Jimmy et al., J Physiobiochem Metab 2013, 2:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2324-8793.1000110
Journal of
Physiobiochemical
Metabolism
Research Article
Hypergastrinaemia and Raised
Hydrochloric Acid in Tea
Drinking Associated Gastric
Ulcer
Jimmy EO1*, Odeh S2, Malachy N3 and Adelaiye AB4
Abstract
Gastrin levels were observed for 28 days in Lipton tea drinking
using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The gastrin
concentrations were also observed in the gastric and plasma.
Gastric gastrin in rats with gastric ulcer was significantly higher
than plasma gastrin in Lipton tea drinking, P<0.05 but rats without
gastric ulcer had normal gastrin levels. Rats fed with Lipton tea
showed high gastrin and hydrochloric acid secretion as compared
with control without Lipton tea drinking; P<0.05. There was marked
increase of HCL as the feeding of the rats progressed from day
7 to day 28. The HCL secretion in male rats was not significantly
different from the female rats, P >0.05. Also there was decrease
and increase in the HCL secretion in 2-6 months and increase at
8 months and thereafter, 10-12 months showed a decrease. It is
concluded that Lipton tea drinking leads to increase in gastrin and
HCL levels thus inducing gastric ulcer.
Keywords
Gastrin; HCL; TEA drinking; Gastric ulcer
Introduction
Tea is a beverage that is very popularly taken always particularly
during cold and winter in the temperate climate and in the tropics.
However, it is a menu for most homes using it with bread and other
foods. Tea also is a herbal plant widely grown in the Mediterranean
especially in the India and China. Lipton tea is the most popular of all
the tea plants due to the magnanimity of a Scottish born entrepreneur,
Sir Thomas Lipton in 1880, who made it affordable and available to all
in the world as tea was before this time the exclusive beverage of the
rich. The major active ingredient of tea is caffeine which is an alkaloid
[1]. Tea with its caffeine content is a stimulant and the resultant
alertness and physical performance[2,3]. It leads to loss of sleep but
involve in increase thinking capacity[4]. Tea also contains flavonoid,
with associated antiallergic, antiviral and antibacterial properties [58]. Important antioxidant in tea is catechin which protects against
cancer and neurodegenerative disease[9,10]. Tea drinking is also
associated with loss of weight and beauty enhancement[11]. Gastrin
is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone produced by the G-cells in the
*Corresponding author: Dr. Jimmy EO, Department of Physiology, University of
Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, E-mail: medstedrecheo@yahoo.com
Received: June 21, 2013 Accepted: November 25, 2013 Published: November
02, 2013
International Publisher of Science,
Technology and Medicine
a SciTechnol journal
lateral walls of glands of antral portion of the stomach. There are three
major forms of gastrin, the G-34, 17 and 14; the G-34 is the most
abundant while G-17 is the most physiologic. The major function of
gastrin is the inducement of gastric acid and in its absence, the protein
metabolism will be impaired [12]. Its mechanism of action involves
histamine which is produced by enterochromatoffin-like cells (ECL.).
The stimulation of histamine by the gastrin impacts on the parietal
cells leads to the release of hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid
potentiates the metabolism of protein by enhancing the action of
pepsin on protein, hence gastrin relevance in protein metabolism
[13]. However, gastrin is also a growth factor associated with the
proliferation of gastrin progenitor cells thus affecting thedevelopment
of gastric mucosa and other cells e.g epithelial cells [14,15]. High
gastrin levels is found to be associated with tumors and long term
use of some antiulcerogenic drugs[16]and with marked increase in
parietal and ECL-cells [17].
Materials and Methods
Preparation of Lipton Tea
A sachet of Lipton tea weighing 2.38gwas dissolved in 250 ml of
hot water being at least the normal volume of water used in dissolving
Lipton tea. The weight of the sachet was to enable the determination
of the concentration of caffeine. It was brewed i.e kept in the hot
water for 5 mins for tea contents to be obtained. The final weight of
tea per volume was obtained by weighing the dried shaft of leaves
which was 1.16 g and subtracted from the weight of the sachet of tea.
After brewing the tea for 5 mins, it was left for 20-40 mins for heat
reduction and was administered per weight of the animal based on
the average weight of man 70 kg. The tea in ml per volume was then
administered orally into the animals using 1.0 ml cannula by-passing
the esophagus and delivered into the stomach [18,19]. The tea feeding
was done first thing in the morning without food and the rats were
fed afterwards. This was done daily for 7 days 14, 21 and 28 days. The
rats were anasthesized and killed for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to obtain
gastric HCL and gastrin. A total of 28 rats were used, 14 males and 14
females, 4 rats spread weekly for 28 days.
Gastric gastrin
The stomachs of the killed rats were removed and the contents
squeezed out and analyzed using HPLC machine. Precisely, 20 µl of
the stomach contents was injected into the HPLC 1100 series using
rheodyne injector after pretreatment with acetonitrite (2ml) for
1min. Petagastrin was used as standard and the flow rate was 1ml/
min. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrite; 50%, methanol, 30%
and water, 20%. The column used was zorbax with carbon 18 (C-18)
having 150×4.6 size. It was run at the wavelength of 218 nm at 35° C.
The peaks obtained per each run showed the concentration of gastrin
in the sample and was calculated as sample concentration by the
standard multiplied by the concentration of the standard expressed
in microgram per ml (mg/ml. Methods of Eka, 1996 and those of
reagent manufacturers were used for the study.
All articles published in Journal of Physiobiochemical Metabolism are the property of SciTechnol, and is protected by copyright
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Citation: Jimmy EO, Odeh S, Malachy N, Adelaiye AB (2013) Hypergastrinaemia and Raised Hydrochloric Acid in Tea Drinking Associated Gastric Ulcer. J
Physiobiochem Metab 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2324-8793.1000110
Plasma gastrin
Table 1: Effects of Lipton tea on gastric HCL-mmol/L.
Weekly
Gastric
HCL
Monthly Gastric
HCL
Gastric HCL
The blood, 6 ml obtained from each rats through cardiac puncture
after anesthesia with chloroform was spun at low speed for 5 mins
using table centrifuge [20]. The plasma, 2 µl was then injected into
HPLC for gastrin assay as in the methods for gastric gastrin.
7 days
58.15
52.28
2 months
61.2
60.8
14 days
83.35
46.48
4 months
92.6
91.7
Gastric HCL
21 days
93.11
56.30
6 months
82.6
86.2
28 days
84.73
72.51
8 months
101.2
99.2
The method was used in obtaining the titre of HCL from the
gastric contents obtained from each animal 1 ml of gastric contents
was diluted with 5 ml of distilled water and titrated against 0.02M of
NaOH prepared by diluting 20 ml of stock solution of 0.1m sodium
hydroxide to 100 ml of distilled water[21]. The actual titrable acidity
which is the HCL was obtained by multiplying the titre obtained
through titration with 20 mmol equivalent of 0.02M NaOH used and
divided by the original volume of the gastric contents. This gave the
results of the gastric HCL for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in each rats studied.
The duration of the investigation of the HCL concentration was
adopted from the WHO 1982 methods of monitoring antimalarials
and parasitological status in malaria infection. In this study gastric
HCL was observed periodically based also on administration of Lipton
tea. This method enhanced close observation of the concentration of
the HCL produced weekly and monthly by tea drinking.
Results
The results showed increase in gastric HCL as the duration of the
tea feeding increases and was significantly different per week (Table 1)
P<0.005 at p=0.0003 but not significant among sex, p>0.05, p=0.604,
p<0.05, p=0.604, p<0.05, However, the gastric HCLreduced as the
number of months increased and was significant with the different
months (Table 1) P<0.05. The plasma gastrin showed increase in
their concentration per week but were not significant between days 7,
14, 21, and 28 but significant among sex, p>0.05, at p=0.604, p<0.05
(Table 2). Also, the gastric gastrin showed increase in gastrin as the
duration of the tea intake increase and significant amongst the weeks
(Table 3) P<0.05. There was positive correlation, r=0.5 between
gastrin levels and gastric HCL (Tables 2 and 3).
Discussion
The study had shown increase in gastric HCL in taking Lipton tea
and the increase was sequentially tallied with increase in the duration
of intake of Lipton tea. The high gastric HCL was observed in tea
drinking and in rats with gastric ulcer. The implications are that tea
drinking can induce gastric ulcer as observed in the study. Increase
HCL will induce depletion of parietal cell on continuous stimulation
and usage. Reduced parietal cells will lead to achlorhydria which is
lack of acid secretion with the resultant effect of impaired protein
metabolism. Also parietal cell secrets intrinsic factor; a carrier of
vitamin B12 necessary for protein building blocks in the development
of red blood cells, absence of which pernicious anaemia may result
[13,22,23]. There were fluctuations in the weekly and monthly
secretions of the gastric HCL corresponding with Lipton tea feeding.
It means that gastric HCL secretion is not consistent periodically but
the secretion is observed to be higher even at the fluctuation at the
weekly basis. However, there was decreased gastric secretion with
the feeding of Lipton tea as the number of months increased. This
Volume 2 • Issue 2 • 1000110
10 months
526
62.8
12 months
48.1
43.9
(Weekly and monthly for 1 year)
Table 2: Effects of Lipton tea on plasma gastrin.
Period
Gastric HCL
MF
7 days
200.1
1860
14 days
189.3
198.2
21 days
192.6
200.3
28 days
200.5
199.0
Table 3: Effects of Lipton tea on gastric gastrin.
Period
Gastric HCL
MF
7 days
89.4
86.9
14 days
92.3
100.2
21 days
90.1
96.7
28 days
117.3
98.2
Normal values for gastrin = 40-50 µg/ml.
may be due to the fact that high HCL decreases gastrin levels, thereby
reducing such impact on the histamine and the resultant effects on
the parietal cells and HCL production[12].
Plasma and gastric gastrin were raised in Lipton tea drinking in rats
with gastric ulcer than those without ulcer. It means the raised level of
gastrin is as a result of the beverage. But hypergastrinaemia is associated
with tumor [24]. Comparing the plasma gastrin with gastric gastrin
in this study has given a good clue as to the quantity of circulatory
gastrin which is the plasma one and the intact gastrin which is the
gastric gastrin. The plasma gastrin was higher than the gastric gastrin
which may be the results of induced stimulatory effects on the gastrin
by; the protein, distension of the stomach and in abnormalities in the
gastric. The observatory rise in the plasma gastrin is essential indicator
in the management of gastric ulcer. But the general observation has
shown that Lipton tea increases HCL and gastrin levels and with great
consequences on gastro intestinal physiology particularly gastric ulcer.
Also, the positive correlation between gastrin and HCL secretion
showed the roles of gastrin as trigger agent in gastric acid secretion.
Gastrin levels can therefore be used to diagnose peptic ulcer in food
intake which may cause gastric ulcer.
Recommendations
The study recommends that tea drinking should be minimal as
increase intake results in high HCL and gastrin particularly the latter
which has great tendency of inducing high HCL and subsequent
liability to peptic ulcer. Complications in peptic ulcer diagnosis may
be resolved with sensitive testing apparatus like HPLC in gastrin
analysis.
• Page 2 of 3 •
Citation: Jimmy EO, Odeh S, Malachy N, Adelaiye AB (2013) Hypergastrinaemia and Raised Hydrochloric Acid in Tea Drinking Associated Gastric Ulcer. J
Physiobiochem Metab 2:2.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2324-8793.1000110
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Author Affiliations
Top
1
Department of Physiology, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
2
Department of Physiology, University of Jos, Plateau, State, Nigeria
3
Department of Pharmacology University of Uyo Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
4
Department of Physiology, Ahmadu Bellow University, Zaria, Nigeria
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