Conference Program
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South Italy, Sicily and the Mediterranean: Cultural Interactions Conference Program 17th – 21st July 2012, Melbourne AUSTRALIA 199 Faraday Street, Carlton Welcome Welcome to the inaugural Mediterranean Studies conference hosted by the Centre for Greek Studies and the A.D. Trendall Research Centre for Ancient Mediterranean Studies at La Trobe University in Melbourne. The conference will focus on the movement of people and interactions of culture in the region of Southern Italy and Sicily from antiquity until the present. The range of topics reflects the aim of this conference to take an inter-disciplinary approach to the region and to foster critical analysis of geographical and chronological interconnections in this part of the Mediterranean. Through its examination of the cultural interactions, population movements, and changing religious and philosophical ideas over a period of approximately 3000 years this conference seeks to start an ongoing scholarly discussion around continuity and change over time throughout the Mediterranean. It would not have been possible to convene this conference without the help of many organisations and individuals. We would like to thank the Instituto Italiano di Cultura, the Instituto Cultura Sicilia Australia, the Hellenic Museum, the La Trobe University Museum of Art (LUMA), the Co-Op Bookshop, Penguin Books Australia, John Dewar, Amanda Dunsmore, Siobhan Hannan, Ian McPhee, Annabel Orchard, Sarah Davidson, Tess Flynn, Michelle McFarlane, Michael Evans, the administrative staff at the School of Historical and European Studies, and the conference volunteers. We hope you will find the presentations, conversations and debates of the coming days to be fruitful and inspiring. Conference Conveners Carlo Carli, Chris Mackie, Brigid Maher, Sarah Midford, Gillian Shepherd and Rosaria Zarro 2 Table of Contents Welcome ……………………………………………. 2 Important Information ………………………… 4 Program ……………………………………………. 5 Abstracts ……………………………………………. 16 Coffee, Food and Night Life ………………….. 38 General Information ……………………………. 40 Conference Activities …………………………….. 41 Maps ………………………………………………….. 42 3 Important Information Conference Venue* Museo Italiano, 199 Faraday Street CARLTON Telephone: 03 9349 9000 Conference Contact Sarah Midford Telephone: 0439 690 290 Emergency Services Police, Ambulance, Fire Department Telephone: 000 * Unless otherwise stated, registration, all events and conference sessions will be held at the Museo Italiano, 199 Faraday St Carlton 4 Tuesday, 17th July 2012 2.30-4.00 4.00-5.30 Registration A.D. Trendall ‘Connoisseur and Code-breaker’ Exhibition Tour and Lecture Dr Gillian Shepherd, La Trobe University Please meet in the foyer of the Museo Italiano at 4.00pm The lecture will be held in the Conference Room after the tour 5.30-7.30 Conference and Exhibition Opening Museo Italiano To be opened by Professor John Dewar Vice-Chancellor, La Trobe University Hosted by Professor Chris Mackie Head of School, Historical and European Studies Director, A.D. Trendall Centre for Ancient Mediterranean Studies La Trobe University Drinks and Cocktail Food will be provided 5 Wednesday, 18th July 2012 9.009.30 Registration 9.3010.30 Keynote Address Conference Room Chairperson: Roger Wilson Professor Sebastiano Tusa University Suor Orsola Benincasa of Naples Ancient Mediterranean Marine Cultural Heritage 10.3011.00 11.0012.00 6 Morning Tea Conference Room Grollo Theatre Australian Cultural Interactions Musical Interactions Chairperson: Mia Spizzica Chairperson: Brigid Maher Catherine Williams Daniela Castaldo La Trobe University University of Salento-Lecce Reasons for and consequences of a legislative lacuna: the lack of an Australian equivalent to article 416bis of the Italian Penal Code Musical culture in ancient Southern Italy: indigenous presences and Greek influences Gerardo Papalia Guendalina Carbonelli Monash University Monash University Migrating Madonnas: The Madonna della Montagna di Polsi in Calabria and in Australia Discussing identity: Fabrizio De André’s Mediterranean 12.00 1.00 Conference Room World War Two Chairperson: Mia Fuller Mia Spizzica University of Melbourne Southern Italians Interacting Behind Barbed Wire in Australia Emily R. Anderson Southern Methodist University Photographs of Life and Death: The Cultural Impact of the Allied Invasion of Sicily 1.00 1.30 1.30 5.30 Lunch Break Lunch not provided Tour of La Trobe University Campus The bus will leave the Museo Italiano at 1.30pm sharp and will return from La Trobe University at 5.30pm (approximate arrival time at Museo Italiano, 6.15pm) Tour Itinerary: 2.15pm - La Trobe University Australian Wildlife Sanctuary 3.15pm - TARDIS (Teaching Archaeological Research Discipline In Simulation) 3.45pm - Afternoon tea at LUMA (La Trobe University Museum of Art) 4.30pm - A.D. Trendall Centre for Ancient Mediterranean Studies 5.30pm - Bus returns to the Museo Italiano 7 Thursday, 19th July 2012 9.00 9.30 9.3011.00 Registration Ian Coller Chairperson: Eva AnagnostouLaoutides Ian McPhee La Trobe University La Trobe University The French Revolution and the Mediterranean A Red-figured Calyx-krater from Himera: Attic, not Sicilian Andrea Nanetti Ted Robinson University of Venice University of Sydney Jacques II Bourbon comte de la Marche, South Italy and the Mediterranean: the evidence of the Morosini codex (1415-1422) Athens, Sicily, South Italy: interactions in comic theatre Erma Vassiliou Helen Simmons The Australian National University University of Melbourne Links between Latin, Latin languages and Cypriot: journeys of words and cultures Swanning around: Variations on a theme in South Italian and Sicilian vase painting Chairperson: David Abulafia 11.0011.30 11.301.00 8 Grollo Theatre Vase Painting Conference Room Mediterranean Interactions Morning Tea Conference Room Grollo Theatre Contemporary Perspectives Textual Interactions Chairperson: Gerardo Papalia Chairperson: Ted Robinson Raffaele Lampugnani Nikolaos A. Tsentikopoulos Monash University Thessaloniki De-familiarisation in Carlo Levi’s Christ Stopped at Eboli Bilingual (Greek-Latin) inscriptions in Rome, Italy and the western provinces of the Roman Empire Brigid Maher Alessandro Angelucci La Trobe University University of San Marino Questioning the clash of civilizations: History, religion and fluid identities in a Mediterranean noir The Promised Island. The Political Use of Biblical Exodus Textual Echoes in the Age of Sicilian Vespers and the Role of Migrations NB. Paper to be read by Sarah Midford Amedeo Lepore Liberata Luciani Second University of Naples Monash University Italy and its development policies from the golden age to the current crisis: the role of “nuovo meridionalismo” Elements of Southern Italian Folklore: Borrowed, Not Fabricated NB. Paper to be read by Sarah Davidson 1.00 2.30 Lunch Break Lunch not provided -- Exhibition Tour: Cypriot Pottery Exhibition Ian Potter Museum of Art, 800 Swanston St, Carlton Led by Dr Jennifer Webb Charles Joseph La Trobe Research Fellow, Archaeology Program, La Trobe University -Those wanting to participate should meet in the foyer of the Museo Italiano at 1.30pm to be taken to the Ian Potter Museum 2.30 4.00 Conference Room Grollo Theatre Questioning the Origins of Material Culture Reinterpreting Mythical Representations Chairperson: Antonino Facella Chairperson: Chris Mackie Camilla Norman Evangelina Anagnostou-Laoutides Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens Monash University Daunian Stelae: home-grown, inherited and borrowed images Falling in love the Sicilian Way: Daphnis and Heracles in Vergil and Sositheus 9 Kenneth Sheedy Fran Keeling Macquarie University University of Sydney The Incuse Coinage of South Italy An investigation of ‘Greek’ and Italic religious symbolism in Magna Graecia Anna Raudino Kate McLardy University of Perugia Monash University Analysing fusion and contact through archaeological evidence in South-East Sicily in the 8th century BC The Sicilian Thesmophoria: A Unique Example of a Classical Festival 4.00 4.30 Afternoon Tea 4.30 6.00 Keynote Address Conference Room Chairperson: Chris Mackie Professor David Abulafia Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University Southern Italy and Sicily at the Centre of the Mediterranean: A Millennium of Contacts 6.308.30 The Australian Launch of David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean in paperback and The Friends of the Trendall Centre With Special Guest Speaker Amanda Dunsmore Curator of Decorative Arts & Antiquities at the National Gallery of Victoria Drinks and Cocktail Food will be provided 10 Friday, 20th July 2012 10.0010.30 Registration 10.3011.30 Keynote Address Registrations moved to 11am—11.30am Conference Room Chairperson: Brigid Maher d e l l e c n Associate Professor Mia Fuller University of California, Berkeley Ca Italy’s Souths and the Implementation of Modern Italian Colonialism: Sicily, the Mediterranean, and the Prehistory of Italian Postcolonialism 11.3012.00 Morning Tea Conference Room 12.001.00 Roman Identity in Southern Italy Chairperson: Ralph Covino Laura Pfunter University of California, Berkeley Imperial Solitude? Tracing “de-urbanization” in Roman Sicily Sonya Wurster University of Melbourne Philodemus and the Location of Leisure 11 1.002.00 Lunch Break Lunch not provided -- 1.00-1.30 – Lunch-time meeting Melbourne Chapter, Australasian Women in Ancient World Studies (AWAWS) Members and non-Members are welcome to attend the meeting Please note this meeting is for females only -- 2.003.00 Conference Room Grollo Theatre Imperial Influences in Sicily Archaeological Interactions Chairperson: Kathryn Welch Chairperson: Kenneth Sheedy Richard Miles Antonino Facella University of Sydney University of Pisa Carthaginian Strategies in Sicily during the Fourth and Third Centuries BC Rural settlement dynamics in the territory of Kaulonia (Calabria, South Italy) from Iron Age to late Antiquity Ralph Covino Marianne Kleibrink University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Groningen Institute of Archaeology Dividing Scylla and Charybdis: Sicily and the Republican lex Porcia The Sanctuary of Athena at Francavilla Marittima: Between Indigenous Oenotrian Aristocracy and Phoenician and Greek Traders and Settlers NB. Paper to be read by Sarah Davidson 3.003.30 12 Afternoon Tea Conference Room 3.30– 5.00 Grave Goods Chairperson: Ian McPhee Olivia Kelley University of Sydney Cultural interaction, ceramic change and individual agency in 3rd century BC southern Italy Claudia Lambrugo Universita degli Studi di Milano Being born and dying young in Gela (Sicily): from the analysis of the Archaic cemeteries to the reconstruction of early colonial identity NB. Paper to be read by Gillian Shepherd Amy C. Smith University of Reading The Pan Painter in Gela NB. Paper to be read by Gillian Shepherd 5.006.15 Free time 6.1510.30 Conference Dinner: Please meet outside the Museo Italiano at 6.15pm to catch the bus to the restaurant Dinner will be served from 7.00pm at Philhellene 551-553 Mount Alexander Road Moonee Ponds http://www.philhellene.com.au Bus will return to the Museo Italiano at 10.30pm 13 Saturday, 21st July 2012 9.009.30 Registration 9.3010.30 Keynote Address: Chairperson: Gillian Shepherd Professor Roger Wilson University of British Columbia Ancient Sicily in the Mediterranean world: aspects of identity and cultural interaction, 7th century BC to 7th century AD 10.3011.00 11.0012.30 Morning Tea Conference Room Grollo Theatre Building and Re-building in Sicily Magna-Graeca Chairperson: Rhiannon Evans Chairperson: Richard Miles Peter Mountford Luca Asmonti University of Melbourne University of Queensland A financial disaster in Sicily in the late fifth century BC Democratic interactions: Syracuse, Sparta and a clash of political cultures in 413 B.C. Frank Sear Nikola Čašule University of Melbourne Macquarie University The Theatre at Taormina Rome, the Italiote Greeks, and ‘Western Hellenism’ Jason Adams Marek Verčík University of Melbourne Landesmuseum fur Vorgeschichte Halle A tale of two cities: Syracuse and Poseidonia/Paestum “Fas est ab hoste doceri” or how the Greek Armoury and the Way the Hoplites fought were changed in Magna Graecia? 14 12.301.15 Panel Discussion: Conference Room Chairperson: Chris Mackie Cultural Interactions in Southern Italy, Sicily and the Mediterranean Professor David Abulafia, Professor Sebastiano Tusa and Professor Roger Wilson Heated Courtyard 1.152.00 2.004.00 Taverna-Style Lunch and Musical Performance Food workshop with Marisa Ranioli Wilkins Ancient Music Exhibition and Performance Please note there is an additional $45 fee for participation in this workshop. Please make your payment at the registration desk as soon as possible because places are limited 4.00 Conference Ends Sunday, 21st July 2012 Mediterranean Melbourne Food and Wine Tour 9.30am Bus will pick up guests from the Museo Italiano 10.30am Visit to Historic Sunbury Township Visit to Craiglee and Goona Warra Wineries 12.00pm Visit to Pitruzzello Estate Winery and Olive Grove Lunch at Pitruzello Estate (included) 3.00pm Visit to Monteleone Artisan Cheese Maker 5.45pm Bus will return guests to the Museo Italiano (via airport at 5.00pm) For more information about the food and wine tour please see page 41 of the program or ask at the registration desk. Bookings must be made ASAP at the registration desk. 15 Abstracts David Abulafia, Gonville and Caius College Cambridge University Southern Italy and Sicily at the Centre of the Mediterranean: A Millennium of Contacts The Italian South, including Sicily and southern Italy, is now associated with the concept of 'Two Italies', an industrialised north and an agricultural south lagging behind economically. Yet Sicily and southern Italy have played a central role in the systems of exchanges that have criss-crossed the Mediterranean, looking across the Adriatic to the western Balkans, southwards to Africa, and westwards to Iberia. The theme of this talk is those networks and the people who operated them, particularly in the Middle Ages, and also the historians who have written about them in such different, even excitable, ways. Contextualising the region in its Mediterranean setting, we do not find we are observing mere backwaters, but an area strongly engaged with the sea that laps its lengthy coastlines. dsa1000@cam.ac.uk Jason Adams, University of Melbourne A tale of two cities: Syracuse and Poseidonia/Paestum Syracuse and Poseidonia/Paestum were cities established in the Archaic period, during the Greek dominance of Sicily and southern Italy and continued to exist after the Roman conquest of the region in the third century BCE. While they were initially both part of the same broader process of Greek colonization in Sicily and southern Italy, these two cities followed different trajectories and developed in different ways throughout Archaic and Classical periods and into Roman times. This paper discusses the urban development of Syracuse and Poseidonia/Paestum from the Archaic to the Roman periods. The development of each city’s urban plan will be examined across this period, with a focus on the use of monumental public spaces, street plans and the relationship between urban and extra-urban space. How and why these two cities developed the way they did will be examined, with particular attention being given to the Greek influence on their early development and the unique local factors that influenced their urban plans once they were established as mature colonial settlements. Finally the effect of Roman conquest will be discussed, especially the exchange of ideas that occurred during this time and the effect this exchange had on the urban plans of Syracuse and Poseidonia/Paestum. Through these discussions it will be shown that using the examples of Syracuse and Poseidonia/Paestum, urban development in southern Italy and Sicily can be seen as a complex and continual process that was influenced by local, regional and international factors. In addition, despite numerous, often superficial similarities, Greek cities in southern Italy and Sicily developed in strikingly different ways primarily due to their locally specific contexts. j.adams5@student.unimelb.edu.au Evangelina Anagnostou-Laoutides, Monash University Falling in love the Sicilian Way: Daphnis and Heracles in Vergil and Sositheus This paper compares the Sicilian cowherd Daphnis, first sung by Theocritus in his Idylls, and Heracles, who was especially venerated on the island, as lovers who died because of irrepressible 16 passion and found their way to Heavens through their erotic suffering. This clue was certainly appreciated by Vergil who cast Daphnis’ arrival at the threshold of Heaven (Ec.5.56-64) in imitation of Heracles’ apotheosis in Hesiod (Th.950-55). The two heroes appear to interact for the first time in the work of Sositheus, a Hellenistic playwright mentioned as a Syracusan in the Suda probably because he belonged to the literary court of Hieron II whose benefaction Theocritus also tried to attract. Sositheus wrote a satyr-play called Lityerses which echoes an ancient Sumerian tradition still surviving in the tale of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. Since both Daphnis and Heracles were often syncretised in the Hellenistic period with near eastern figures of the calibre of Gilgamesh, Adonis, and Dumuzi, these texts seem to substantiate the comparison between the otherwise diametrically opposite heroes and further enhance Sicily’s role as a cultural melting pot in antiquity. eva.anagnostoulaoutides@monash.edu Emily R. Anderson, Southern Methodist University Photographs of Life and Death: The Cultural Impact of the Allied Invasion of Sicily Throughout its three thousand year history, Sicily has been a gateway, a porto, to mainland Italy and the Mediterranean. Following this tradition in the twentieth century, in 1943 the Allied forces launched a massive invasion operation, known as Operation Husky, on the shores of Sicily in order to make their way upwards through Axis controlled Italy. World War II left innumerable mental and physical scars on a global scale, however, unlike D-Day or even the infamous battle at Monte Cassino, Operation Husky is absent from most scholarship concerning the war and its effects on the both the people and the culture of Sicily. Photographs of the Allied Invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky by the collaborating American, British, and Canadian militaries, was first seen by the American people in the August 2, 1943 issue of Life magazine. Four more issues followed, one on August 9, August 23, and September 6 of the same year. The photographs and texts of the Allied Invasion of Sicily in Life present a case study in the selectivity and biases of war photography. I will argue that this bias stems from the marginalization of the Sicilian people on the part of the western Allies, which is visibly evident in the photographs. Through an analysis of both image and text and their effect on the perceptions of the Sicilian people and culture, I plan to reconcile a lost moment in history that has largely been forgotten despite the ample photographic evidence. Throughout the duration of Operation Husky numerous Sicilian cities were bombed resulting in a massive loss of civilian lives as well as material culture. The images of World War II have saturated our modern visual culture, however, a chapter of that saga is missing. An analysis of the images of the Allied Invasion of Sicily is necessary to complete our understanding of the war and the modern history of Sicily into the twentieth century and beyond. eranderson@mail.smu.edu Luca Asmonti, University of Queensland Democratic interactions: Syracuse, Sparta and a clash of political cultures in 413 B.C. This paper seeks to contribute to our understanding of Greek democracy outside Athens and of the so-called ‘democratic peace’ through an analysis of the political debate in Syracuse in the aftermath of the Athenian expedition to Sicily of 415/413. Whereas scholarship on the democratic constitution of Syracuse at the time of the war with Athens has so far focused on operational factors such as the adoption of the ostracism-like procedure of petalismos, the wide powers 17 enjoyed by the city’s assembly in the appointment of magistrates or the punishment of defeated generals, and the sovereignty of psephismata, this paper intends to consider whether the presence of these tools of democratic practice also contributed to create a democratic culture amongst the citizens in Syracuse. To discuss this issue, my paper will analyse Diodorus’ account of the debate between the local statesman Nicolaus and the Spartan general Gylippus on how to treat the Athenian prisoners of war in the aftermath of the Syracusan victory over Athens (Diod. 13.20-32). In contrast with the communis opinio depicting this episode merely as an example of the “pathetic” overtones of some Hellenistic historiography, my paper will argue that Diodorus (or his source) is in fact presenting here the clash between two opposing political cultures: while Gylippus straightforwardly urges his allies to inflict the harshest punishment to their enemies as a commensurate repayment for their criminal actions, Nicolaus invites them to consider the longterm consequences of their decisions and the role of Syracuse in the wider context of Mediterranean politics. Hence, in his interaction with the assembly, Nicolaus invites them to act and think as a responsible political community, taking informed and sensible decisions. By doing so, he characterises the city as mature democratic community, where citizens are not simply called up to endorse and ratify the will of those who hold power, but are actively involved in an ‘enlightened’ process of decision-making. l.asmonti@uq.edu.au Guendalina Carbonelli, Monash University Discussing identity: Fabrizio De André’s Mediterranean The singer-songwriter Fabrizio De André (1940-1999) enjoys almost incomparable fame and admiration in Italy. His popularity allowed him to contribute to the continuous process of demolition and reshaping of Italian identity and culture over a period of more than thirty years. Between the late 1970s and early 1980s Fabrizio De André gradually developed an interest in the Mediterranean area. Initially he focused on Sardinia and occasionally used the Sardinian dialect in his songs. Over time his interest in the Mediterranean region broadened and in 1984 he released Creuza de mä. The songs of this concept album describe a journey in time and space around the Mediterranean Sea. While the lyrics are entirely in Genoese dialect, the music draws on different Mediterranean regional traditions. The aim of the album was to highlight the shared culture of the region. De André was trying to find a new identity different from the one provided by French and American influences adopted in earlier stages of his career. It was an identity claim which ended up focusing on the Mediterranean area, the cultural nexus to which Genoese, Sardinian, and the Italian peninsula in general, belonged. America, and France before it, were no longer the sources of legitimate culture from which to draw inspiration. Rather, America, in particular, had assumed the role of oppressor. Hence, in order to find his cultural roots De André turned to that culture that played such a big role in the foundation of the Western civilization. Creuza de mä is ahead of its time not only because it is one of the earliest attempts at ethnic music (certainly the first one in Italy), but also because it started an identitarian discourse that became stronger and more definite in the 1990s, with the increasing globalization and Americanization of the world. guendalina.carbonelli@monash.edu 18 Daniela Castaldo, Università del Salento-Lecce Musical culture in ancient Southern Italy: indigenous presences and Greek influences Assuming that music was one of the most important expressions of the ancient cultures and that it had a central role in every public, private, civil and religious event, I would like to point out some aspects of the musical culture in the Southern Italian Greek colonies during the Hellenistic Period (IV-III century B.C.). Mainly through the study of both archaeological (i.e. fragments of ancient musical instruments) and iconographical (painted pottery, votive and funerary terracotta figurines, etc.) documentation, I came to some conclusions regarding certain specific musical aspects, for example: the main musical elements (uses, functions and meanings of music and musical instruments) imported from Greece; how this Greek heritage was received and elaborated in the South Italic world, producing results that were often different and original, reflecting elements of a new cultural and religious reality; interactions between Greek and indigenous musical elements; and musical peculiarities and reciprocal influences between different Southern Italian regions. I would like to discuss some aspects of these topics linking a few archaeological finds from Macedonia (in the Hellenistic Period it was one of the most important regions of Greek culture), to the ones that came to light in Southern Italy, especially in Apulia. For example, the type of kithara depicted in the fresco of the Hagios Athanasios tomb (IV-III century B.C.) and sculpted in the clay figurines from a Macedonian tomb in Eretria, is very similar to the one painted in Apulian pottery and in the clay figurines found in Taranto. This study of the main features of Macedonian and Apulian musical culture in the Hellenistic Age, through both literary sources and the archaeological ones, enable us to create an important guideline for the understanding of the relations, exchanges and reciprocal influences between these two Regions. daniela.castaldo@unisalento.it Nikola Čašule, Macquarie University Rome, the Italiote Greeks, and ‘Western Hellenism’ This paper analyses the evidence for Roman engagement with Hellenism in the context of Roman relations with the Italiote Greeks during the conquest of south Italy. Although recent works have emphasised the substantial cultural influence of Hellenism at Rome during the Middle Republic, scholarship has tended to focus upon its impact in the political sphere predominantly for the period after the Roman ‘entry’ into the affairs of the Greek East in the late third century BCE. This paper instead examines a number of case studies which illustrate the development of this process in south Italy during the late fourth and third centuries BCE. It argues that Roman engagement with Hellenism on a political level - and with the ideologically constructed dichotomy between Greeks and ‘barbarians’ in particular - appears already to have been a significant element in the early interactions between Rome and the Greek colonies of south Italy, where it was often instrumentally pursued in the advancement of Roman interests. The paper concludes with an examination of the potential implications of its findings for our understanding of subsequent Roman relations with Sicily and the Greek East, and for Roman engagement with Hellenism more broadly. nikola.casule@gmail.com 19 Ian Coller, La Trobe University The French Revolution and the Mediterranean Recent studies of the French Revolution have emphasized its global aspect, yet little real research has been undertaken beyond the transatlantic arena of Europe and North America. Although Fernand Braudel demonstrated the immense long-term nature of exchange and flow throughout the Mediterranean zone, historians of the revolutionary age have tended to pull up short at the Western shore, and have found it difficult to imagine the conditions of contemporaneity pertaining across the Mediterranean in this period. Imperialist Eurocentrism situated the French Revolution as a key element in a radiant conception of modernity, later extended across the Atlantic to revive the older notion of a “West” which led as the “rest” followed. It is often imagined as the originating moment of a European-Atlantic divergence that ended the older Mediterranean unity. But the Southern Mediterranean shores, promontories and islands of Europe have always maintained a certain ambivalence in this regard, because of their territorial proximity to Africa and Asia, and their cultural entanglements with the Islamic Mediterranean, from Andalucía to Sicily and Greece. Italian historians of the Revolutionary period saw Italy’s access to modernity as “failed”, only catching up imperfectly with Western nationalism after the Risorgimento, held back by the primitive social development of the South. But Southern Italy was crucial to the spread of the French Revolution in its first years, and the transformation from the “universal Republic” through the conception of “Sister Republics” to the idea of the “Grande Nation”. This paper will examine the French Revolutionary expansion into the Mediterranean in particular through the annexation of the Ionian islands as a département of Revolutionary France, in the context of a blueprint for a larger global project. i.coller@latrobe.edu.au Ralph Covino, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Dividing Scylla and Charybdis: Sicily and the Republican lex Porcia Prior to c. 101 B.C., magistrates who received Sicily as their provincia did not have a geographical limitation on their imperium. If a rebellion of slaves occurred in Southern Italy and an imperiumholder in Sicily was in the best position to end it, then he could have done so, exercising his power without fear of breaking any law, for example. Ap. Claudius Pulcher, the praetor of 215, crossed over as did others when they too left Sicily for southern Italy to wage war. The lex Porcia, of the late second century, however, put an end to easy passage between the two. It specified that a magistrate could not leave his province without explicit permission from the Senate or People. Thereafter, magistrates sent to Sicily are not attested as having dealt with threats outside the borders of their province despite the ability to do so rei publicae causa granted by the law – witness Verres’ “role” in the Spartacus affair; the magistrates had become governors rather than classic mid-Republican proconsul types. Lintott argued that the lex Porcia’s restriction on magistrates’ movement was a mirage, citing evidence from more imprecisely delineated provinces such as the Spains. This paper will argue, however, that as a province Sicily is exceptional. It will consider the case of Sicily and the interaction of magistrates sent there with southern Italy prior to the passage of the lex Porcia and show how afterwards Sicily does not fit well into Lintott’s conception. It boundaries were arguably the most tightly defined after all. The paper will demonstrate that while the law may have been a mirage in other parts of the empire, it created a properly delineated border between southern Italy and Sicily and, thus, a new and distinct formalized entity in terms of the regularized province of Sicily, a crucial step in the wider game of empire. Ralph-Covino@utc.edu 20 Antonino Facella, University of Pisa Rural settlement dynamics in the territory of Kaulonia (Calabria, South Italy) from Iron Age to late Antiquity The last decade has witnessed a remarkable progress of archaeological research on the site of the ancient Greek polis of Kaulonia (present Monasterace Marina), thanks to new excavations on the urban site (especially in the main urban sanctuary) and systematic surveys of the territory, conducted by the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa and by the Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche (University of Pisa), in collaboration with the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Calabria. The Kaulonia survey has allowed us to greatly increase our knowledge of a chora which, until a few years ago, was considered among the least known throughout the Western Greek world, and has provided a large amount of information about settlements in the region from prehistory to the Middle Ages and beyond. This paper focuses on rural settlement patterns of the Greek and Roman period, from the earliest contacts between local people and Greek newcomers to the end of Late Antiquity. The region, quite densely inhabited in the proto-history, had its first contacts with Greek ‘prospectors’ in the final decades of the VIII century BC. The ‘disappearance’ of the indigenous population during the VII century BC is accompanied by the taking possession of portions of land closest to the polis by the Greeks and the rise of Greek farms and extra-urban sanctuaries. In the Classical period we can observe a great flourishing of scattered settlements, which decreases in the IV-III centuries BC, when the city experienced the settlement of Italics (Brettii). During the Second Punic War the city of Kaulonia comes to an end: the last part of the paper outlines the rural population trends in the Kauloniatis of Roman times, following them from the late Republican age to the VII century AD. a.facella@sns.it Mia Fuller, University of California, Berkeley Italy’s Souths and the Implementation of Modern Italian Colonialism: Sicily, the Mediterranean, and the Prehistory of Italian Postcolonialism My presentation frames Sicily, along with southern Italy more generally, as grounds for a prehistory of postcolonial Italy. Modern Italy’s colonial enterprises, beginning at the time of Italy’s own independence from outside powers and political and territorial unification as a nation -state through the 1860s and 1870s, are usually omitted from long-standing considerations of Italy’s ‘southern question’. And yet Sicily, with respect to both its landscapes and its emigrants, was invoked consistently to justify Italy’s ambitions in East and North Africa: Italian agriculture would thrive there, thanks to presumed territorial resemblances; and Italian subjects could move to Italy’s official colonies rather than unofficial ones abroad, thereby fortifying rather than draining the nation. In brief, Italy’s southern ‘backwardness’ was used to justify colonial conquest, which was proposed, in turn, as a solution to the ‘problems’ of Italy’s South.Some decades later, the Mediterranean also served an essential rhetorical purpose for Italian colonialism, blurring historical divisions into an atemporal geographic unit – one defined by its role in Roman antiquity, as mare nostrum. Here too, a geographic entity was used to justify colonial conquest and its objectives, overriding the impact of intervening historical developments (such as Ottoman hegemony) in order to recapture ancient Empire. Today, questions of how to understand Italy postcolonially are being explored in a number of humanistic disciplines. Most such studies focus on current or recent literary and cinematic works, and virtually all address dyads, such as Italy-Eritrea, or Italy-Libya. I begin, instead, with the conceptual importance of Italy’s South in formulating ideas of its further ‘souths’ in Africa and the Mediterranean. How does adopting this vantage point affect our understandings of contemporary cultural encounters in Sicily, southern Italy and the Mediterranean – and how does it put into question the implicit hierarchies of research into local cultural encounters in antiquity? miafull@berkeley.edu 21 Fran Keeling, University of Sydney An investigation of ‘Greek’ and Italic religious symbolism in Magna Graecia My research concerns the interactions between the Indigenous peoples of South Italy and the various ‘Greeks’ who occupied territory there. The focus is on Apulia and Lucania and its religious symbolism, particularly that concerning Demeter and Persephone, and considers the penetration of Greek religion into Italic culture, and the possible emergence of a new type of religious practice that developed where cultures overlapped and peoples interacted. The evidence suggests that the situation in Apulia/Lucania is markedly different to that in other parts of ‘Magna Graecia’ (Sicily, Calabria and the Neapolitan Coast) and to the rest of the wider Greek koine. The symbol that is the focus of study is the cross-headed torch, known in scholarship as the kreuzfackel or fiaccola a quattro bracci. The little existing scholarship concerning the image of this object has considered it to be ubiquitous in South Italy, and to be primarily an attribute of Demeter. My research shows that, as a symbol, it is found in very specific areas - in Italic centres close to the Greek cities of Taranto and Metaponto - and in very specific periods. It can also be seen that the association with Demeter wanes over time, to be replaced with references to Persephone, not as Kore, but as Queen of the Dead. There is also evidence that the cross-torch itself was not purely a symbolic image, but was used practically in ritual. This suggests that a new type of religio-cultic practice may have developed at the point where local and imported belief-systems met, with hopes for a better life after death due to an initiatory relationship with Persephone and, therefore, Hades. The archaeological evidence dates from the middle of the 6th century BC, dwindles after c.300 and disappears completely after 211 - probably as part of the enormous social upheavals associated with ‘Romanisation.’ There is also strong evidence that votive objects and funerary furniture featuring the torch were initially manufactured in the Greek ‘colonies’ for export into native territories, and, later, were produced in indigenous cities in northern Apulia (Peucetia and Daunia). Thus, this investigation sheds light on both the commercial and religious interactions between ‘Greeks’ and ‘Italians’ in the South of the Italian Peninsula. fran@jafas.com Olivia Kelley, The University of Sydney Cultural Interaction, Ceramic Change and Individual Agency in 3rd Century BC Southern Italy Through analysis of a series of tombs from 3rd century BC southern Italy, this paper seeks to illustrate the responses of individual members of a small indigenous Italic group to the complex process of ‘Romanization’. In the early 3rd century BC a group of tombs emerge in the region of Peucetia (central Puglia) which simultaneously illustrate both a dramatic break with the previous tradition and a strong sense of continuity. These tombs contain a wealth of objects made entirely in undecorated plain-ware. These new objects are direct copies of the previous red-figure and black gloss shapes, yet as a new and highly specific ceramic class, represent a significant break with the prior cultural tradition. I suggest that the impetus for this change lies in the influx of Roman influence into the region. These tombs thus present us with an invaluable opportunity to study the dynamic interplay between the incoming cultural and political forces of Rome and an existing, locally based, cultural solidarity. Modern scholarship regarding Romanization emphasises the complexity of interaction and negotiation between the incoming groups and the existing local population. However, in the southern Italian region of Peucetia (central Puglia) this theoretical standpoint has been largely overlooked. By highlighting the responses of local elite individuals to the changing social and political climate of the region this paper hopes to underscore the complex and nuanced landscape of interaction and culture contact that was occurring at this time. olivia.kelley@sydney.edu.au 22 Marianne Kleibrink, Groningen Institute of Archaeology The sanctuary of Athena at Francavilla Marittima: between indigenous Oenotrian aristocracy and Phoenician and Greek traders and settlers The sanctuary of Athena at Francavilla Marittima has yielded a wealth of material from the Middle Bronze Age until the early fourth c. BC that mirrors the contemporary fusion of local Italic traditions with influences from abroad. Bordering the plain of ancient Sybaris in Southern Italy, Francavilla Marittima was an indigenous, Oinotrian, site with temples for the goddess on the hilltop, houses and huts on the terraces, and a necropolis at the foot of the hill. The recent excavations of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology at the sanctuary site have revealed important new evidence concerning the reception of Phoenician and Euboean material culture and religion by the local Oinotrians in the period of the pre- and early colonization. Contextualisation of the material from these periods, together with an examination of the archaeological features on the acropolis, proves that the pre-colonial society was constructed not from the top down, i.e. by the invading Greek settlers, but from the bottom up, by indigenous aristocratic Oinotrians. These Oinotrians met and mixed with foreign traders and settling Greeks, gradually adopting influences that led to the subsequent growth of the flourishing city-state of Sybaris. This paper presents a detailed examination of contextualised pottery, bronze objects and other small finds, focusing on the bronze and terracotta figurines of hierogamy couples dated to the last decades of the 9th and first half of the 8th century BC, as well as on religious scenes painted on hand-made and matt-painted pottery and pottery produced on the fast wheel in an Euboean style and terracotta plaques showing the veneration of a goddess of nature, regeneration and matrimony during the 8th and 7th centuries BC (turning into that of an Athena in the 6th. c. BC), which attests to the importance of this Oinotrian pre-colonial sanctuary. marianne.kleibrink@gmail.com Claudia Lambrugo, Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy), Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Sezione di Archeologia Being born and dying young in Gela (Sicily): from the analysis of the Archaic cemeteries to the reconstruction of early colonial identity A number of scholars have drawn attention in recent years to the lack of research directed towards the reconstruction of the social profile and cultural identity of Greek colonies in Sicily from archaeological evidence and the ancient written sources. In this connection, the analysis of burial customs has increasingly been recognised as one of the most important tools in the understanding of past societies, their fears and anxieties, and their desires and ambitions. My paper will focus on the results of a major new examination of the Archaic cemeteries of Gela, containing mainly 7th and 6th century burials; graves of the first generation are still lacking there, as they are elsewhere in South Italy and Sicily. This work has at last revealed many of the aims and priorities of Archaic Gela as she sought to establish a cultural identity that was clearly distinct from those of the two motherlands (Rhodes and Crete). Above all, as already stated by G. Shepherd in her studies of the Greek cemeteries in Sicily, the general impression given by the Geloan funerary customs is an overall lack of interest in the demonstration of ethnic distinctions, even within a mixed and hybrid society. The priority is rather to show the development of a new social structure, and to indicate the progressive formation of the main family groups. An important aspect of this is the special attention given to the jeunesse dorée: their exceptionally wealthy graves, containing exotic and prestige goods, large amounts of metal work and imported pottery, serve to demonstrate adult claims to elite status along with the fear of sudden disruption in the bloodlines. Even more interesting is the demonstration that this funerary picture can be equated with the ancient written sources: the chronological range studied (650-550 B.C.) is in 23 fact that of the rapid major Geloan expansion over the surrounding territory, involving the establishment of large estates belonging to the aristocracy and the foundation of the subcolony Akragas. Certain changes in child burial rates and funeral customs can also be correlated with these events. claudia.lambrugo@unimi.it Raffaele Lampugnani, Monash University De-familiarisation in Carlo Levi’s Christ Stopped at Eboli Christ Stopped at Eboli-- is Carlo Levi’s autobiographical account of his internment by Fascist authorities to the remote southern Italian towns of Grassano and Aliano from 1935 to 1936. The book was received with enthusiasm and established the author as a leading novelist, intellectual and visual artist, but, above all, brought attention to the backward and culturally different Italian region of Lucania (now Basilicata), considered the “epitome” of southern Italian culture. As Levi himself states at the outset, the book describes the discovery of a different world, another civilisation closed in within itself, within its customs and anguish, a motionless, distant and distinct civilisation. But Carlo Levi’s sketches of people, customs, beliefs and landscapes defamiliarise the elements represented, bringing this civilisation within the realm of myth and mystery. I will argue that the strategy of de-familiarisation is aimed at emphasising cultural differences, suggesting a strong link between the contemporary southern Italian civilisation and previous classical societies or pre-Christian, or pre-historical archaic cultures. I maintain that Levi’s strategy of de-familiarisation supports his argument for regional autonomy based on the need to recognise major regional cultural and historical differences that are exacerbated by the insensitive mismanagement imposed by a centralised government. raffaele.lampugnani@monash.edu Amedeo Lepore, Second University of Naples Italy and its Development Policies from the Golden Age to the Current Crisis: The Role of “nuovo meridionalismo” The first aim of this paper on “L’Italia e le politiche di sviluppo dalla golden age alla crisi attuale: il ruolo del “nuovo meridionalismo” (Italy and its development policies from the golden age to the current crisis: the role of “nuovo meridionalismo”)” is to examine the state of the art concerning the strategies for the development of southern Italy. These strategies have been severely weakened, not only because of national policy choices, but also because of the prevailing cultural bias against Southern issues; this culture took hold even amongst those people of Southern Italy committed to “abolish the South”. Only in recent years has the trend been inverted, as the gap between the regions of Southern Italy and those in the Center and Northern areas has grown wider and wider and the attention has been focused back, at the national level, on an “open problem” such as the backwardness of Southern Italy. In order to perform an effective historical evaluation, this paper will reconsider the starting moment of the “nuovo meridionalismo”, when the birth of the SVIMEZ and the efforts carried out to define the industrialization strategies of the less developed area of our country gave life to a complex of unvaluable reforms, beginning with the extraordinary intervention and with the establishment of the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno. The positive turn impresses by this innovative setup of industrial policy had its roots in those development theories which, from the mid-XX° Century, began to bring the issue of “depressed areas” and of those cornerstone choices necessary to effectively tackle global problems. From them on, all the strategies for productive growth had to contend with defining the gap issue and the dual dynamics of several economies, as it is the (paradigm) case with Southern Italy. Upon the 150th anniversary of Italian unity, to effectively sum up all the main points of this paper, if one wants to meaningfully take on the lesson of “nuovo meridionalismo”, without invoking 24 abstract reasons of social cohesion, a path must be detected. This path should be made of reciprocal interests between two areas: a Northern one and a Southern one; the latter has vast unproductive areas, but also creativity, talents and singe innovative experiences. Within this new and difficult context, the solution to the issues of Southern Italy, if accompanied by a profound conviction and commitment towards the need to stand up to global competition and market choices, can retake its role as a fundamental theme of the national economic policy, in order to benefit the rest of the country as well. alepore@fastwebnet.it Liberata Luciani, Monash University Elements of Southern Italian Folklore: Borrowed, Not Fabricated Southern Italian folk traditions often borrow from the many groups of people who came to Southern Italy over the centuries. The Sicilian cuntu or epic-tale, for example, which originated from the French medieval tradition of the jongleurs or storytellers, was subsequently influenced by the Arab, Norman and Spanish occupation of Southern Italy (Scuderi 2006). This not only suggests that elements of folklore may be adopted and not fabricated, but also that these elements may provide a window on the impact of different cultures in close contact with each other within a particular geographical and social environment. This paper focuses on a popular Sicilian folk prayer, U Vebbu (“The Word”), which came to represent an important folk tradition. Using a version of U Vebbu reported by Giuseppe Giacobello (2000, 123), it shows that this particular tradition was not based on an “illogical” folk construction “of various religious ideas” spawned purely from the folk imagination (Giacobello 2000, 120), but was the direct result of the impact that different medieval cultures had within Southern Italy during and subsequent to the Crusades. “The valley of gesufà” as the pivotal, geographical place where the events of U Vebbu occur, could not have been maintained by the folk in their oral traditions without specific conceptual anchors within their environment. These conceptual anchors were originally provided by the Norman involvement in the Crusades (XI-XII centuries) as well as their installation of the Latin monks of “Saint Mary of the Valley of Jehoshaphat” in different parts of Southern Italy (Napolitano 2001, 53-97). This resulted in the placement of various reminders – subsequently adopted by folk traditions such as U Vebbu – which related to people’s fear of death; a fear that was intensified by oppression at the hands of many foreign invaders across the centuries. liberata.luciani@monash.edu Brigid Maher, La Trobe University Questioning the clash of civilizations: History, religion and fluid identities in a Mediterranean noir In this paper I discuss one example of the literary genre of Mediterranean noir, Massimo Carlotto’s 2008 novel Cristiani di Allah, which seeks to reconnect Italian readers with their Mediterranean history. Using historical fiction and irony to create counter-information, the text calls into question the notion of the ‘clash of civilizations’ between Islam and Christianity. Set in 1541 in the Regency of Algiers, Cristiani di Allah (‘Allah’s Christians’) urges readers to re-think contemporary stereotypes and received wisdom about relations between the peoples and religions of the Mediterranean. Sixteenth-century Algiers is depicted as a land of opportunity for the courageous and the entrepreneurial, a haven of freedom for corsairs, homosexuals, alchemists and traders from throughout Europe. Islam is presented as the faith of intellectual freedom and relative tolerance, in stark contrast with the brutal, oppressive methods of the Inquisition. This is a noir sketched in the sun-drenched colours of the Mediterranean, in which the only ‘detective’ figure is the author himself, whose meticulous research into the culture and history of Ottoman 25 Algiers allows an insight into a chapter that is largely overlooked in contemporary debates about Europe and the Muslim world. Outside the space of the novel, a number of complementary texts (or ‘epitexts’) further emphasize its historical grounding and relevance to the present day. A CD of haunting Mediterranean music presents living evidence of the cultural exchanges of times past, a touring stage performance with musical accompaniment and readings takes the text from the isolation of private reading into a public space of discussion and reflection, and in numerous interviews Carlotto describes his investigative work and elucidates the political purpose underlying it, explicitly drawing links between the Mediterranean’s complex history of conflict and exchange, and twenty-first-century discourses about religious and cultural interaction in Italy. B.Maher@latrobe.edu.au Kate McLardy, Monash University The Sicilian Thesmophoria: A Unique Example of a Classical Festival? The importance of Kore-Persephone in the region of Sicily during the Classical Period is well attested, and there are many literary references linking her mythologically to the region. Amongst the many locations competing for the site of the rape of Persephone, Sicily is a popular contender in ancient source material. Given her important links to Sicily, it would be expected that the Thesmophoria festival, held around the Greek world in honour of Demeter and Kore-Persephone and itself closely linked into the myth of the rape, would have been celebrated in Sicily. In this paper, I wish to consider the evidence for the Thesmophoria festival in Sicily, and whether this indicates a significant divergence from the standard scholarly reconstruction of the festival, which is based primarily on Athenian evidence. Following a consideration of the evidence for the worship of Demeter and Kore Thesmophoros in Sicily and Southern Italy, I intend to focus on the two main points where the literary evidence indicates a disparity between the Sicilian and Athenian festivals; that is, the length of the festival, and the shape of the aidoia cakes offered to the goddesses. The literary evidence will be adumbrated, and archaeological evidence and evidence of the festival from elsewhere in the Greek world will also be taken into account. In so doing, I hope to establish whether modern scholarship has overemphasised the importance of the Athenian model or whether the Sicilian Thesmophoria was indeed a unique version of the widespread festival. katherine.mclardy@monash.edu Ian McPhee, La Trobe University A Red-figured Calyx-krater from Himera: Attic, not Sicilian A large red-figured calyx-krater was unearthed in archaeological excavations at Himera in 1971. Despite its battered state, the vase is important for its date, style and iconography. In this paper I argue that the calyx-krater comes from a context associated with the destruction of Himera by the Carthaginians in 409, thus providing a useful terminus ante quem. I also argue that elements of the shape and style demonstrate that the vase was potted and painted in Athens, not somewhere in Sicily, as has generally been assumed on the basis of a remark by Trendall. The principal side of the vase shows a group of women, a satyr and Eros around a louterion. In my discussion I try to interpret the scene and to show its significance within the development of the motif at Athens. I also explore the possible implications of the use of a similar motif on some calyx-kraters within the Himera Group, a group of early Sicilian red-figure pots perhaps made in Himera in the years immediately before the destruction of the city. I.McPhee@latrobe.edu.au 26 Richard Miles, University of Sydney Carthaginian Strategies in Sicily during the Fourth and Third Centuries BC Many scholars have long questioned whether it is possible to speak of ‘Carthaginian Imperialism’ in Sicily and the wider Central Mediterranean region, preferring instead to view such interventions as part of a desire to protect mercantile monopolies. In this paper I intend to look at both well-known and new evidence to re-visit this question. In particular new material from recent archaeological excavations in the city of Carthage calls into question certain assumptions that have long been held about the extent of the Carthaginian commercial and agricultural exploitation of Sicily. richard.miles@sydney.edu.au Peter Mountford, University of Melbourne A financial disaster in Sicily in the late fifth century BC About 420 B.C. the people of Segesta began the construction of a beautiful temple, but it was never finished. This paper considers reasons why the temple was not completed. It especially considers relations between the people of Segesta and the Athenians during the Peloponnesian War, as described by Thucydides. It also tries to answer the question of who the people of Segesta were and what their relationships were with their immediate neighbours and the wider Mediterranean world. mounty_classics@yahoo.com.au Andrea Nanetti, University of Venice Ca’ Foscari 'Jacques II Bourbon comte de la Marche, South Italy and the Mediterranean: the evidence of the Morosini codex (1415-1422)' At this time, Venice was paying particular attention to Southern Italy, seen in the Mediterranean context. This paper deals with the reign of Joanna II of Naples (1414-1435), focusing on her second husband Jacques II Bourbon comte de la Marche. The Venetian sources are very detailed between January 1415 (when the ambassadors of Naples sent letters there to inform them of the wedding negotiations between Jacques II and Joanna II) and August 1422 when he left for France after a brief stay in Treviso and Padova. Evidence from Venetian archival documents is analyzed and combined with the contemporary perspective provided by the Morosini Codex, one of the most important historiographical texts in late mediaeval and Mediterranean history, which is changing the way that we look at the events of this period. It offers first-hand political and economical information taken mainly from merchants' letters and the official deliberations of the Venetian councils, and geographically it provides information on an amazing range of the empires and cities of the time. nanetti.andrea@gmail.com Camilla Norman, AAIA and University of Sydney Daunian Stelae: Home-grown, Inherited and Borrowed Images At a time when others in Italy and the Mediterranean were doing so, the inhabitants of Iron Age Daunia (northern Apulia) did not typically decorate their ceramics with figurative scenes, nor their architecture, and did not take up writing. There are no extant religious or civic structures to 27 speak of in the region and their domestic architecture, having not been widely excavated, is poorly understood. Although some of their sites grew to be very large, the archaeological evidence for social hierarchy is restricted. The same is broadly true of their funerary record. Subsequently, knowledge of the social and religious identity of the Daunians is limited. There is one exception to this want of data: an enigmatic group of anthropomorphic stelae that offer a rich narrative expression. The male stelae carry weaponry, while the females wear embroidered aprons and are adorned with jewellery. Drawn upon their robes, figured imagery is sometimes present. The subject matter depicted is varied and far-reaching. Included are scenes and vignettes of weaving, hunting, fishing and the preparation of food, of banquets, farewells, martial games and warfare, as well as of myths, legends and rituals. The stelae are thought to be grave markers, or to represent ancestors, but due to an overwhelming lack of primary contexts and no parallel body of works their exact function remains unclear. Initial investigations of the stelae, carried out in the 1960s and 70s, suggested a Homeric influence behind a number of the scenes: the ransom of Hector; the burning of Troy. Further study shows the situation to be far more layered. Many mythological and ritual scenes appear home-grown, while others should be considered part of a Mediterranean-wide koine rather than specifically Greek. Elements of the female costume and body decoration likely have an Illyrian heritage. This paper seeks to better place the Daunian stelae in their correct cultural milieu, and highlight the possible Iapigian origins of their makers. camilla.norman@sydney.edu.au Gerardo Papalia, Monash University Migrating Madonnas: The Madonna della Montagna di Polsi in Calabria and in Australia This paper analyses how psychological trauma and cultural bereavement is negotiated by rituals performed in two parallel festivals in honour of the Madonna della Montagna di Polsi (in the province of Reggio Calabria) and in Melbourne, Australia. Both are celebrated by people from the same Italian region. Using a framework derived from Italian anthropologist Ernesto De Martino, the paper examines the rituals performed during the festival in Polsi as forms of catharsis which assist in resolving existential traumas. The paper then looks at cultural bereavement as a condition that can severely compromise the psychological health of migrants. The Madonna della Montagna festa in Melbourne, albeit different to its Calabrian epigone, continues to perform a psychologically healing role. A manifestation of authentic popular religiosity, this festa has become the privileged locus within which the Calabrian migrant community reaffirms its identity and resists pressures to assimilate exercised both by the Church and the wider society. The collective celebration of the Madonna della Montagna of Polsi in Melbourne re-connects participants with their previous ideal symbolic order in Calabria and also establishes a new – hybrid – one in a process that can attenuate the psychological traumas deriving from migration and settlement in an alien culture. gerardo.papalia@monash.edu Laura Pfuntner, University of California, Berkeley Imperial Solitude? Tracing “de-urbanization” in Roman Sicily Moses Finley famously described Roman Sicily as an island that had “effectively lost its identity, other than geographical, at least to the outside world.”1 But this picture of isolation is misleading. Indeed, recent scholarship has shown that Roman Sicily was deeply enmeshed within a series of Mediterranean-wide networks. Drawing on this scholarship, this paper examines Sicily’s place in 28 the urban history of the Roman Mediterranean, and argues that a city’s economic viability and political prestige in the imperial period were strongly linked to its level of integration into these Mediterranean networks, which in turn shaped the social and political roles of local elites, and ultimately determined the urban development of the cities in which these elites were based. Scholars have generally concluded, based on Strabo’s description of the island (Geography 6.2.19) and the scanty material remains of some of its cities, that Sicily became less urbanized in its centuries under Roman power. This paper first attempts to evaluate “deurbanization” in Roman Sicily by examining the archaeological records of three cities (Segesta, Monte Iato, and Morgantina) in which excavators have traced processes such as the contraction of settlement area, the repurposing and subdivision of older buildings, and the decay and collapse of monumental infrastructure. In these three cities, the “weakening of the material forms of the city” can be linked to shifts in the cultural, economic, and political priorities – and perhaps even the demographic composition - of a (disappearing) urban elite. On the other hand, in the Sicilian cities that prospered politically and economically under the Roman Empire (such as Lilybaeum, Agrigentum, and Centuripae), we can trace in the epigraphic record and in the built environment the role of local and provincial elites in maintaining urban infrastructure, negotiating relations with Roman authorities, and fostering social, economic, and political links with other Mediterranean regions. lpfuntner@berkeley.edu Anna Raudino, University of Perugia Fusions and contacts through the analysis of archaeological evidences in South-East Sicily in the VIII century B.C. A part from the VIII B.C. a fundamental cultural transformation began within the indigenous sites of eastern Sicily as the effect of Hellenic cultural colonization. The reconstruction of preHellenic indigenous culture is often made through the study and analysis of archaeological material dated back to pre-proto historic period and by comparing this material to historic literary fonts of the following periods but always taking in consideration the relatively low reliability of these due to both the time gap between the facts analysed and their first written reports and the lack of objectivity often reported for this kind of documents. For the present work we thus collected all the published archaeological data about historic changes of indigenous sites in eastern Sicily in order to give a better representation of the transformation processes of these sites and make a comparison between different areas. Anthropological methods have been used in order to assess if the modern concept of culture-contact could be applied to such an ancient historic moment. The majority of the material analysed belonged to the funerary sphere and the cult of the deaths while another small part was related to the everyday life (e.g. cutlery, plates, etc.). The sites geomorphological features and their geographical position have also been considered in the analysis. The period here investigated covers three fundamental historical moments: VIII-VII B.C., before the Greek colonization, which describes the material culture of the indigenous populations of the area; VII-VI B.C. that represents the transition period in which were taking place the first interactions with the Hellenic colonies and finally the V B.C. Where the cultural integration process was already concluded. Our results show that the process of integration of the Hellenic culture with the indigenous one seems to have taken place at different times and through different ways across eastern Sicily often defining a clear geographical pattern. raudinoanna@libero.it 29 E. G. D. Robinson, University of Sydney Athens, Sicily, South Italy: interactions in comic theatre Theatre was the world’s first international mass-medium. Its expansion had an enormous sociocultural impact, particularly its contribution to the creation of a common Pan-Hellenic culture; complex inter-cultural dynamics were triggered by the arrival of Greek drama in non-Greek communities. This paper will consider links in the comic theatre between Athens, Sicily and South Italy, and look at the penetration of comedy in both Greek and non-Greek cultural contexts. It is now widely assumed that most or all of the 200 or so West Greek comic vases (“phlyax” vases) represent Attic comedies. While it is fairly certain that a few of them do indeed show Athenian plays, proving local content is much more difficult since the texts of no Italian comedies have survived, except in small fragments. Yet South Italy and Sicily clearly both had vibrant local dramatic cultures, detectable in a variety of archaeological, iconographic and literary evidence. Epicharmus of Syracuse (early 5th century BC) is sometimes called the “father of comedy” and many subsequent playwrights (in comedy, tragedy and other genres) and indeed actors appear in South Italy and Sicily, often owing their fame to success on the Athenian stage. Poseidonia in Campania underwent a major influx of Italic settlers at the end of the 5th century; literary sources talk of its “conquest” by the Lucanians. In the tomb of an Italic male of this period, a South Italian red-figured vase depicts a scene probably dependent on a comedy by Epicharmus, whose work was doubtless reperformed in Syracuse (and elsewhere) long after his death. Comedies by Epicharmus may well have been seen by in Syracuse by Italic Campanians, many of whom were recruited as mercenaries in the late 5th century BC. ted.robinson@sydney.edu.au Frank Sear, University of Melbourne The Theatre at Taormina The Roman theatre at Taormina is often called the ‘Greek theatre’. Indeed the street which leads up to it is called ‘Via del teatro Greco.’ Little can now be seen of the original Greek theatre which was totally rebuilt by the Romans. Indeed what one sees today is not even a theatre, because it was transformed into an arena in the early 3rd century AD. This transformation is of great interest because, by turning the orchestra of the theatre into an arena, the builders removed several rows of seats from the ima cavea to create a corridor around the arena. This corridor also prevented access to the seating from the arena, which would in any case have been out of bounds to the audience. The result was that all the spectators had to reach their seats by two steep paths at the sides of the building. This change of use involved considerable rebuilding to both the top of the cavea and the arena area. Few theatres have been so extensively remodelled. These changes are described in detail and the implications for spectator access to the building will be discussed. fsear@unimelb.edu.au Kenneth Sheedy, Macquaries University The Incuse Coinage of South Italy The earliest coinage of the Greek city states in South Italy (notably Sybaris, Metapontum and Kroton) is distinguished by an incuse fabric. There have been many theories to explain this phenomenon, ranging from the influence of the philosopher Pythagoras to a simple convenience in stacking these coins. Although it is usually condemned as a difficult technique, which few 30 copied, it was continued at Metapontum and Kroton for at least a century. Studies carried out by Dr Rick Williams at Monash some 30 years ago shed new light on the incuse technique – but they have never been published. In this paper I review the various theories concerning to origin and practice of this minting technique. I also revisit the work of Williams in the light of more recent scientific research carried out in conjunction with Williams and Paul Munroe (Uni. NSW). These studies provide the basis for looking again at the idea of money in the region. ken.sheedy@mq.edu.au Helen Simmons, University of Melbourne Swanning around: Variations on a theme in South Italian and Sicilian vase-painting Iconographic variations in the representation of women in South Italian and Sicilian vasepainting of the fourth century BC reflect different influences and divergent developments. While depicting similar themes, South Italian vase paintings contrast with Sicilian in the representation of certain features and motifs. Groups with women may include young satyrs in South Italian scenes, whereas an old Silenus may appear in a similar context in Sicilian. An attribute of Aphrodite, the wryneck or lynx, hardly appears in Apulian scenes where the magic wheel by the same name (lynx), is represented. Another attribute, the xylophone, is a ladder like musical instrument that appears in Apulian representations, or in Apulianizing phases of development elsewhere and very rarely in Sicilian. Aphrodisian elements appear to support identification with nuptial related themes. Apparently opposing elements such as Dionysian attributes, add to their complexity as in Campanian representations of women who are depicted with a thyrsos. Frequently appearing features that contribute to the general iconographic theme may form comic combinations in contexts with a prevailing Dionysian aspect that depict male figures rather than women. Therefore, the swan, an attribute of Aphrodite that is not exclusively associated with the divinity, appears uncharacteristically diminutive in the hands of Dionysos or limp with a drooping neck in the company of revellers. helen.simmons145@gmail.com Mia Spizzica, University of Melbourne Southern Italians Interacting Behind Barbed Wire in Australia This paper offers an insight into interactions between Southern Italians and others interned as enemy aliens in Australia at Loveday Internment Camp in South Australia during World War Two. When Mussolini declared war on Britain on 10th June 1940, thousands of Italians in Australia became enemy aliens with almost 5,000 civilians held from a few weeks to 6 years in internment camps in Australia. Loveday Internment Camp was arguably the largest Second World War civilian prison camp in the Southern Hemisphere with approximately 6,000 noncombatant inmates at its peak between 1942 and 1943. More than 3,000 of these men were Italian migrants living in Australia. Whilst more than 1,000 Italian internees were either Naturalized British Subjects or born in Australia of Italian heritage, little is known of internees’ Italian regional origins. This discussion will suggest that a significant proportion of Italian internees were migrants from Southern Italy, many originating from Sicilian communities throughout Australia. During many years behind barbed wire, internees created a world where interactions between individuals and groups made their incarceration more tolerable, minimized interpersonal conflicts and normalized daily life. Via knowledge gained through interviews with the last survivors of the Loveday Camps, it appears that a ‘Piccola Italia’ (Little Italy) existed within each camp. Each camp included a “Leader” usually from the ruling class and was informally structured into class, Italian region of origin, Australian state and locality of capture, kinship network, age, marital status and political views, including various other sub-groupings. 31 The re-creation of a ‘Piccola Italia’ seemed to offer internees a sense of communities within a prison community, belonging, identity, social stability and a sense of safety during incarceration. This presentation gives a glimpse into the daily lives of Southern Italians during the challenges of wartime internment in Australia. m.spizzica@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au Nikolaos A. Tsentikopoulos, Thessaloniki Bilingual (Greek-Latin) inscriptions in Rome, Italy and the western provinces of the Roman Empire The bilingual (Greek-Latin) burial inscriptions from Rome, Italy and the western provinces of the Roman Empire is the subject of this presentation. The existence of those inscriptions, despite their small number, is a further testimony of the Greek-Latin bilingualism, a phenomenon well attested by numerous literary sources. The great majority of the epigraphical evidence comes from the city of Rome and its surroundings. However, number dwindles dramatically in the rest of the western provinces. This is due not only to the fact that a great number of Greeks or Greekspeaking Easterners lived in Rome, but also that a great number of Greek-speaking Romans could understand the inscriptions. It is not accidental that Greek inscriptions with a small Latin addition are very rare outside of Rome and its surroundings. Furthermore, metrical inscriptions consisting of a Greek epigram and the formula Dis Manibus are not to be found outside of Rome. In the rest of Italy and in the western part of the Empire, the dominant group of bilingual inscriptions are the Latin ones with a Greek addition. Inscriptions with a Latin prosaic text and a Greek epigram and inscriptions with a Greek and a Latin version of the same text are also to be found, however in small numbers. It seems that the Greek-Latin bilingualism was rather an uncommon site outside of Rome or that there was not the liberalism of the Capital as far as the use of languages is concerned. The information about the deceased and the dedicators is given in Latin, while the use of Greek is confined to certain formulas such as signa, acclamations and short epigrams which don’t give any further information about the deceased, but rather contain praise or express an attitude towards life and death. The few exceptions come characteristically from Naples and from Lugudunum; the latter one commemorates a Syrian merchant. It is evident that in those cases the Greek language is used mainly for ostentatious or decorative purposes. The language choice is also connected with the social status of the persons commemorated. Persons of a high social status prefer the Latin language. The use of Greek is confined to a few words, a short epigram or acclamations whose purpose was to decorate the monument and to boast about the Greek education of the deceased and/or the dedicators. The same tendency appears in the cases of Roman military officers, imperial freedmen and in a great part of freedmen and Roman citizens of humble origin, offspring of freedmen. It seems that for those persons the use of Latin was closely connected to the Roman citizenship. It is worth noting that there is a limited number of persons belonging to the senatorial and the equestrian rank, although it is richly attested that they were bilinguals, thanks to the Greek education received from early childhood. The double character of the Greek language explains that: it was simultaneously not only the high language of education and civilization, but also the mother language of a great part of the lower classes, slaves and freedmen. The persons belonging to the higher ranks seem to have been unwilling to demonstrate their Greek education in this way. On the contrary, persons belonging to the lower classes seem to have been willing to use the Greek language in order to illustrate a command of Greek education, which was a characteristic and a privilege of the higher classes. The use of the Greek language is also connected to a great extent to the national origin of the deceased and/or the dedicators. The persons commemorated in the Greek inscriptions with a Latin addition came to a great extent from Greece to the Greekspeaking East, mainly from Asia Minor. By using the Greek language the dedicators of those epitaphs wanted to express their feelings in their mother language. tsentikopoulos@yahoo.gr 32 Sebastiano Tusa, University Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples Ancient Mediterranean Marine Cultural Heritage The sea played a great role in the everyday lives of several ancient inhabitants of the Mediterranean. We know this because of great interpreters of sea values and heritage such as Hesiod, Homer and Strabo. The discovery of obsidian (firstly) and copper and tin (secondly) stimulated the increase of such trade sea routes connecting the eastern, central and western Mediterranean. Even if on a minor level, the central Mediterranean coastal settlements of Sicily, peninsular Italy, Malta and Pantelleria were involved in such network being the western periphery of a wider economical, as well as cultural, system. Coastal emporia, such as Thapsos in Sicily, gave rise to real acculturation processes that caused a great cultural change in the local societies. The sea was again the great actor of this first wave of Mediterranean cultural “globalisation” that took place in the II millennium BC thanks to the strong impulse given by Mycenaeans. Mycenaean crisis gave a shock to the Mediterranean system of sea network, but suddenly another strong partner took the chair. Euboan and Corinthian traders brought tons of pottery to western ports, but it looks that Phoenicians gained the strongest power of controlling Mediterranean Sea routes due to their skill in ship building as well as seafaring. In this period central Mediterranean became the centre of a wide trading network that interested the entire Mediterranean. This situation was strengthened during Roman rule over the Mediterranean. The Roman trade system throughout the Mediterranean was well organised and based on a juridical, as well as economical system. Large trade companies took the chair in ruling sea routes, such as negotiatiores frumentarii and vinarii, but also strong shipping companies owning several ships. A wide and important amount of such history is lying on the sea bottom and we started to investigate it systematically no more than one century ago. Sea is not only a great biological reservoir, but also an immense historical and cultural archive whose benefits should invest not only the scholars but also all citizens. Today underwater archaeological research is a highly technological task that must give answers to the requirements of historical research as well as to the spirit of knowledge of the people. Since the first pioneering underwater explorations started more or less at the beginning of XX century in the Mediterranean a great development has been carried out in the field of sea wrecks and ancient sea archaeological evidence investigation. It was due to the appraisal of modern scuba equipment “invented” by Cousteau and Gagnan in the late 40s of last century that archaeologists started to use their research methodology in the ancient marine cultural heritage. It was mainly in the Aegean, the central Mediterranean and off the western coast of Iberia that research was carried out by the first underwater archaeologists. It is thanks to those scholars that now we have a quite good amount of knowledge about ancient wrecks and architectural underwater evidences in the Mediterranean. There are some ancient wrecks that gave a great impulse to our historical knowledge of Mediterranean marine civilization. Those are Ulu Burun, Gelidonya, Yassi Ada, Serçe Limani, Kyrenia, Cala Minnola, Scauri, Marausa, Spargi, Albenga, Madrague de Giens, Bon Porte, Mazarron and some others. In the field of ancient harbours we have to mention those of Caesarea, Cnidos, Syracuse, Cahartago and some others. Nowadays a great technological impulse has been given to underwater archaeological investigation thanks to electronically based equipments such side scan sonar, multi-beam, sub bottom profiler, ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) and AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). Thanks to those equipments and with the help of dynamic global positioning vessels we started to investigate deep sea wrecks with very important results such as the discovery of seven rams in the Aegades islands (western Sicily) that gave us the possibility to understand the exact place of the final battle that closed the First Punic War (241 BC). But we have to limit the practice to rescue objects from the bottom of sea according to the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Our museums are full of amphorae, anchors and other paraphernalia coming from the sea bed. On the other side a major cultural sensibility should be taught to the divers that want to exploit the happiness of a dive in a beautiful sea. In order to avoid illegal activity against cultural underwater heritage we have to fight on different fields. Educative programmes must be addressed mainly to those people that have close connections with sea activity such as charters and diving companies, as well as clubs 33 and associations. Those are the best guards of the cultural underwater heritage because it is on this field that they can optimise and increase their commercial offer. In Sicily Soprintendenza del Mare selected some underwater archaeological sites and entrusted them to such associations or single divers with a regular annual contract. Those divers or association are allowed to lead the divers around the sites, but they have the responsibility of the archaeological objects and contexts left on the sea bed. Moreover we settled some video control system to control and let people see the ancient wrecks in their original position. It is worth remembering that Sicilian Soprintendenza del Mare is not dealing only with underwater archaeological heritage, but also with more recent heritage up to modern period. Nowadays diving and sea activities show a great appeal. We realised that it will be very important to organise the underwater archaeological sites allowing a controlled visit through the help of diving associations and companies. sebtusa@archeosicilia.it Erma Vassiliou, Australian National University Links between Latin, Latin languages and Cypriot: Journeys of Words and Cultures Cyprus became a Roman province in 58 B.C., although Roman involvement in Cypriot affairs begun in 168 B.C. Cyprus held its position as a link in the principal maritime routes in the Eastern Mediterranean, until the Arabs disrupted these routes in the 7th century, when they conquered half of the Christian world, including Jerusalem. By the 10th century and the Crusades, the presence of the Latins in the area became intense. This paper provides examples of borrowings into Cypriot from Latin and Latin languages, called also Romance languages, from the very beginning of the Latin presence on the island, to the times of the Crusaders, the Lusignans and the Venetians. Frankish, Venetian, Genoese, Catalan, Provençal, Arragonese and Sicilian words entering Cypriot from the 11th to the 16th century will constitute the core of my presentation. A number of Latin loan words from the 1st century as well as words found in Anna Comnena's Alexiad, 11th century, will enhance the cultural interactions and links of the two Mediterranean peoples under study. Examples from a revised study on loan words into Cypriot and from a recent study into Comnena's language will underline even more the links of the long Latin journeys to the Eastern Mediterranean. erma.vassiliou@anu.edu.au Marek Verčík, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle “Fas est ab hoste doceri” or how the Greek Armoury and the Way the Hoplites fought were changed in Magna Graecia? Contacts between different regions and civilizations as well as the interaction of their cultures have become one of the most discussed topics also in current Classical research. The discussion does not so much concern the results of this process, but rather its nature. However, one subject of the study has been persisting this development – Classical warfare. According to the assumption of the old-fashioned, “colonial” approach the Greek's military dominates their neighbour and furthermore resists foreign influence (as Snodgrass 1999). Using extensive material dimension of the Greek Military I attempt to re-examine this approach out of the perspective of material connections (as defined by Knapp and van Dommelen 2010). By analysing the origin of Hoplite Armoury, which was an essential component of Greek identity, the diversity within its development and the importance of foreign influence, in this case from Magna Graecia, will be shown. In chronological terms, the paper focuses on archaic and classic periods. This approach makes it possible to examine this topic diachronic and comparatively to the development in Greece itself, before the eminent changes that symbolised the Hellenistic period 34 occurred. During that time, this region were frequented by Carthaginians, Greeks, Etruscans and other local peoples, all of whom became entangled in ever-shifting regional and intra-regional movements and colonial networks. Both of this makes it possible to interrogate how commodities mediate the experience of Mediterranean people, and also how these experiences together with the materialised landscape are to be interpreted. mvercik@lda.mk.sachsen-anhalt.de Catherine Williams, La Trobe University Reasons for and consequences of a legislative lacuna: the lack of an Australian equivalent to article 416-bis of the Italian Penal Code In an era when one of the most significant earners for Italian mafia organisations is the export of illicit goods, the policing of mafia crime can only be effective if the Italian police and judicial authorities are able to rely on the cooperation of foreign states: this is particularly true when it comes to the issuing of arrest warrants and extradition requests, and particularly true in relation to Australia, whose ports have been described by Roberto Saviano as amongst the world’s easiest for the Calabrian ‘ndrangheta, at least, to infiltrate. A fundamental principle of Australian extradition law is that of dual criminality: that the offence for which the subject is sought by the requesting state would also have been an offence under Australian law, had the conduct occurred in Australia. So what impact is there on the efforts of the Italian authorities to combat mafia crime when the conduct for which a suspect is sought by them from Australia is not a crime under Australian law, as is the case of requests based on article 416-bis of the Italian Penal Code, which criminalises membership of a mafia organisation. This paper explores the complexities of this issue, including the reasons why Australia does not (yet) have an equivalent to 416-bis, and looks at possible future developments in Australian law which could better facilitate the policing by Italian authorities of mafia crime. ca7williams@students.latrobe.edu.au Roger Wilson, University of British Columbia Ancient Sicily in the Mediterranean world: aspects of identity and cultural interaction, 7th century BC to 7th century AD Sicily is a wonderful laboratory for examining culture contact, since this ‘continent in miniature’, as Braudel called it, set at the very heart of the Mediterranean, was exposed to, and borrowed from, numerous different ‘cultures’ with which it came into contact. Different groups of indigenous peoples, and successively Greek immigrants, Phoenician settlers and then Carthaginians, and later ‘Romans’ from Italy and Byzantine invaders from the East, all left their mark on the fabric of Sicily and shaped the structures built and the artifacts produced and used there. This talk will present some of the speaker’s favourite items that illustrate the multi-faceted phenomenon of cultural interaction over the longue durée of some 1400 years, both old discoveries and new, and interrogate them for what they mean in terms of culture contact and the movement of individuals and ideas, as well as for the definition of a distinctive Sicilian ‘identity’. roger.wilson@ubc.ca 35 Sonya Wurster, University of Melbourne Philodemus and the Location of Leisure In his treatise On Household Economics, the first-century BCE Epicurean philosopher Philodemus of Gadara is particularly concerned with the question of how wise men and laymen should spend their time. For the wise he advocates as little physical work as possible, while for the laymen he suggests that land ownership is the best means for making time for the study of philosophy. The emphasis on land ownership is particularly appropriate for his Roman audience, which included members of patrician families such as his patron L. Calpurnius Piso. In particular, this paper will explore the intersection between Epicurean and Roman ideas of leisure suggesting that Philodemus references contemporary Roman concerns about the changing role of the élite, which was reflected in Roman discourse on the nature of leisure (otium). I argue that he plays on the Roman view that leisure should take place in gardens and villas, which were usually situated outside of Rome in regions such as the Bay of Naples, to demonstrate the value of philosophy for dealing with the socio-political changes of the late republic. swurster@unimelb.edu.au 36 Notes 37 Coffee, Food and Night Life Coffee Lygon Street is Melbourne’s ‘Little Italy’ so a good coffee is never far away. Directly across Faraday Street from the Museo Italiano is Brunetti’s which serves coffee, cakes and savoury food. Most restaurants and cafés on Lygon Street will make takeaway coffees so just go inside and place your order at the counter. Food Lygon Street is full of Italian restaurants. If you want a great pizza try D.O.C. on the corner of Drummond and Faraday Streets. If you just want a sandwich there is the Lygon Food Store at 263 Lygon Street. For authentic Asian dumplings go to Ma’s Dumpling Den at 88 Grattan Street. If you are feeling more adventurous head into the city either on the tram on Swanston Street or by walking south on Lygon Street for about 15 minutes. The free Melbourne tourist shuttle will take you into the city centre via the Victoria Markets and Docklands every 30 minutes between 9.45am and 4.00pm. Buses leave from the corner of Lygon Street and Faraday Street. Chinatown is located on Little Bourke Street between Exhibition Street and Swanston Street. Degraves Street and Hardware Lane are popular Melbourne laneways packed with restaurants. Melbourne is full of restaurants and has a reputation for great food. If there are lots of people inside it is usually a good sign that you will be served a nice meal. 38 Night Life There are a few places to have a drink on Lygon Street. If you want a large selection of great wine and lovely food you should head to Jimmy Watson’s located at 333 Lygon Street. For cocktails try the Carlton Yacht Club at 298 Lygon Street. For quality beer on tap and gourmet food go to Markov Pl. at 350 Drummond Street. Or, if you are looking for a nice but relaxed pub with a wide range of commercial beers on tap, a good wine list and great counter meals try the Pumphouse Hotel at 128 Nicholson Street Fitzroy. If you want to venture further afield there are plenty of bars in the city centre. Brunswick Street and Smith Street are also only a 10-20 minutes walk from the conference venue (depending on your destination) in nearby Fitzroy. Most bars have a licence to serve alcohol until 1am every night of the week. Pubs often close earlier at 11pm or midnight. If you want to stay out later, head into the city or to Fitzroy. 39 General Information Making Telephone Calls Australian Country Code: +61 Melbourne Area Code: 03 (drop the ‘0’ when dialling from overseas, ie. +613) International Dialling Code: 0011 (then country code, etc.) Taxis Silver Top Taxis 131 008 Yellow Cabs 132 227 NB. Taxis can be booked in advance or hailed on the street. All taxis are equipped with credit card facilities Public Transport Tram, train and bus tickets can be purchased at 7-Eleven stores. Tickets can also be purchased from bus drivers, from ticket machines on trams and at train stations. Please note that on-board ticket machines only accept coins. 2-hour zone 1 tickets cost $4.00. All-day zone 1 tickets cost $7.60. Any tram displaying ‘Melbourne University’ will take you to within walking distance of the conference venue (see map on p.42). Supermarket and Pharmacy The closest supermarket to the conference venue is the Woolworths located in the basement of Lygon Court Shopping Centre across the road from the Museo Italiano (333 Drummond Street). There is also an entrance on Lygon Street. A Pharmacy is located on the Lygon Street ground level of this complex. 40 Conference Activities La Trobe University Campus Tour Wednesday, 18th July This tour will take delegates to the beautiful bushland campus of La Trobe University at Bundoora. The bus will leave the Museo Italiano at 1.30pm sharp and will return from La Trobe University at 5.30pm (approximate arrival time at Museo Italiano, 6.15pm). Delegates are welcome to invite their travel partners to join us on this tour which will include a visit to La Trobe University’s own wildlife sanctuary where delegates will have the opportunity to see native Australian flora and fauna. The tour will also include a visit to La Trobe University’s archaeological teaching resource, the TARDIS (Teaching Archaeological Research Discipline In Simulation), and a visit to the A.D. Trendall Centre for Ancient Mediterranean Studies which houses an extensive library and photographic archive particularly focused on South Italian red-figure vases. Tour Itinerary: 2.15pm - La Trobe University Australian Wildlife Sanctuary 3.15pm - TARDIS (Teaching Archaeological Research Discipline In Simulation) 3.45pm - Afternoon tea at LUMA (La Trobe University Museum of Art) 4.30pm - A.D. Trendall Centre 5.30pm - Bus returns to the Museo Italiano Mediterranean Melbourne Food and Wine Tour Sunday, 22nd July Itinerary 9.30am Bus picks up guests from Museo Italiano 10.30am Visit historical Sunbury Wineries at Craiglee and Goona Warra (tasting) 12.00 pm Visit Pitruzzello Estate winery and olive grove 12.30pm Italian-style lunch at Pitruzzello Estate (included) 3.00pm Visit Monteleone artisan cheese maker and restaurant at Donnybrook 5.00pm Airport drop‐off 5.45pm Return to Carlton Cost: $100 (includes all tastings and lunch). Everyone welcome so please bring your travel partners More information about these activities is available at the registration desk. Please sign up for these activities as soon as possible! 41 Maps of Carlton and Melbourne City Centre Tram Stop Supermarket To Fitzroy Faraday S Tram Stop Museo Italiano Travel Inn Hotel To City Centre 42 treet 43 This conference is brought to you by: The A.D. Trendall Centre for Ancient Mediterranean Studies and The Centre for Greek Studies, School of Historical and European Studies Conference partners: 44
