Pittsburgh Public Theater’s Education and Outreach programs are generously supported
by BNY Mellon Foundation of Southwestern Pennsylvania. Additional funding for all
youth education programs has been provided by The Grable Foundation and Dominion.
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Contents
Thurgood Marshall .............................................................................................................. 3
About the Playwright ........................................................................................................... 4
Thurgood: The Civil Rights Movement That Inspired the Play ............................................ 5
The Fourteenth Amendment ........................................................................................... 5
Plessy v. Ferguson ............................................................................................................ 6
Jim Crow Laws .................................................................................................................. 6
Brown v. Board of Education ........................................................................................... 6
NAACP .............................................................................................................................. 7
Supreme Court Appointment .......................................................................................... 7
In the news today ................................................................................................................ 8
President Obama’s Second Inaugural Address ................................................................ 8
Shelby County v. Holder................................................................................................. 10
Historically Black Colleges and Universities ...................................................................... 10
People Mentioned in Thurgood......................................................................................... 12
Meet the Cast .................................................................................................................... 14
Meet the Director .............................................................................................................. 15
Theater Etiquette............................................................................................................... 16
Pennsylvania Academic Standards .................................................................................... 17
Pennsylvania Common Core Standards ............................................................................ 18
References ......................................................................................................................... 19
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Thurgood Marshall
In 1967, Thurgood Marshall became our first African-American Supreme Court Justice.
From humble beginnings as a waiter in Baltimore, to behind the scenes with leaders
such as General MacArthur, Robert Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson, to his
triumphant rise to the highest court in the land, Thurgood Marshall’s was a journey of
epic proportions.
After he retired, New York Times columnist Anthony Lewis wrote, “As a lawyer and a
judge, he did more than any other American to lift the burden of racism from our
society.”
Thurgood Marshall died of heart failure in 1993 and was buried in Arlington National
Cemetery.
Thurgood Marshall
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About the Playwright
George Cooper Stevens, Jr. (born April 3, 1932) is an
American award-winning film and television writer,
director, producer, and founder of the American Film
Institute whose career has spanned more than fifty years.
Among his many achievements, Stevens has won 15
Emmys, two Peabody Awards and eight Writers Guild of
America Awards for his television productions, including
the annual Kennedy Center Honors, and two made-fortelevision mini-series, Separate But Equal and The Murder
of Mary Phagan. His production of the feature film The
Thin Red Line was nominated for seven Academy Awards,
including best picture. In 1962 he became the head of
the Motion Picture Service of the U.S. Information Agency
under Edward R. Murrow, and in 1967 founded the American Film Institute. President
Obama named Stevens to be Co-chairman of the President’s Committee on the Arts and
Humanities. He is also a playwright, writing the one-person play Thurgood, the story of
the life of Thurgood Marshall, which was nominated for a Tony award in 2008 for its star
Lawrence Fishburne. In February, 2013, Stevens was awarded an honorary Oscar for
lifetime achievement at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ Governors
Awards.
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The Civil Rights Movement That Inspired the Play
In a 2008 interview with Newsweek magazine, George Stevens Jr. explained how his
interest in Thurgood Marshall began. He wrote and directed the 1991 television
miniseries “Separate but Equal” about Brown v. Board of Education, in which Sydney
Poitier played Marshall. For this miniseries Stevens had done a great deal of research
about Thurgood Marshall, his life and his work with the civil rights movement. At one
point, Stevens recalled how impressed he was with the one-man play Darrow, about
Clarence Darrow, the American lawyer and prominent leader of the American Civil
Liberties Union. Seeing this play, plus having done so much research for “Separate but
Equal,” sparked the idea for a one-man play about Thurgood Marshall. The Broadway
production of Thurgood earned a Best Actor nomination for Lawrence Fishburne at the
2008 Tony Awards.
The Fourteenth Amendment
In 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution granted citizenship to “all
persons born or naturalized in the United States” – an event that was beautifully
recreated in the recent Oscar-nominated movie Lincoln. This ratification included all
slaves who were recently freed. According to the Library of Congress, the Fourteenth
Amendment is cited in more legal cases than any other amendment.
Read the Fourteenth Amendment here!
http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=014/llsl014.db&recNum=389
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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court case that helped to start the civil rights
movement that Thurgood Marshall would later play a prominent role in. In 1892, Homer
Plessy, a man of multi-racial descent, purchased a train ticket from New Orleans on the
East Louisiana Railway and, after informing the train conductor of his racial background,
sat in the whites-only car. He refused to move to the “coloreds only” car and was
arrested for violating Louisiana’s Separate Car Act, which required railways to provide
separate accommodations for whites, blacks, and coloreds (or people of mixed black
and white ancestry). The case, Plessy v. Ferguson, worked its way up to the Supreme
Court. Ultimately the Court ruled that in order to be constitutional, separate facilities
for black and white citizens must be equal in quality to one another.
Jim Crow Laws
Shortly after the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson, the idea of “separate but equal” spread to
all aspects of social life. Separate theater seating areas, restrooms, dining rooms, water
fountains, transportation, and hospitals soon appeared and were known collectively as
“Jim Crow” laws, named after a character in black minstrel shows. Though Plessy v.
Ferguson required such separate facilities to be equal in quality, the facilities for blacks
were almost always inferior. Such laws lasted more than 50 years until the equally
important case Brown v. Board of Education struck these regulations down.
Brown v. Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall and his colleagues worked on a case in South Carolina which accused
a school district of refusing to provide a school bus to transport black children to school
each day. Eventually this case moved up to the Supreme Court along with cases from
Kansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, and Virginia. Together these cases were
known as Oliver Brown et al. v. the Board of Education of Topeka. They fought to end
racial segregation in schools – and resulted in a unanimous decision by the Supreme
Court that racial segregation in schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown v.
Board of Education ended the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson, proving that separate indeed
did not mean equal.
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NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded
in 1909 as a grassroots-based civil rights organization. According to its website, the
NAACP’s many members nationwide are “the premier advocates for civil rights in their
communities, campaigning for equal opportunity and conducting voter mobilization.”
Thurgood Marshall was one of these advocates for civil rights. In 1940, Marshall
founded the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF), which he continued to
lead until 1961. According to its website, the LDF is the nation’s “first and foremost civil
and human rights law firm” whose mission is “to achieve racial justice, equality, and an
inclusive society.” Under the leadership of Marshall and Houston, the LDF was made up
of some of the best lawyers who together used the law and the Constitution to fight
segregation. Together they won many significant civil rights court cases – including
Brown v. Board of Education.
Supreme Court Appointment
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court of the
United States in 1967 – the first African American to hold that position. Marshall’s
appointment wasn’t without resistance, however, with several Southern senators
publicizing their opposition to having the first African American on the Supreme Court.
On September 1, 1967, the day of Marshall’s swearing-in ceremony, Justice Hugo Black
presented Marshall with a bible. This was a monumental moment as Justice Black was a
former Klansman.
Thurgood Marshall’s tenure on the Supreme Court was characterized by his strong belief
that every citizen should be protected by the rights presented in the Constitution. He
was in strong opposition to the death penalty, and a proponent of freedom of speech.
Marshall believed in the law and the positive change it could bring. In 1991, the year
Marshall retired from the Court, Supreme Court Justice William Brennan said, “Of no
other lawyer can it so truly be said that all Americans owe him an enormous debt of
gratitude.”
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In the News Today
Thurgood Marshall’s tireless work with the Civil Rights movement did not end with his
nomination to the Supreme Court. Leaders and citizens after him continue his work to
make the United States a place of equality. The election of our nation’s first AfricanAmerican President, among other appointments of African-Americans to high political
positions such as Attorney General Eric Holder, demonstrates how far the nation has
come since Thurgood Marshall’s time; however, as the current Supreme Court case
Shelby County v. Holder illustrates, the fight for equality for all citizens is still of the
utmost importance.
President Obama’s Second Inaugural Address
In his second Inaugural Address on January 21, 2013, President Barack Obama made
reference to the Declaration of Independence and its statement that all men are created
equal:
What makes us exceptional, what makes us America is our allegiance to an idea
articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago. We hold these truths to
be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
That they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, and among these
are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Today we continue a never ending journey
to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us
that while these truths may be self-evident, they’ve never been self-executing. That while
freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by his people here on earth.
The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a
few, or the rule of a mob. They gave to us a republic, a government of, and by, and for
the people. Entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed. And for more
than 200 years we have. Through blood drawn by lash, and blood drawn by sword, we
noted that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half
slave, and half free.
We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together.
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Not out of mere charity, but because peace in our time requires the constant advance of
those principles that our common creed describes; tolerance and opportunity, human
dignity and justice. We the people declare today that the most evident of truth that all of
us are created equal -- is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears
through Seneca Falls and Selma and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and
women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great mall, to hear a preacher
say that we cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is
inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth.
Our journey is not complete until no citizen is forced to wait for hours to exercise the
right to vote.
President Barack Obama
and the First Family
January 21, 2013
Presidential Inauguration
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Shelby County v. Holder
On February 27, 2013, the United States Supreme Court heard arguments in a major
voting rights case. The challenge was brought against a portion of the Voting Rights Act
of 1965 which addressed discriminatory actions taken by Southern states to keep black
citizens from voting. The section being challenged in the current case, Section 5,
contains the requirement that “jurisdictions with a history of discrimination get
permission from the federal government – the Justice Department or a federal court in
Washington – before making changes to voting procedures” (for example, redrawing
district lines, changing voting times, or creating voter identification requirements)
(Adam Liptak, “Voting Act Challenge Hinges on a Formula.” 26 Feb. 2013.
NYTimes.com.).
If Section 5 is overturned, nine states (mostly in the South) would no longer need to get
federal permission to make changes to voting procedures. Conservative members of the
Supreme Court felt that Section 5 is no longer necessary as the South has outgrown its
troublesome past, while other members felt that racial discrimination still exists in
voting procedures thus requiring Section 5’s continued enforcement. While both sides
agreed that the United States has come a long way in achieving racial equality, the
argument dealt mainly with what formula is used to determine which states should fall
under the law. Currently, the formula used to determine those jurisdictions covered
under Section 5 is based on data gathered in 1975 of historical practices and voting data
from that time (Adam Liptak, “Voting Rights Law Draws Skepticism From Justices.” 27
Feb. 2013. NYTimes.com.).
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
There are 105 historically black colleges in the United States, most of which were built
after the Civil War. Some historically black colleges and universities are Alabama A&M
University, Delaware State University, and Winston-Salem State University in North
Carolina. Thurgood Marshall graduated from Lincoln University in 1930 and from
Howard University School of Law in 1933. Howard Law School’s website pronounces
that the Law School is “Leading the Fight for Social Justice.”
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“Lincoln University, the oldest historically Black University, was
founded in 1854. ... Embracing the classic concept of a
university, the faculty, students, administration and trustees of
Lincoln University recognize the primacy of the institution's
three historic purposes: 1) to teach honestly, and without fear
of censure, what humankind has painfully and persistently
learned about the environment and people; 2) to preserve this
knowledge for the future; and 3) to add to this store of
knowledge. Lincoln University remains committed to its
historical purpose and to preserving its distinction as an intellectual and cultural
resource for this region.” – from the Lincoln University Mission Statement
“Howard University, a culturally diverse, comprehensive,
research intensive and historically Black private university,
provides an educational experience of exceptional quality at the
undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels to students of
high academic standing and potential, with particular emphasis
upon educational opportunities for Black students.” – from the
Howard University Mission Statement
Howard University’s
old law building
Thurgood Marshall, circa 1950
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People Mentioned in the play Thurgood
Charles Hamilton Houston – a lawyer, professor at
Howard, and Thurgood Marshall’s mentor.
Langston Hughes – a classmate of Marshall’s at Lincoln
University; a social activist, columnist, and poet.
Donald Gaines Murray – a black man who applied to the
University of Maryland School of Law and was rejected due
to his race. Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood
Marshall fought his case in court by citing the Fourteenth
Amendment and declaring that since the state did not
provide an adequate alternative law school, Murray should
be allowed to attend the University of Maryland. It was
ruled that the school admit Murray to their law program.
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General Douglas MacArthur – Army General who was
considered a hero in the Korean War; Truman administration
found his views to be controversial, particularly regarding the
treatment of black soldiers in the Korean war.
Vivian “Buster” (Burey) Marshall – Thurgood Marshall’s first
wife. Their twenty-five year marriage lasted until her death in
1955.
Cecilia (Suyat) Marshall – Thurgood Marshall’s second wife.
Together they had two boys, Thurgood Jr. and John.
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Meet the Cast
Montae Russell (Thurgood Marshall) This veteran
theater, television, and film performing artist is
pleased to appear in his seventh production at
Pittsburgh Public Theater in Thurgood. His television
credits include: “ER” (six-time winner of Screen
Actors Guild Award for Best Ensemble), “One Life to
Live,” “Detroit 187,” and guest star appearances on
many other shows such as “Cold Case,” “The Shield,”
and “Numbers.” His film credits include: The Players
Club, Lily in Winter, Godzilla, Laurel Avenue. His
Broadway credits are: King Hedley II, A Few Good Men, Prelude to a Kiss. Off-Broadway:
East Texas Hotlinks, I Am a Man, Three Ways Home, The Angelo Herndon Story.
Pittsburgh Public Theater: Fences, Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, Ma Rainey’s Black
Bottom, Two Trains Running, Gem of the Ocean, Radio Golf. Regional Theater: The Glass
Menagerie, Marcus or the Secret of Sweet, Last of the Line, Seven Guitars, Jitney.
Montae is also a voice-over and audio book recording artist. He is originally from
Pittsburgh, but resides in Los Angeles. He is a graduate of both the University of
Pittsburgh and Rutgers University’s Mason Gross School of the Arts, where he trained
under William Esper and Maggie Flanagan. When praises go up…you know the rest!
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Meet the Director
TED PAPPAS celebrates his 13th season as Producing
Artistic Director of Pittsburgh Public Theater and his
20th year of close association with the company as a
director. He has staged more than 40 productions for
The Public, including the works of Euripides,
Shakespeare, Schiller, Wilde, Gilbert & Sullivan, and
Sondheim. Some highlights include Sophocles’ Electra,
Shakespeare’s As You Like It, Kaufman & Ferber’s The
Royal Family, Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus, Mary
Zimmerman’s Metamorphoses, Kander & Ebb’s Cabaret,
the American premiere of Alan Ayckbourn’s RolePlay,
and the world premiere of Rob Zellers & Gene Collier’s
The Chief, which played The O’Reilly for seven seasons
and was filmed. His career began in New York City where he worked at Playwrights
Horizons, Joseph Papp’s Public Theater, John Houseman’s The Acting Company, New
York City Opera under the leadership of Beverly Sills, and shows on and off Broadway.
His regional credits are numerous and varied and include productions for Williamstown
Theatre Festival, Arena Stage in Washington DC, the Kennedy Center, the Canadian
Opera Company, Toronto’s Royal Alexandra, and Goodspeed Musicals. He staged a hiphop concert hosted by Harry Belafonte which galvanized the Cannes Film Festival,
directed a Las Vegas extravaganza for impresario Steve Wynn, and served as
choreographer for NBC’s legendary series “Saturday Night Live.” He studied
Shakespeare with Samuel Schoenbaum and modern drama with Eric Bentley, and holds
degrees from Northwestern University and Manhattan’s Hunter College. He is a past
president of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society, the national labor union.
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Theater Etiquette
Things to remember when attending the theater
When you visit the theater you are attending a live performance with actors that are
working right in front of you. This is an exciting experience for you and the actor.
However, in order to have the best performance for both the audience and actors there
are some simple rules to follow. By following these rules, you can ensure that you can
be the best audience member you can be, as well as keep the actors focused on giving
their best performance.
1. Turn off all cell phones, beepers, watches etc.
2. Absolutely no text messaging during the performance.
3. Do not take pictures during the performance.
4. Do not eat or drink in the theater.
5. Do not place things on the stage or walk on the stage.
6. Do not leave your seat during the performance unless it is an emergency.
If you do need to leave for an emergency, leave as quietly as possible and
know that you might not be able to get back in until after intermission.
7. Do clap—let the actors know you are enjoying yourself.
8. Do enjoy the show and have fun watching the actors.
9. Do tell other people about your experience and be sure to ask questions and
discuss the performance.
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Pennsylvania Academic Standards
Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening
1.2 – Students read, understand, and respond to essential content in a variety of informational
texts and documents.
1.3 – Students analyze the characteristics and effectiveness of the play, the use of literary
elements, and the use of literary devices.
1.4 – Students compose dramatic scenes where they work to construct dialogue, develop
character, and outline plot.
1.6 – Students listen critically; respond with appropriate questions, ideas, information, or
opinions; and demonstrate awareness of audience using appropriate volume and clarity in
speaking presentations.
1.9 – Students analyze the techniques of media messages to evaluate how they influence
society.
Civics and Government
5.1 – Students apply examples of the rule of law as related to individual rights and the common
good, and will analyze the principles and ideals that shape the United States government.
5.2 – Students analyze citizens’ rights and responsibilities, and analyze citizens’ roles in the
political process toward the attainment of goals for individual and public good.
5.3 – Students explain how government agencies create, amend, and enforce policies in
governments, and analyze the influence of interest groups in the political process.
Geography
7.3 – Students explain the human characteristics of places and regions according to population,
culture, settlement, economic activities, and political activities.
History
8.1 – Students compare the interpretation of historical events and sources, considering the use
of fact versus opinion, multiple perspectives, and cause and effect relationships.
8.3 – Students compare the role groups and individuals played in the societal, political, and
economic development of the U.S., and interpret how conflict and cooperation among groups
and organizations have impacted the growth and development of the U.S.
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Arts and Humanities
9.1 – Students know and recognize elements and principles of the theatre art form; identify and
use comprehensive vocabulary within the theatre art form; communicate a unifying theme or
point of view through the theatre production; explain the function and benefits of rehearsal
and practice sessions; and know where arts events, performances, and exhibitions occur and
how to gain admission.
9.2 – Students explain the historical, cultural, and social context of a work of art; analyze a work
of art from its historical and cultural perspectives; and know and apply appropriate vocabulary
used between social studies and the arts and humanities.
9.3 – Students evaluate works in the arts and humanities using a complex vocabulary of critical
response.
Career Awareness and Preparation
13.1 – Relate careers to individual and personal interests, abilities, and aptitudes.
13.4 – Identify and describe the basic components of a business plan.
Pennsylvania Common Core Standards
On July 1, 2010, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education adopted the Common Core State
Standards in English language arts and mathematics. The regulations pertaining to these
standards took effect upon their publication in the October 16, 2010 edition of the Pennsylvania
Bulletin. The transition to Common Core will begin during the 2010-2011 school year, with full
implementation by July 1, 2013.
English Language Arts
CC.1.3 – Reading Literature: Students read and respond to works of literature – with an
emphasis on comprehension, making connections among ideas and between texts with a focus
on textual evidence.
CC.1.5 – Speaking and Listening: Students present appropriately in formal speaking situations,
listen critically, and respond intelligently as individuals or in group discussions.
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/current_initiatives/19720/common
_core_state_standards/792440
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References
Special thanks to Julia Goetz for her help with this resource guide.
“14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.” The Library of Congress. 2012. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/14thamendment.html
“2008 Tony Award Winners.” NYTimes.com. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://theater.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/theater/theaterspecial/16tonylist.html
“Brown v. Board of Education (1954).” PBS.org. 2002. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_brown.html
“Clarence Darrow.” Wikipedia.org. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Darrow
“FACTS.” Howard University. 2012. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.howard.edu/facts/facts.pdf
“George Stevens Jr.” Internet Movie Database. 2013. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0828211/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1
“George Stevens Jr.” Presidents’ Committee on the Arts and Humanities. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.
Retrieved from http://www.pcah.gov/members/george-stevens-jr
“George Stevens, Jr.” Kennedy-Center.org. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
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“George Stevens, Jr.” Wikipedia.org. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens,_Jr.
Goetz, Julie. “Laurence Fishburne: Thurgood.” New York: Max Merchandising, LLC., 2008. Print.
Haun, Harry. “STAGE TO SCREENS: George Stevens, Jr. Moves Thurgood From Stage to Small
Screen; Tribute to Betty Garrett.” Playbill.com. 2011. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.playbill.com/features/article/147875-STAGE-TO-SCREENS-George-StevensJr-Moves-Thurgood-From-Stage-to-Small-Screen-Tribute-to-Betty-Garrett
“History.” NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.naacpldf.org/history
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“History and Culture.” National Park Service. 2013. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/index.htm
“Howard University School of Law.” Howard University. 2006. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. Retrieved
from http://www.law.howard.edu/19
Iftikhar, Arsalan. “Good Counsel: How Thurgood Marshall Inspired Me.” NPR.org. 2011. Web. 4
Mar. 2013. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/02/10/133654401/saluting-thelegacy-of-legal-legend-thurgood-marshall
“Jim Crow Laws.” National Park Service. 2013. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.htm
“Joint Resolution Proposing the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
06/13/1866 - 06/13/1866.” National Archives. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
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King, Susan. “For George Stevens Jr., career turn led to honorary Oscar.” LATimes.com. 2012.
Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/28/entertainment/la-et-mn-george-stevens20121129
“Langston Hughes.” Wikipedia.org. 2013. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes
Leslie, Connie. “George Stevens Jr., the author of the new Broadway bioplay 'Thurgood,' talks
about the Supreme Court justice legend that inspired him.” The Daily Beast.” 2008.
Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/05/03/courtroom-drama.html
“Lincoln University.” HigherEdJobs.com. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
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Liptak, Adam. “Voting Act Challenge Hinges on a Formula.” NYTimes.com. 2013. Web. 27 Feb.
2013. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/27/us/politics/challenge-tovoting-rights-act-hinges-on-a-formula.html?ref=politics
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Liptak, Adam. “Voting Rights Law Draws Skepticism From Justices.” NYTimes.com. 2013. Web.
28 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/28/us/politics/conservative-justices-voiceskepticism-on-voting-law.html?smid=fb-nytimes&WT.z_sma=PO_CJV_20130227
“msbush – Thurgood Marshall.” Tangient LLC. 2013. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://msbush.wikispaces.com/Thurgood+Marshall
“Murray v. Pearson.” Wikipedia.org. 2013. 4 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_v._Pearson
“NAACP: 100 Years of History.” NAACP. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history
“NAACP History: Charles Hamilton Houston.” NAACP. 2009. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-charles-hamilton-houston
“NAACP Legal History.” NAACP. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-legal-history
“Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).” PBS.org. 2002. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html
“Poets.org Guide to Langston Hughes.” Poets.org. 2013. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.poets.org/page.php/prmID/323
“President Obama’s second inaugural address (Transcript).” WashingtonPost.com. 2013. Web.
1 Feb. 2013. Retrieved from http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-0121/politics/36473487_1_president-obama-vice-president-biden-free-market
Savage, Charlie. “Decision on Voting Law Could Limit Oversight.” NYTimes.com. 2013. Web. 6
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