGHRQ 3 ZDWHU 2.5.1 HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHG ' carbon dioxide on water. Your description should include: DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG GLVFXVVLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 17 Maintaining a Balance HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQXVLQJWKHOLJKWPLFURVFRSHDQGSUHSDUHGVOLGHVWRJDWKHU 3 LQIRUPDWLRQWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRGFHOOVDQGGUDZVFDOHGGLDJUDPVRIHDFK 2.6.1 HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRG ' cells. Your description should include: DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG GLVFXVVLRQRIKRZ\RXHVWLPDWHGWKHVL]HRIWKH¿HOGRIYLHZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance 18 Dot Point HSC Biology 2.6.2 Use the following diagram to identify a red blood cell and a white blood cell and for each of these cells estimate its size. 10 microns XWOLQHWKHQHHGIRUR[\JHQLQOLYLQJFHOOVDQGH[SODLQZK\UHPRYDORIFDUERQGLR[LGHIURPFHOOV 2 is essential. 2.7.1 Explain why living cells need oxygen. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.7.2 Explain why the removal of carbon dioxide from cells is essential. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... QDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPVHFRQGDU\VRXUFHVWRLGHQWLI\FXUUHQWWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWDOORZ $ measurement of oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood and describe DQGH[SODLQWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVDUHXVHG 2.8.1 When researching information from websites, what details should you check to ensure the TXDOLW\DQGDFFXUDF\RIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ\RXREWDLQ" ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 19 Maintaining a Balance 2.8.2 Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of oxygen saturation in blood and explain the conditions under which this technology is used. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.8.3 Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations in blood and explain the conditions under which this technology is used. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance 20 Dot Point HSC Biology 2.9 Analyse and present information from secondary sources to identify the products extracted from donated blood and discuss the uses of these products. 2.9.1 Complete the following table to show four products from donated blood and the uses of these products. Product extracted from donated blood Is component from plasma or blood cells? Use 2.10 Analyse and present information from secondary sources to report on progress in the SURGXFWLRQRIDUWL¿FLDOEORRGDQGXVHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRSURSRVHUHDVRQVZK\VXFKUHVHDUFK is needed. 2.10.1 : KDWLVPHDQWE\µDUWL¿FLDOEORRG¶DQGZK\DUHEORRGVXEVWLWXWHVRIWHQFODVVL¿HGDVHLWKHU ‘volume expanders’ or ‘oxygen therapeutics’? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.10.2 , QWKHVUHVHDUFKEHJDQLQWREORRGVXEVWLWXWHV3HUÀXRURFDUERQVZHUHGHYHORSHG DQGPRUHUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQFURVVOLQNLQJDQGFKHPLFDOPRGL¿FDWLRQKDYHOHGWR haemoglobin solutions. Explain why research is needed in this area. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 21 Maintaining a Balance 2.10.3 Assess a named blood substitute product. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.11 Describe current theories about processes responsible for the movement of materials through plants in xylem and phloem tissue. 2.11.1 Identify the parts of vascular tissue in plants and their functions. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.11.2 Describe the process for movement of materials in xylem tissue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance 22 Dot Point HSC Biology 2.11.3 Describe the process for movement of materials in phloem tissue. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... & KRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVWRSHUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHU¿UVWKDQGGDWDWR GUDZWUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQVRISKORHPDQG[\OHPWLVVXH 2.12.1 The diagrams show two ways of cutting plant sections. Method A Method B Razor blade Razor blade Stem Stem Longitudinal section Transverse section Describe the use of each method. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2.12.2 The diagram shows a stained tissue of plant stem as seen under high power with a light microscope. Name the type of section used to make this slide, the tissue, the material WUDQVSRUWHGE\WKLVWLVVXHDQGLGHQWLI\HDFKSDUWWKDWKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGZLWKDQDUURZ (a) ........................................................................................................................................................... (b) ............................................................................................................................................................ (c) ............................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 23 Maintaining a Balance 2.12.3 The diagram shows a student drawing of what was seen under high power of a light microscope after making a thin section of plant stem. What is this section? .............................................................................................................................................................. Label the different cell types. 2.13 Applied Question Section 2 Compare the transport of water in plants with the transport of water in animals. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Science Press Maintaining a Balance 24 Dot Point HSC Biology 3. Plants and animals regulate the concentration of gases, water and waste products of metabolism in cells and in interstitial fluid. [SODLQZK\WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVVKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHGZLWKLQDQDUURZUDQJHIRU ( optimal function. 3.1.1 [SODLQZK\DFKDQJHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVFDQKDYHVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVRQ ( cell metabolism. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ([SODLQZK\WKHUHPRYDORIZDVWHVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUFRQWLQXHGPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\ 3.2.1 Identify the main metabolic wastes products and discuss why they need to be removed from the body. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ,GHQWLI\WKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQWKHH[FUHWRU\V\VWHPRI¿VKDQGPDPPDOV 3.3.1 &RPSDUHWKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQPDPPDOVIUHVKZDWHU¿VKDQGVDOWZDWHU¿VK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 25 Maintaining a Balance [SODLQZK\WKHSURFHVVHVRIGLIIXVLRQDQGRVPRVLVDUHLQDGHTXDWHLQUHPRYLQJGLVVROYHG ( QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQVRPHRUJDQLVPV 3.4.1 Explain why many organisms do not rely on diffusion and osmosis as the only processes to remove dissolved nitrogenous wastes. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... LVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUWDQGUHODWHWKHVHWRSURFHVVHVRFFXUULQJLQWKH ' mammalian kidney. 3.5.1 What is the difference between active and passive transport? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.5.2 Describe active and passive transport in the mammalian kidney. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... [SODLQKRZWKHSURFHVVHVRI¿OWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHPDPPDOLDQQHSKURQUHJXODWH ( ERG\ÀXLGFRPSRVLWLRQ 3.6.1 [SODLQKRZ¿OWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHNLGQH\PDLQWDLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHUDQG ( salts in the body. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 26 Dot Point HSC Biology HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQNLGQH\E\GLVVHFWLRQXVHRI 3 DPRGHORUYLVXDOUHVRXUFHDQGLGHQWLI\WKHUHJLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHH[FUHWLRQRIZDVWHSURGXFWV 3.7.1 HVFULEHD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQ ' kidney by dissection. Your description should include: DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG ODEHOOHGGLDJUDPRIWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIDNLGQH\DVVHHQLQWKHGLVVHFWLRQ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Labelled diagram of kidney: Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 27 Maintaining a Balance 3.8 Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources to compare the process of UHQDOGLDO\VLVZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHNLGQH\ 3.8.1 'H¿QHGLDO\VLVDQGRXWOLQHKRZLWFDQDSSO\WRWKHNLGQH\ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.8.2 Fill in the following table to compare renal dialysis and the kidney. Feature Kidney Renal dialysis Structure Function and nitrogenous wastes Other functions How often it occurs Filtration and reabsorption Science Press Maintaining a Balance 28 Dot Point HSC Biology XWOLQHWKHUROHRIWKHKRUPRQHVDOGRVWHURQHDQG$'+DQWLGLXUHWLFKRUPRQHLQWKHUHJXODWLRQ 2 RIZDWHUDQGVDOWOHYHOVLQEORRG 3.9.1 Complete the following table to summarise the hormones aldosterone and ADH. Feature Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Where it is produced When it is produced Stored Travels Action Suppression Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 29 Maintaining a Balance 3 UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRRXWOLQHWKHJHQHUDOXVHRIKRUPRQHUHSODFHPHQWWKHUDS\LQSHRSOHZKR cannot secrete aldosterone. 3.10.1 What is hormone replacement therapy? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.10.2 Describe the use of hormone replacement therapy for kidney conditions involving aldosterone GH¿FLHQFLHV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to compare and explain the differences in urine FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWHUUHVWULDOPDPPDOVPDULQH¿VKDQGIUHVKZDWHU¿VK 3.11.1 Complete the table to summarise the three types of nitrogenous wastes. Feature O H N C H N H O C HN C H O Ammonia C C N H O H2N C NH2 Urea N H Uric acid Formation and energy needed for formation Toxicity Solubility Animals releasing this as nitrogenous waste Science Press Maintaining a Balance 30 Dot Point HSC Biology 3.11.2 In vertebrates, the function of the kidneys is the removal of nitrogenous and other wastes. .LGQH\VDUHDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHRVPRWLFUHJXODWLRQRIERG\ÀXLGV,GHQWLI\WKHPDLQ nitrogenous waste and where it is removed from the bodies of terrestrial mammals, marine ¿VKDQGIUHVKZDWHU¿VK5HODWHWKLVH[FUHWLRQWRWKHXULQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVHDQLPDOV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 VHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRH[SODLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHUDQGWKH SURGXFWLRQDQGH[FUHWLRQRIFRQFHQWUDWHGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQDUDQJHRI$XVWUDOLDQLQVHFWV and terrestrial mammals. 3.12.1 Leichhardt’s Grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera is a bright red, blue and orange grasshopper found on the eastern side of Australia. The Giant Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis is only found in tropical northern Australia and nearby islands. It is Australia’s most destructive termite and builds large mounds. Grasshoppers and termites excrete uric acid. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and production of uric acid for these insects. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 31 Maintaining a Balance 3.12.2 7 KHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHNotomys alexis lives in the desert and can survive by eating seeds, insects and plant roots and not drinking water. Their urine is one of the most concentrated found in mammals and they eliminate an almost dry faeces. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and the concentration of their nitrogenous waste IRUWKHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVH ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ' H¿QHHQDQWLRVWDVLVDVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIPHWDEROLFDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQVLQUHVSRQVHWR variations in the environment and discuss its importance to estuarine organisms in maintaining appropriate salt concentrations. 3.13.1 'H¿QHHQDQWLRVWDVLV ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.13.2 Describe the main features of an estuarine environment. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.14 Process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to discuss processes used by different plants for salt regulation in saline environments. 3.14.1 Describe two different processes to regulate salt levels of named plants that live in saline environments. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 32 Dot Point HSC Biology ' HVFULEHDGDSWDWLRQVRIDUDQJHRIWHUUHVWULDO$XVWUDOLDQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQPLQLPLVLQJZDWHU loss. 3.15.1 Complete the following table to summarise the adaptations of each Australian plant. Plant and feature Diagram How feature minimises water loss Eucalypts Leaves hang vertically. Spinifex grass Leaf can coil around underside. Hakea multilineata (grass-leaf hakea) Leaves are long, thin blades. Carpobrotus rossii (pigface) Leaves are thick, succulent. Actinotus spp (flannel flower) Leaves have dense covering of pale woolly hairs. Acacia spp Have extensive root system with root nodules. Oleander Deep root system below the water table. Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 33 Maintaining a Balance 3 HUIRUPD¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVWUXFWXUHVLQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQ WKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHU 3.16.1 To investigate structures in plants used in the conservation of water, some HSC Biology VWXGHQWVPDGHDWKLQFURVVVHFWLRQRIDOHDIRIVSLQLIH[JUDVV7KH\REVHUYHGWKHVHFWLRQ under low power of a light microscope and drew the following diagram for their results. Low power spinifex grass stem Identify two features on this diagram and discuss how each structure assists in the conservation of water. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3.17 Applied Question Section 3 Compare an adaptation to reduce water loss in an Australian plant with a mechanism to reduce water loss in an Australian animal. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Science Press Maintaining a Balance 34 Dot Point HSC Biology DOT POINT Answers Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 263 Answers Notes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Oxygen Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells. Water Water travels in plasma as water molecules. Salt Salts travel as either positive or negative ions, e.g. potsssium ions (K ). Lipids Many lipids are water-insoluble and only travel in the blood when they are coated with proteins becoming lipoproteins and travel as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Nitrogenous waste The nitrogenous waste is ammonia, but as this is toxic most mammals convert the ammonia to urea. The conversion occurs in the liver and the kidneys filter the urea from the blood. Other products of digestion Many products of digestion are soluble and travel dissolved in the plasma, e.g. amino acids, glucose, vitamins. + 2.2.1 UHVSLUDWRU\SLJPHQWLVDFRPSRXQGWKDWJLYHVFRORXUHJKDHRPRJORELQLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHUHGFRORXURIEORRGDQGWKDW $ is involved in respiration, e.g. haemoglobin carries oxygen needed for respiration. 2.2.2 [\JHQFDQFRPELQHZLWKKDHPRJORELQWRIRUPR[\KDHPRJORELQ7KLVLQFUHDVHVWKHR[\JHQFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHEORRG 2 0DPPDOVDUHHQGRWKHUPVDQGXVHWKHKHDWIURPLQWHUQDOPHWDEROLFSURFHVVHVWRPDLQWDLQERG\WHPSHUDWXUHHJR[\JHQ DQGJOXFRVHDUHXVHGLQUHVSLUDWLRQWRUHOHDVHHQHUJ\LQWKHIRUPRI$73DQGKHDW,WLVWKHUHIRUHDQDGDSWLYHDGYDQWDJH for mammals to have haemoglobin in their red blood cells to carry more oxygen to release more energy to maintain body WHPSHUDWXUHHQVXUHRSWLPXPFRQGLWLRQVIRUFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVDQGIRUDQDFWLYHOLIHWR¿QGIRRG¿QGDPDWHDQGFDUHIRU offspring. 2.3.1 $UWHULHVWDNHEORRGDZD\IURPWKHKHDUWZKLOHYHLQVWDNHEORRGWRWKHKHDUW7KHUHLVKLJKEORRGSUHVVXUHLQDUWHULHVDQG WKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHDUWHU\QHHGVWREHDEOHWRZLWKVWDQGWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHDVZHOODVWKHFKDQJHVLQSUHVVXUHEHFDXVHRIWKH UK\WKPLFSXPSLQJRIWKHKHDUW7KHWKLFNHUOD\HURIHODVWLFWLVVXHDQGPXVFOH¿EUHVLQDUWHULHVDOORZWKHYHVVHOWRH[SDQGZKHQ XQGHUSUHVVXUHDQGWKHQFRQWUDFWDJDLQ9HLQVDUHXQGHUOHVVSUHVVXUHDQGPDQ\KDYHYDOYHVWRNHHSWKHEORRGÀRZLQJLQRQH GLUHFWLRQDVWKHSUHVVXUHFRXOGQRWUHWXUQWKHEORRGWRWKHKHDUW 2.3.2 RVWDUWHULHVFDUU\R[\JHQDWHGEORRGDQGPRVWYHLQVFDUU\GHR[\JHQDWHGEORRG+RZHYHUWKHKXPDQFLUFXODWRU\V\VWHPLVD 0 GRXEOHV\VWHPZLWKWKHULJKWVLGHRIWKHKHDUWSXPSLQJEORRGWRWKHOXQJVDQGWKHOHIWVLGHRIWKHKHDUWSXPSLQJWRWKHERG\ 7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHSXOPRQDU\DUWHU\FDUULHVGHR[\JHQDWHGEORRGWRWKHOXQJVIURPWKHKHDUW,QWKHOXQJVR[\JHQPRYHV GRZQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQWIURPWKHOXQJVLQWRWKHEORRGDQGWKHSXOPRQDU\YHLQFDUULHVWKHR[\JHQDWHGEORRGWRWKH heart. 2.3.3 Feature Arteries Capillaries Veins Diagram Fibrous outer layer Muscle and elastic fibres Endothelium Single layer of cells Fibrous outer layer Muscle and elastic fibres Endothelium Definition Carry blood away from the heart Thin-walled blood vessels, e.g. link arteries to veins Carry blood to the heart Wall structure Thick elastic muscular wall with three main layers with muscle and elastic tissue Walls are only a single cell in thickness with no elastic or muscular fibres Thin walls with fewer elastic and muscle fibres than the equivalent layers in arteries Blood pressure Highest blood pressure is in arteries near the heart, e.g. aorta Small diameter causes high frictional resistance, restricts blood flow and lowers blood pressure Lower blood pressure, insufficient to return all blood from extremities to the heart Diameter of blood vessel Small bore Bore is diameter of one red blood cell Large bore Function Distribute blood away from the heart, e.g. to arterioles that carry blood to capillaries Exchange vessels when chemicals, e.g. gases exchange between blood and interstitial fluid surrounding cells Return blood to the heart from capillaries to venules to veins Composition of blood present Most arteries carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) Gas exchange occurs, e.g. oxygen from blood into tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues into blood Most veins carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) Valves No valves No valves Valves present to prevent back-flow Science Press Maintaining a Balance 268 Dot Point HSC Biology 2.4.1 Location Chemical that changes concentration Why the change in concentration occurs Lungs Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide increases in concentration as it diffuses into the lungs from the blood returning from respiring body cells. Lungs Oxygen Oxygen decreases in concentration as it diffuses out of the alveoli in the lungs into the blood to be taken to cells for respiration. Villi of small intestine Amino acids and glucose Glucose and amino acids decrease in concentration as they diffuse from the small intestine into the blood to be taken away to be used by the body. Liver Glucose Glucose concentration can decrease in the liver when there is too much glucose in the bloodstream and the glucose is removed to be stored as glycogen. Glucose concentration can increase in the liver when there is not enough glucose in the blood for maintaining stable body conditions. Kidneys Water Water can be removed from blood or reabsorbed back into blood during the filtration process in the kidneys. Osmoregulation maintains a constant water balance in the body. Kidneys Nitrogenous waste Most mammals produce urea as the main nitrogenous waste. It is formed when excess amino acids accumulate after the digestion of proteins and when cells metabolise proteins into amino acids. The excess amino acids cannot be stored and are taken to the liver where they are deaminated. The concentration of urea increases in the kidneys as it is filtered from the blood and accumulated to be excreted. Glands Hormones Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into blood, e.g. hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes. 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Epidermis Cortex Xylem Phloem 2.13 Applied Question Section 2 Feature Plants Animals Function Mineral ions are dissolved in water and are transported up the plant Mineral ions and vitamins are transported in the plasma of blood Tissues Water is transported in vascular tissue (veins) in the xylem Water is transported in vascular tissue (veins, arteries, capillaries) Mechanism for transport Transpiration pull, cohesion and adhesion cause water to rise in the xylem Heart pumping forces blood through arteries 3.1.1 HOOPHWDEROLVPLVFRQWUROOHGE\HQ]\PHV(DFKHQ]\PHUHTXLUHVVSHFL¿FFRQGLWLRQVIRURSWLPDOHI¿FLHQF\HJVSHFL¿FS+ & WHPSHUDWXUHLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQV7KXVDFKDQJHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVFRXOGLQWHUIHUHZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRI HQ]\PHVDQGPHWDEROLVPZRXOGEHGLVUXSWHG 3.2.1 7KHPDLQPHWDEROLFZDVWHVDUHFDUERQGLR[LGHH[FHVVVDOWVH[FHVVZDWHUDQGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVHJXUHDDPPRQLDRU XULFDFLG$QDFFXPXODWLRQRIZDVWHVFDQEHWR[LFWRWKHERG\RUFDQGLVUXSWPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\)RUH[DPSOHKLJKOHYHOVRI DPPRQLDRUXUHDZLOONLOOFHOOVDQGH[FHVVZDWHUZLOOFKDQJHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDIIHFWLQJHQ]\PHDFWLYLW\ 3.3.1 Feature Mammal Saltwater fish Freshwater fish Kidney An excretory organ that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes An excretory organ that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes An excretory organ that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes Structure Many nephrons Simple structure with few small glomeruli Simple structure with many large glomeruli Filtration High blood pressure in glomerulus forces ultrafiltration Low filtration rate High filtration rate Urine produced Amount and concentration depends upon water intake and activities Small quantity urine produced Large amounts of very dilute urine 3.4.1 LIIXVLRQDQGRVPRVLVDUHSDVVLYHSURFHVVHVDQGZLOOQRWRFFXUXQOHVVDVXI¿FLHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQWLVSUHVHQW7KHVH ' SURFHVVHVFDQDOVREHTXLWHVORZ/DUJHDFWLYHPXOWLFHOOXODUDQLPDOVTXLFNO\DFFXPXODWHWR[LFOHYHOVRIQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV DQGWKXVQHHGRWKHUPHFKDQLVPVHJXOWUD¿OWUDWLRQLQWKHNLGQH\VWRPDLQWDLQVXLWDEOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIZDWHUDQGVROXWHVIRU UHPRYDORIZDVWHVDQGHI¿FLHQWPHWDEROLVP 3.5.1 $FWLYHWUDQVSRUWUHTXLUHVDQLQSXWRIHQHUJ\IRUWKHPRYHPHQWRIPDWHULDOVDFURVVDFHOOPHPEUDQHZKLOHSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUW GRHVQRWUHTXLUHDQLQSXWRIHQHUJ\IRUPRYHPHQWDFURVVDPHPEUDQHHJRVPRVLVDQGGLIIXVLRQ 3.5.2 UHVVXUHLQWKHJORPHUXOXVFDXVHVZDWHULRQVDQGVPDOOPROHFXOHVWR¿OWHULQWR%RZPDQ¶VFDSVXOH5HDEVRUSWLRQRIJOXFRVH 3 DPLQRDFLGVDQGLQRUJDQLFVDOWVRFFXUVE\DFWLYHWUDQVSRUW$VWKHVHVROXWHVPRYHRXWRIWKHQHSKULF¿OWUDWHZDWHUIROORZVE\ RVPRVLV$FWLYHWUDQVSRUWRIVRGLXPLRQVFDXVHVPRUHRVPRVLVDQGWKHOHYHOVRIVDOWDQGZDWHUDUHWKXVDGMXVWHGWRPDLQWDLQ homeostasis. 3.6.1 OWUD¿OWUDWLRQRFFXUVZKHQKLJKEORRGSUHVVXUHLQWKHJORPHUXOXVIRUFHVZDWHULRQVDQGVPDOOPROHFXOHVLQWR%RZPDQ¶V 8 FDSVXOH&RPSRQHQWVWKDWDUHQHHGHGE\WKHERG\DUHWKHQVHOHFWLYHO\UHDEVRUEHGLQWRWKHEORRGVWUHDPLQWKHWXEXOHV%\ FRQWUROOLQJUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWRWKHEORRGVWUHDPWKHVDOWDQGZDWHUOHYHOVRIERG\ÀXLGVDUHFRQWUROOHG Science Press Maintaining a Balance 272 Dot Point HSC Biology 3.7.1 7RSHUIRUPDGLVVHFWLRQRIDPDPPDOLDQNLGQH\ ( TXLSPHQW\RXZLOOQHHG $VKHHSNLGQH\GLVVHFWLQJERDUGVFDOSHOUXEEHUJORYHVSUREHJRJJOHVODERUDWRU\FRDWQHZVSDSHUPDJQLI\LQJJODVV )RUPHWKRGIROORZWKHVHVWHSV 2EVHUYHWKHRXWHUVKDSHRIWKHNLGQH\DQGWKHFDSVXOHRXWHUSURWHFWLYHOD\HURIVNLQ ,GHQWLI\WKHWXEHVHQWHULQJWKHNLGQH\±XUHWHUUHQDODUWHU\DQGUHQDOYHLQ±XVHWKHPDJQLI\LQJJODVVWRFKHFNWKH WKLFNQHVVRIWKHZDOOVRIWKHEORRGYHVVHOV &XWWKHNLGQH\LQKDOIOHQJWKZLVHXVLQJWKHVFDOSHO 8VHWKHPDJQLI\LQJJODVVWRREVHUYHWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHNLGQH\DQGGUDZREVHUYDWLRQV 8VHWKHSUREHWRIROORZWKHSDWKZD\IURPXUHWHULQWRSHOYLVRINLGQH\ 5HFRUGREVHUYDWLRQV :UDSWKHGLVVHFWHGNLGQH\LQQHZVSDSHUDQGGLVSRVHRILWDSSURSULDWHO\ 6DIHW\SUHFDXWLRQ %HFDUHIXOXVLQJWKHVFDOSHODVWKHEODGHFRXOGFXWVNLQOHDGLQJWRSRWHQWLDOLQIHFWLRQ Brown region Pinkish-red region White region Thin tube 3.8.1 'LDO\VLVLVDSURFHVVZKLFKDOORZVVROXWHVGLVVROYHGLQEORRGWRGLIIXVHDFURVVDVHPLSHUPHDEOHPHPEUDQHHJLQUHQDO GLDO\VLVZDVWHSURGXFWVDUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHEORRGZKHQDSHUVRQKDVPLOGNLGQH\IDLOXUH 3.8.2 Feature Kidney Renal dialysis Structure Consists of about 1 million nephrons which filter the blood. Haemodialysis occurs in a hospital where the patient is attached via a tube in the veins, to a machine that circulates blood through semipermeable filters that take out the toxins in the blood. The procedure usually takes 3 to 4 hours. Dialysers consist of three parts: a compartment for the blood, a compartment for the dialysate, and a semipermeable membrane separating the two. Function and nitrogenous wastes Removes urea from blood. Removes urea from blood. Other functions Maintains body’s balance of various salts, e.g. sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate. Releases into the bloodstream hormones that regulate vital functions including blood pressure, red blood cell production. Concentrations of desired solutes can be adjusted by altering the composition of the dialysis fluid to maintain natural concentration for healthy blood. How often it occurs Each day two kidneys excrete about 1.5 to 2.5 litres of urine. Haemodialysis works more quickly than peritoneal dialysis, and can be done in short sessions, e.g. 3 to 4 hours in hospital while peritoneal dialysis needs to be performed every day. Filtration and reabsorption Filters and reabsorbs required materials. Filters but no reabsorption. Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 273 Maintaining a Balance 3.9.1 Feature Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Where it is produced Adrenal cortex of adrenal gland. Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus in brain. When it is produced Regulated by two mechanisms: 1. Decrease in blood volume and fall in blood pressure cause secretion of rennin in kidney. Rennin starts chemical reactions that cause the adrenal gland to release aldosterone. 2. Level of sodium ion concentration. When hypothalamus detects a rise in blood solutes, i.e. there is a decrease in water concentration in blood. Stored No. Can be stored in posterior pituitary gland. Travels From adrenal gland to kidney. Travels in bloodstream from posterior pituitary gland to kidney. Action Causes increased active transport of sodium ions from nephron distal tubules. Water follows and is reabsorbed from the tubules. This causes concentration of solutes in blood to decrease and blood pressure rises. In kidney it increases the permeability of distal tubules and collecting ducts to water. This increases the amount of water reabsorbed and concentration of solutes decreases. Suppression Negative feedback causes decreased secretion of aldosterone. Negative feedback causes decreased secretion of ADH. 3.10.1 +RUPRQHUHSODFHPHQWWKHUDS\LVDWUHDWPHQWJLYHQZKHQDJODQGLVQRWSURGXFLQJHQRXJKRIDSDUWLFXODUKRUPRQH 3.10.2 $GH¿FLHQF\LQDOGRVWHURQHE\LWVHOIRUFRPELQHGZLWKDJOXFRFRUWLFRLGGH¿FLHQF\FDQOHDGWR$GGLVRQ¶VGLVHDVH:LWKRXW WUHDWPHQWWKHFRQGLWLRQLVOHWKDODVLQFRUUHFWVRGLXPOHYHOVFDXVHHOHFWURO\WHLPEDODQFHVK\SHUWHQVLRQDQGFDUGLDFIDLOXUH 7UHDWPHQWRI$GGLVRQ¶VGLVHDVHLQYROYHVUHSODFLQJWKHKRUPRQHVHJRUDOGRVHVRIÀXGURFRUWLVRQHDFHWDWH)ORULQHI7KH PHGLFDWLRQLVWDNHQRQFHDGD\DQGWKHGRVHLVDGMXVWHGWRPHHWWKHQHHGVRILQGLYLGXDOSDWLHQWV 3.11.1 Feature O H N C H H O C HN N C H O Ammonia C O H2N C N H C NH2 Urea N H Uric acid Formation and energy needed for formation Formed immediately after the amino group is removed from protein, using little energy Synthesis requires more energy than urea synthesis Produced by liver in process that requires more energy than production of ammonia Toxicity Very toxic Not very toxic Less toxic than ammonia Solubility Highly soluble in water Not very soluble in water Soluble – can be moderately concentrated to conserve water Animals releasing this as nitrogenous waste Bony fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic amphibians Insects, reptiles, birds, some dogs excrete uric acid. Reptiles and birds eliminate uric acid with faeces Terrestrial amphibians and mammals 3.11.2 Feature Terrestrial mammal Marine fish Freshwater fish Main nitrogenous waste Urea Ammonia Ammonia Where nitrogenous waste is excreted Kidney Gills – but since a lot of water is needed to remove ammonia (only one nitrogen in each molecule), some ammonia is converted into urea which accumulates in blood to help maintain osmotic balance, e.g. sharks. Gills where fresh water easily flushes ammonia from gills. Urine concentration Varies depending upon water intake, activity and environmental conditions. Release concentrated urine to retain as much water as possible. Very dilute urine to eliminate as much water as possible. Amount of urine released Varies depending upon water intake, activity and environmental conditions. Small amounts released to retain as much water as possible. Large amounts of urine to eliminate as much water as possible. Explanation When water is available large amounts of dilute urine can be produced, as water availability decreases concentration increases and amount decreases. In a marine environment, water tends to move out of the organism by osmosis. Some marine fish, e.g. sharks are hypertonic to prevent dehydration while other species release as little water as possible. In fresh water, water tends to move into an organism by osmosis. Freshwater fish need to remove as much water as possible in their urine. Science Press Maintaining a Balance 274 Dot Point HSC Biology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¿VKZDGLQJ ELUGVJXOOVHWF 3.14.1 Avicennia marinaWKHJUH\PDQJURYHLVWKHPDQJURYHIRXQGLQ6\GQH\HVWXDULHVA. marinaVHFUHWHVVDOWWKURXJKVHFUHWRU\ JODQGVRQWKHLUORZHUOHDIVXUIDFHV7KHVDOWFU\VWDOOLVHVXSRQHYDSRUDWLRQDQGWKHQLVZDVKHGRUEORZQDZD\E\WKHVHD breeze. Aegiceras corniculatumWKHULYHUPDQJURYHLVIRXQGRQWKH16:FRDVWDQGKDVVLPSOHNQREOLNHSURWXEHUDQFHV RQURRWVWRKHOSVXSSO\R[\JHQWRWKHURRWV\VWHP2[\JHQLVQHHGHGIRUUHVSLUDWLRQZKLFKSURYLGHVWKHHQHUJ\IRUDFWLYH WUDQVSRUW(QHUJ\LVQHHGHGWRSUHYHQWVDOWGLIIXVLQJLQWRWKHSODQWGRZQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQW 3.15.1 Plant and feature Diagram How feature minimises water loss Less surface area of leaf is exposed to heat of midday sun. Vertical position means photosynthesis occurs in morning and afternoon and stomates close midday and thus transpiration and water loss is reduced. Eucalypts Leaves hang vertically Leaf can coil around underside Stomates on underside are protected from heat, wind etc and water loss by transpiration is reduced. Hakea multilineata (grass-leaf hakea) Long, thin blades reduce surface area and reduces SA:V. This reduces water loss by transpiration. Spinifex grass Leaves are long, thin blades Carpobrotus rossii (pigface) Thick, succulent leaves store water allowing plant to grow in arid areas and have water available when needed. Leaves are thick, succulent Actinotus spp (flannel flower) Dense covering of woolly hairs reduces the ability of water to evaporate and move away from the plant. This decreases water loss by transpiration. Leaves have dense covering of pale woolly hairs Extensive root system increases ability to absorb water when water is available. Acacia spp Have extensive root system with root nodules Deep root system allows plant to tap into the water table providing water, even if the surface is dry. Oleander Deep root system below the water table 3.16.1 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVVXQNHQVWRPDWHVRQWKHXQGHUVLGHRIDFXUOHGOHDI7KHSODFHPHQWRIVWRPDWHVLQDµFU\SW¶PHDQVWKDWZDWHU WKDWWUDQVSLUHVRXWWKHVWRPDWHVKDVGLI¿FXOW\OHDYLQJWKHFU\SWDQGKHQFHZDWHUORVVLVUHGXFHG7KHGLDJUDPDOVRVKRZVKDLUV RQWKHXQGHUVLGH+DLUVUHVWULFWWKHPRYHPHQWRIZDWHUDZD\IURPWKHSODQWDQGKLQGHUDLUPRYHPHQWDFURVVWKHXQGHUVLGHRI WKHOHDI7KLVUHGXFHVWUDQVSLUDWLRQDQGZDWHUORVVIURPWKHOHDI Science Press Dot Point HSC Biology 275 Maintaining a Balance 3.17 Applied Question Section 3 GDSWDWLRQVWRUHGXFHZDWHUORVVFDQEHIRXQGLQERWKWKHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHDQ$XVWUDOLDQDQLPDODQGVSLQLIH[JUDVV $ DQ$XVWUDOLDQSODQW Feature Spinifex hopping-mouse Spinifex grass Location Found in deserts where there is limited water supply. Found in deserts where there is limited water supply. Obtaining water Mouse obtains water from seeds, insects, plants, metabolic water and does not drink. Obtains water from extensive root system. Reducing water loss Long tubules in nephrons allow reabsorption of water so highly concentrated urine is excreted. Stomates in crypt and hairs across crypt on underside of leaf reduce transpiration and water loss. Science Press Maintaining a Balance 276 Dot Point HSC Biology

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