5-1
CHAPTER- 2 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
8-1
(CHAPTER-3):
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PARTS
EVENTS OF REPRODUCTION
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ACCESSORY GLANDS
PARTS
GAMETOGENESIS
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
ACCESSORY GLANDS
FERTILISATION
Proliferative Phase
PARTURITION
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Testis
Cowper’s Gland
Ovary
Lobules
(Follicular)
CLEAVAGE
Scrotum
Prostrate Gland
Oviduct
Alveoli
Luteal Phase
MORULA
Seminiferous
Seminal Vesicle
Uterus
Tubules
(Secretory phase)
BLASTULATION
Tubules
Cervix
Mammary Ducts
Menstrual Phase
GASTRULATION
Vasa Efferentia
Vagina
Ampulla
(Degenerative Phase)
ORGANOGENESIS
Epididymis
External
Lactiferous Ducts
Vas Deferens
Genitalia
Ejaculatory duct
Penis
SPERMATOGENESIS
HORMONAL REGULATION
12-1
HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH
PROCESS
SPERMATOGONIAL CELLS (2N)
FSH
Puber ty
SPERMATID (N)
SPERMIOGENESIS INHIBIN
TESTOSTERONE
SPERMATOZOA (N)
INHIBITS SPERM PRODUCTION
STIMULATES SPERMATOGENESIS
Release of Sperm
(SPERMIATION)
GnRH
Meiosis I completed
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Unequal Division (N)
First Polar Body
Spermiogenesis
ANDROGEN
HYPOTHALAMUS
PRIMARY OOCYTE (2N)
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE (N)
SERTOLI CELLS
HORMONAL REGULATION
OOGONIAL CELLS (2N)
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
LEYDIG CELLS
PROCESS
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE (2N)
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
LH
OOGENESIS
LH
SECONDARY OOCYTE(N)
(Small)
GRANULOSA CELLS
FSH
CORPUS LUTEUM ESTROGEN
(Large)
Mature (Metaphase of Meiosis II)
Second Polar Body(Small)
ESTROGEN
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
OVUM (N)
Release of Ovum (N)
(OVULATION)
-ve feedback
High level
INHIBITS GnRH SECRETION
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTIS
SCROTUM
contains
SEMINIFEROUS
PENIS
ACCESSORY DUCTS
Testes
within Testes
Urination &
Vasa Efferentia
organ for transfer
Transfer Sperm
Tubules
Epididymis
Produces
maintains low temp.
for Spermatogenesis
Site for
Spermatogenesis
COWPER’S GLAND
(Bulbo-urethral gland)
12-2
Produces lubricating fluid to Penis
OVARY
Located in
Lower abdomen
Produces ovum
Leads to
vas deferens
Urethra
Stores Sperm
Stores &
till maturation
PROSTATE GLAND
Vas Deferens
Leads to
of Sperm
Sperm
ACCESSORY GLANDS
accomodates TUBULES
Densely coiled tubules
Seminiferous
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
transport Sperm
SEMINAL VESICLE
Provides alkaline fluid for protection
Secretes seminal plasma
of sperm from vaginal acidic media
Contains Fructose, Calcium & Enzymes
Supply nutrient for sperm maturation
FALLOPIAN TUBE
UTERUS
Connecting tube
from ovary
consists of
CERVIX
Pear shaped wall
Consists of
VAGINA
Small canal
Birth canal
Connects uterus
Remain closed by
Peri-, Myo- & Endometrium
to vagina
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Consists of
Labia Minora
Labia Majora
Mons Pubis
ACCESSORY GLANDS
(Mammary Gland)
Clitoris
membranous Hymen
Receives Sperm
INFUNDIBULUM
Possess finger like
Projections
Ovulation
Collect ovum
AMPULLA
Transport
Mature Sperm
ISTHMUS
Transfer
Fertilized ovum
LOBES
Contain
Alveolar cells
Site of development of Embryo
Endometrium allows impregnation of Embryo by Placenta
Endometrium degenerates resulting Menstruation
ALVEOLI
secretes
Milk
TUBULES
MAMMARY DUCTS
Tubes from alveoli
Transport milk to duct
AMPULLA
Transport milk to
Transport milk to ampulla
Lactiferous duct
LACTIFEROUS DUCTS
Stores milk
CONCEPT MAP (C3)
GAMETOGENESIS
HORMONAL REGULATION
SPERMATOGENESIS
(Process of production of male gamete i.e. sperm)
OOGENESIS
HYPOTHALAMUS
SPERMATOGONIAL CELLS (2n)
(Process of production of female gamete i.e. ovum)
GnRH secretion increased
(Undifferentiated diploid cells within
Spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules)
LH
OOGONIAL CELLS (2n)
ANTERIOR PITUITARY ACTIVATION
Activates
FSH
LH
Oogenesis
Activates
(Undifferentiated diploid cells within Ovary)
FSH
Mitosis
Embryonic stage till Birth (2n)
Differentiates & Multiplies (2n)
LEYDIG CELLS
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE (2n)
Stimulates
SERTOLI CELLS
Stimulates
-ve feedback
GRANULOSA CELLS CORPUS LUTEUM ESTROGEN
synthesise
12-3
Meiosis I
ANDROGEN
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE (n)
PRIMARY OOCYTE
(Remain temporarily arrested till Puberty)
SPERMIOGENESIS INHIBIN
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
Produces
TESTOSTERONE
Prophase I (Meiosis I)
synthesise
Synthesis of
Meiosis II
Initiates Differentiation during
ESTROGEN
Puberty
Meiosis I completed
Unequal Division (n)
INHIBITS SPERM PRODUCTION
-ve feed back High level
First Polar Body(Small) SECONDARY OOCYTE(Large) (n)
SPERMATID (n)
STIMULATES SPERMATOGENESIS
INHIBITS GnRH SECRETION
Mature (Metaphase of Meiosis II)
Spermiogenesis
SPERMATOZOA (n)
Release of Sperm (n)
(SPERMIATION)
Second Polar Body(Small)
OVUM (n)
Release of Ovum (n)
(OVULATION)
CONCEPT MAP (C4)
PHASES OF MENS TRUAL CYCLE
(Occurs in female at puberty)
MENSTRUATION PHASE(3-5 days)
FOLLICULAR/PROLIFERATIVE PHASE(6-12 days)
(In absence of fertilization of ova )
(Reduced concentration of Gonadotropin)
Rupture of endometrium lining of uterus
Stimulates Hypothalamous
Release of blood, serous fluid,
(Begins after ovulation)
Secretion of LH
release of GnRH
mucosa, unfertilized ova
LUTEAL/SECRETORY PHASE(12-14 days)
Inhibits
Corpus Luteum formed
ANTERIOR PITUITARY(Activated)
secretes
Gonadotropin produced
LH
Inhibin
FSH
Estrogen
(less secretion)
Ovarian follicle enlarges
12-4
(Stimulated by LH)
Bind with
Granulosa cells
Synthesize
Estrogen
High level of LH
Inhibin
(less secretion)
Thickening of Endometrium
In absence of fertilisation
Uterine wall ready for Implantation
Regression of Corpus Luteum
Synthesize
CORPUS ALBICANS
Estrogen & Progesterone
Maturation of secondary oocyte
OVULATION
(More secretion)
Corpus Luteum
Increased secretion
Release of Ovum
Progesterone
Endometrial wall breaks leading to MENSTRUATION
Endometrium prepares for implantation
Inhibits contraction of uterus Rupture of Graafian Follicle
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT MAP(C5)
MALE GAMETE
FEMALE GAMETE
Fusion
Penetration of Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Activation of Ovum
ZYGOTE
Fusion of sperm & egg nucleus
CLEAVAGE (Holoblastic,Equal)
(Repeated division by Furrowing )
BLASTOMERE
Outer Cell Mass
TROPHOBLAST
MORULA
(Develops into Placenta)
Inner Cell Mass
BLASTULATION
12-5
IMPLANTATION IN UTERINE WALL
BLASTODERMIC VESICLE / BLASTOCYST
TROPHOBLAST / TROPHOECTODERM
(consists of)
BLASTOCOEL
GASTRULATION
(Movement of cells to form )
Primary Germinal Layer
MORPHOGENETIC
PLACENTA
MOVEMENT
YOLK SAC
(Development of)
AMNION
(3 germinal layers)
CHORION
(Vacuolated space within Blastula)
(Formation of)
ALLANTOIS
(Outer wall of Blastocyst)
ENDODERM
Enlargement of Blastodermic vesicle
Proliferation of cells from inner cell mass
of Embryonic disc
MESODERM
Proliferation of cells from caudal region
ECTODERM
Remaining cells of Embryonic disc
of Embryonic disc
Move out to form Mesodermal layer
Arrange towards periphery
to form Ectodermal layer
Push out into Blastocoel to form Primitive Gut
ORGANOGENESIS
Formation of cap like Embryonic Disc
ENDODERMAL DERIVATIVES
MESODERMAL DERIVATIVES
ECTODERMAL DERIVATIVES
Tongue epithelium,Pharynx, Digestive tract,Middle ear, Trachea,
Ligament, Tendon, Cartilage, Bone, all muscles,
Skin epidermis,Cutaneous gland, Hair,
Bronchi, Lung,Gall bladder, Liver, Pancreas, Urinary bladder,
Teeth, Heart, Blood vessels,Spleen, Kidney, Ureter,
Lining of Gut,Teeth enamel, External ear,
Vagina, Prostrate. Urethra,G.I. glands,Adenohypophysis, Thymus,
Sex organs,Eye,Adrenal cortex etc.
Mammary gland,Hypothalamous,Neurohypophysis,
Thyroid,Para-thyroid gland etc.
Adrenal medulla,CNS,Nerves etc.
ADDITIONAL SPECIAL NOTES:
TYPES OF EGGS
TYPES OF CLEAVAGE
Alecithal: Without yolk
TYPES OF BLASTULA
Holoblastic :Complete division of zygote
TYPES OF PLACENTA
Stereoblastula : Solid mass
Microlecithal:With small amount of yolk
i) Equal:Cell size same after division
Coeloblastula : With blastocoel
Mesolecithal: With moderate amount of yolk
ii) Unequal:Cell size differ after division
Discoblastula : Disc shaped
Macrolecithal: With large amount of yolk
Meroblastic :Division restricted to animal pole at tip
Periblastula : With central yolk
Heterolecithal:With unevenly distributed amount of yolk
BASED ON FOETAL MEMBRANE
BASED ON BARRIERS
BASED ON FATE OF UTERINE PLACENTA
Yolk sac placenta :Derived from yolk sac & chorion
Epitheliochorial: All attached membranes present
Non deciduate :Uterine placenta not shed
Chorioallantoic : Derived from chorion & allantois
Syndesmochorial:Uterine epithelium absent
Deciduate : Uterine placenta shed after birth
Chorionic : Derived from mostly chorion
Endotheliochorial: Uterine epithelium & connective tissue absent
Centradeciduate : Whole placenta absorbed
12-6
Haemochorial: Uterine barrier absent
Haemoendothelial: All barriers except foetal endothelial blood vessel absent
CONCEPT MAP:Ref.CH-4(Page-1)
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
STRATEGIES
BIRTH CONTROL
MEDICAL TERMINATION
AMNIOCENTESIS
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
OF PREGNANCY
DISEASES
INFERTILITY
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY (ART)
NATURAL METHOD
BARRIER METHOD
INTRA-UTERINE
DEVICE
ORAL
STERILISATION
Sexually transmitted
ADMINISTRATION
Periodic Abstinence
Condoms
Lipples Loop
Pills
Withdrawl / Coitus Interruptus
Diaphragm
Copper releasing IUDS
Lactational Amenorrhoea
Cervical caps
Hormone releasing IUDS
Veneral
Vasectomy
Tubectomy
Reproductive Tract infection
Fem shield
Vaults
25-1
IN-VITRO
IN-VIVO
FERTILISATION
FERTILISATION
(IVF)
ZYGOTE INTRA
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
(GIFT)
INTRA-UTERINE
FALLOPIAN TRANSFER
TRANSFER
(ZIFT)
(IUT)
INTRA CYTOPLASMIC
INTRA-UTERINE
SPERM INJECTION
INSEMINATION
(ICSI)
(IUI)
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
(AI)
CONCEPT MAP:Ref.CH-4(Page-2)
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
AIM TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
STRATAGIES
Lack of awareness
Create awareness
Strict follow up of legal ban on Amniocentesis
Sex related Myth & Misconception
Sex education
Follow up of child immunisation
Common STDs
Prevention of STDs
Up-gradation of health care based on reproductive health,
Population explosion
Educate fertile couples
Corrective measures of disorder & infertility
Illegal abortion of foetus
Provide medical facilities
Legal right of MTP for due reasons
Congenital & acquired infertility
Manage reproductive disorder
Enhance RCH Programme
Reduce infertility problem
(REPRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE)
Creating reproduction related awareness
Provide facilities for
Sex education at
Educate people for social consciousness about safe conception, child birth,
to mankind by Govt. / NGOs
reproductively healthy society
school level
Pre/ Post natal child care, equal opportunities to male/ female child,
25-2
importance of population explosion.
POPULATION EXPLOSION
NEED OF STUDYING
FACTORS DETERMINING
CAUSES OF INCREASE IN
CONSEQUENCES OF
HUMAN POPULATION
POPULATION GROWTH RATE
POPULATION GROWTH
OVER POPULATION
Consequences of uncontrolled population growth
Birth rate(Natality) & Death rate(Mortality)
Decline in death rate
Scarcity of space
Advantages of small family
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Control of disease
Shortage of food supply
Population density & food availability
Replacement rate (Zero growth rate)
Reduced infant mortality rate
Unemployment & price rise
Life standard in accordance with overpopulation
Count of active reproductive age
Improved community health
Pollution & energy crisis
Control measure to avoid overpopulation
Emigration & Imigration rate
Improved agricultural practices
Eco-degration
Population Explosion
CONTROL MEASURES
Education about advantages of controlled child birth
Incentive for sterilisation
Legal norms for raising age of marriage
Easy availability of contraceptive devices at cheaper rates
Encouraging Family Planning & birth control
CONCEPT MAP:Ref.CH-4(Page-3)
NATURAL METHOD
BIRTH CONTROL
BARRIER METHOD
(Avoiding chances of fusion of sperm & ova)
(Mechanical device)
CHEMICAL METHOD
ORAL ADMINISTRATION
(Chemicals/ Hormones)
Periodic Abstenence : Avoiding coitus during ovulation period.
Progestogen / Progestogen-Estrogen pills
Spermicidal : tablets, jellies, cream introduced
(Rhythm Period)
Coitus Interruptus: Withdrawal of penis from vagina just before
into vagina before coitus.
Inhibits ovulation & implantation
Implant : Hormones like Progesterone/ Progesterone-
Alters cervical mucus to prevent
ejaculation of sperm. (Withdrawal Method)
Estrogen capsules inserted under skin of fore arm
Lactational Amenorrhea : Identified as ‘No Risk Period’ as
for long term contraception.
25-3
Ovulation is disrupted during intense lactation period.
Taken orally daily for 21 days
sperm entry
Eg.,Saheli(Non-steroidal)
Emergency contraception : Progestogen-Estrogen combined/IUD
applied within 72 hrs. of coitus, effective for treatment of
Condom: Rubber/Latex sheath covering penis that obstruct semen ejaculation in vagina
unprotected sex, sexual assault.
Diaphragm: Tubular rubber sheath fitted into vagina for obstructing sperm entry
Cervical cap:Rubber nipple fitted into cervix that prevent sperm entry in uterus
Vault: Hemespheric rubber cap fitted over cervix to restrict sperm entry
Fem shield:Polyurethene pouch covering external genetalia to restrict sperm entry
INTRA-UTERINE DEVICES
LIPPLES LOOP
Increase phagocytosis of
sperm within uterus
SURGICAL METHOD
COPPER RELEASING IUD
eg., CuT, Cu7
Releases Cu ion that suppress sperm motility
HORMONE RELEASING IUD
eg.,Progestasert,Levonorgestrol(LNG-20)
STERILISATION
(Surgical intervention of blocking gamete transport permanently)
Make uterus unsuitable for implantation & cervix hostile to sperm.
INFERTILITY
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART )
VASECTOMY
TUBECTOMY
In males,portion of Vas deferens
blocked by cutting / ligation
IVF (In vitro fertilisation): Fertilisation outside body in similar body condition ,followed by embryo transfer.
GIFT(Gamete Intra Fallopian transfer): Transfer of sperm &harvested ovum into fallopian tube by Laparoscope
ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic sperm Injection) : Sperm directly injected into ovum in-vitro &zygote transferred to uterus. .
AI (Artificial Insemination):Collected semen of donor(IUI)/ husband(AIH) introduced into uterus of female
In females, portion of
Fallopian tube
bl ocked by cutting / ligation
Involves transfer of zygote or embryo in fallopian tube/uterus
ZIFT(Zygote intra fallopian transfer)
At 8 blastomere stage
IUT(Intra uterine transter)
More than 8 blastomere stage
CHAPTER- 5 Principles of inheritance and variation
37-1
CHAPTER- 6 Molecular basis of inheritance
46-1
CHAPTER- 7 CONCEPT MAP IN EVOLUTION
56-1
CHAPTER- 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
63-1
63-2
COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Refer to fig. 8.1 stages in lifecycle of plasmodium page 147 and 148 NCERT
63-3
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY MOLECULE
IMMUNITYOF
LIFECYCLE
PLASMIDIUM
63-4
Primary Lymphoid
Organ
1. Bone Marrow
2.Thymus
Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organ
1. Spleen
2. Lymph Nodes
3. Peyer’s Patch
4. Tonsils
5. Mucosal associated lymphoid
tissue (MALT)
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Function:
Provide
microenvironment
For the development and
Maturation of lymphocyte
Function:
1. Spleen: Filter the microbes from blood
2. Lymph Nodes: Trap the microorganisms
3. Peyer’s Patch: Present in small intestine
and help In the formation of effector celles
4. Tonsils: Trap microbes entering through
Mouth
5. MALT: Traps Microbes
- Antibody produced within own body
- it is long lasting
- Does not Cause allergy
- Takes time to activate
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
- Antibodies transferred from
another individual.
- Not long lasting.
- Sometimes cause allergy
-Provides immediate relief.
-
Types of Immune Response:
Types of Immune Response
Primary Response
- Exposure of body to pathogen for first
time
- Of Low Intensity
Secondary Response
- Subsequent exposure to same
pathogen
- Response of body is hieghtened
63-5
Vaccination and Immunization refers to the administration of vaccine. Immunization process by which the body produces antibodies in response
to the vaccine to fight infections. Vaccine preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogens or inactivated/weakened pathogen. It is introduced into
the body to generate antibodies which can neutralize the pathogens during actual infection. Vaccines also generate memory B & T cells that
recognize the pathogens quickly. Vaccines that contain performed antibodies produce quick immune response and provide Passive Immunity e.g.
vaccines against tetanus & snakebite. Other vaccines provide Active Immunity e.g. oral polio vaccine, BCG,cholera vaccine.
Allergies The exaggerated response/hypersensitiveness of the immune system of a person to certain antigens coming in contact with or entering
into the body.
Auto-immunity Condition when structural & functional damage is caused due to the attack of the self cells of the body by its own immune cells .
Examples : Rheumatoid arthritis, Insulin- dependent diabetes.
63-6
Refer Fig 8.6 replication of retrovirus page 155
NCERT
63-7
CHAPTER- 9 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT OF FOOD PRODUCTION
65-1
CHAPTER- 10 Microbes in human welfare
68-1
CHAPTER- 12 Biotechnology and its application
98-1
CHAPTER- 13 Organisms and populations
102-1
CHAPTER- 14 Ecosystem
108-1
Steps of Decomposition Cycle
108-2
DECOMPOSITION: It is the breaking down of complex organic matter into
simple organic substances by microorganism. See figure 14.1 page2 44 NCERT
108-3
Peacock
↑
Snake
↑
Frog
↑
Earthworm
↑
Detritus
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH DIFFERENT TROPIC LEVELS
108-4
Energy flow is governed by law of thermodynamics. In each trophic level there is loss of 10 % energy
(see 14.3figure page-247 NCERT)
STANDING CROP Biomass present in atrophic level at a particular time. Biomass is the dry weight of organism.
stratification- vertical distribution of different species in different strata.
iii) trophic organization- Food relationship of producers and consumers.
Ecological Pyramids
Graphical Representation of food and energy relationship between organisms of different tropic level
108-5
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Number
Pyramid of Energy
108-6
(Xerarch Succession)
(Hydrach Succession)
SUCCESSION
Gradual and fairly predictable changes in species composition of a given area . Types – i) primary succession – Succesion on bare land ex:- bare rocks
,newly created ponds etc. ii)Secondary succession – Occures in an area where there was vegetation earlier. Soil or sediment present that is why it is faster
than primary succession . Two types ,based on nature of habitats.
i) Hydrach succession – Succesion in water or wet areas
Steps in hydrach - Phytoplanktons--- Floating angiosperms---Rooted hydrophytes---sedges---grasses---shrubs and trees
(Pioneer)
(climax)
Xearch succession – succession on bare rock Stages or steps – Lichens---mosses---herbs---shrubs---trees
(pioneer)
(seral)
(climax)
108-7
Carbon cycle Atmospheric input
High.
between
Gaseous
exchange
organism
and
environment is high
Phosphorus cycle
108-8
in put low. Gaseous exchange
negligible
Seefig 14.6
atmospheric
See fig 14.7
CHAPTER- 15 Biodiversity and conservation
110-1
CHAPTER- 16: Environmental Issues
113-1
113-2