SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS ————— PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION ..................................................................... V PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ......................................................................... VII COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................... XIII TABLE OF CASES ............................................................................................. XXXIX TABLE OF MODEL PENAL CODE SECTIONS ........................................................ XLV Chapter 1. Introduction: Setting the Stage ................................................ 1 A. Nature, Sources, and Limits of the Criminal Law ..................................... 1 B. Criminal Law in a Procedural Context: Pre-Trial ..................................... 6 C. Criminal Law in a Procedural Context: Trial by Jury ............................... 8 D. Proof of Guilt at Trial ................................................................................... 9 E. Jury Nullification ....................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2. Principles of Punishment ........................................................ 31 A. Theories of Punishment ............................................................................. 33 B. The Penal Theories in Action .................................................................... 52 C. Proportionality of Punishment .................................................................. 73 Chapter 3. Modern Role of Criminal Statutes ......................................... 93 A. Principle of Legality ................................................................................... 93 B. Statutory Interpretation .......................................................................... 121 Chapter 4. Actus Reus ................................................................................. 133 A. Voluntary Act ........................................................................................... 134 B. Omissions (“Negative Acts”) .................................................................... 143 C. Social Harm .............................................................................................. 154 Chapter 5. Mens Rea .................................................................................... 157 A. Nature of “Mens Rea” ............................................................................... 157 B. General Issues in Proving Culpability .................................................... 161 C. Strict Liability Offenses ........................................................................... 185 D. Mistake and Mens Rea ............................................................................. 206 Chapter 6. Causation ................................................................................... 229 A. Actual Cause (Cause-in-Fact) .................................................................. 229 B. Proximate Cause (“Legal” Cause) ........................................................... 235 C. Concurrence of the Elements ................................................................... 250 Chapter 7. Criminal Homicide .................................................................. 253 A. Overview ................................................................................................... 253 B. Intentional Killings .................................................................................. 273 xxiii xxiv C. D. E. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Unintentional Killings: Unjustified Risk-Taking ................................... 316 Unintentional Killings: Unlawful Conduct............................................. 333 Capital Murder ......................................................................................... 365 Chapter 8. Rape and Related Sexual Offenses ...................................... 407 A. Overview ................................................................................................... 407 B. Forcible Rape ............................................................................................ 433 C. Others Forms of Sexual Assault .............................................................. 485 D. Rape Shield Laws ..................................................................................... 490 E. Statutory Rape ......................................................................................... 496 Chapter 9. General Defenses to Crimes .................................................. 501 A. Categories of Defenses ............................................................................. 501 B. Burden of Proof ......................................................................................... 508 C. Principles of Justification ........................................................................ 517 D. Principles of Excuse ................................................................................. 609 E. New Defenses? .......................................................................................... 707 Chapter 10. Inchoate Offenses .................................................................. 761 A. Overview ................................................................................................... 761 B. Attempt ..................................................................................................... 764 C. Solicitation ................................................................................................ 830 D. Conspiracy ................................................................................................ 836 Chapter 11. Liability for the Conduct of Another ................................ 891 A. Accomplice Liability ................................................................................. 891 B. Conspiracy Liability ................................................................................. 940 C. Vicarious Liability .................................................................................... 940 D. Corporate Liability ................................................................................... 946 Chapter 12. Theft .......................................................................................... 961 A. Larceny ..................................................................................................... 962 B. Embezzlement .......................................................................................... 988 C. False Pretenses......................................................................................... 992 D. Federal Mail, Wire, and Computer Fraud .............................................. 997 Appendix. American Law Institute Model Penal Code ..................... 1007 INDEX ............................................................................................................... 1085 TABLE OF CONTENTS ————— PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION ..................................................................... V PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ......................................................................... VII COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................... XIII TABLE OF CASES ............................................................................................. XXXIX TABLE OF MODEL PENAL CODE SECTIONS ........................................................ XLV Chapter 1. Introduction: Setting the Stage ................................................ 1 A. Nature, Sources, and Limits of the Criminal Law ..................................... 1 Henry M. Hart, Jr.—The Aims of the Criminal Law ................................. 1 Notes and Questions .................................................................................... 3 B. Criminal Law in a Procedural Context: Pre-Trial ..................................... 6 C. Criminal Law in a Procedural Context: Trial by Jury ............................... 8 D. Proof of Guilt at Trial ................................................................................... 9 1. “Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt” .................................................... 9 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 10 2. Enforcing the Presumption of Innocence .......................................... 14 Owens v. State .................................................................................... 14 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 17 E. Jury Nullification ....................................................................................... 19 Introductory Comment............................................................................... 19 State v. Ragland ......................................................................................... 20 Notes and Questions .................................................................................. 23 Chapter 2. Principles of Punishment ........................................................ 31 Introduction: Initial Thoughts and Hard Statistics ......................................... 31 A. Theories of Punishment ............................................................................. 33 1. In General ........................................................................................... 33 Kent Greenawalt—Punishment ........................................................ 33 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 34 2. Utilitarian Justifications ................................................................... 36 Jeremy Bentham—An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ........................................................................... 36 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 37 Kent Greenawalt—Punishment ........................................................ 38 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 39 3. Retributive Justifications .................................................................. 41 Michael S. Moore—The Moral Worth of Retribution ....................... 41 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 42 Immanuel Kant—The Philosophy of Law ......................................... 43 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 44 xxv xxvi B. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 James Fitzjames Stephen—A History of the Criminal Law of England ....................................................................................... 45 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 45 Herbert Morris—Persons and Punishment ...................................... 46 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 48 Jeffrie G. Murphy & Jean Hampton—Forgiveness and Mercy ....... 49 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 50 The Penal Theories in Action .................................................................... 52 1. Who Should Be Punished? ................................................................. 52 The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens .................................................. 52 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 53 2. How Much (and What) Punishment Should Be Imposed? ............... 54 People v. Superior Court (Du)............................................................ 54 People v. Du ........................................................................................ 58 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 60 United States v. Gementera .............................................................. 64 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 71 Proportionality of Punishment .................................................................. 73 1. General Principles .............................................................................. 73 Immanuel Kant—The Philosophy of Law ......................................... 73 Jeremy Bentham—An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ........................................................................... 73 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 75 2. Constitutional Principles ................................................................... 75 Coker v. Georgia ................................................................................. 76 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 81 Ewing v. California ............................................................................. 82 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 92 Chapter 3. Modern Role of Criminal Statutes ......................................... 93 A. Principle of Legality ................................................................................... 93 1. The Requirement of Previously Defined Conduct ............................ 93 Commonwealth v. Mochan ................................................................. 93 Notes and Questions .......................................................................... 96 Keeler v. Superior Court .................................................................... 97 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 105 2. The Values of Statutory Clarity ...................................................... 107 In re Banks ....................................................................................... 107 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 111 Desertrain v. City of Los Angeles .................................................... 114 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 120 B. Statutory Interpretation .......................................................................... 121 Yates v. United States ............................................................................. 122 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 132 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxvii Chapter 4. Actus Reus ................................................................................. 133 Introductory Comment: Defining “Actus Reus” .............................................. 133 A. Voluntary Act ........................................................................................... 134 Martin v. State ......................................................................................... 134 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 134 State v. Utter ............................................................................................ 137 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 140 B. Omissions (“Negative Acts”) .................................................................... 143 1. General Principles ............................................................................ 143 People v. Beardsley........................................................................... 143 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 146 2. Distinguishing Acts from Omissions ............................................... 149 Barber v. Superior Court ................................................................. 149 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 153 C. Social Harm .............................................................................................. 154 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 155 Chapter 5. Mens Rea .................................................................................... 157 A. Nature of “Mens Rea” ............................................................................... 157 United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie ......................................................... 157 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 158 Regina v. Cunningham ............................................................................ 159 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 161 B. General Issues in Proving Culpability .................................................... 161 1. “Intent” .............................................................................................. 161 People v. Conley ................................................................................ 161 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 164 2. The Model Penal Code Approach ..................................................... 168 Introductory Comment ..................................................................... 168 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 2.02 .................................................................... 169 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 172 3. “Knowledge” of Attendant Circumstances (The “Wilful Blindness” Problem) ......................................................................... 173 State v. Nations ................................................................................ 173 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 176 4. Problems in Statutory Interpretation ............................................. 178 Flores-Figueroa v. United States .................................................... 178 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 184 C. Strict Liability Offenses ........................................................................... 185 Morissette v. United States ..................................................................... 185 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 188 Staples v. United States .......................................................................... 189 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 195 Garnett v. State ........................................................................................ 198 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 204 xxviii D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Mistake and Mens Rea ............................................................................. 206 1. Mistake of Fact ................................................................................. 206 People v. Navarro ............................................................................. 206 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 208 2. Mistake (or Ignorance) of Law ......................................................... 211 People v. Marrero ............................................................................. 211 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 218 Cheek v. United States .................................................................... 222 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 226 Chapter 6. Causation ................................................................................... 229 A. Actual Cause (Cause-in-Fact) .................................................................. 229 Velazquez v. State .................................................................................... 229 Oxendine v. State ..................................................................................... 230 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 234 B. Proximate Cause (“Legal” Cause) ........................................................... 235 People v. Rideout ...................................................................................... 236 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 242 Velazquez v. State .................................................................................... 246 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 248 C. Concurrence of the Elements ................................................................... 250 State v. Rose ............................................................................................. 250 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 252 Chapter 7. Criminal Homicide .................................................................. 253 A. Overview ................................................................................................... 253 1. Homicide Statistics ........................................................................... 253 2. Common Law Origins and Statutory Reform ................................. 253 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 210.2 .................................................................. 253 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 210.3 .................................................................. 255 3. Variations on the Theme: Some Homicide Statutes ...................... 256 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 265 4. The Protected Interest: “Human Being” ......................................... 266 People v. Eulo ................................................................................... 266 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 271 B. Intentional Killings .................................................................................. 273 1. Degrees of Murder: The Deliberation-Premeditation Formula ..... 273 State v. Guthrie ................................................................................ 273 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 276 Midgett v. State ................................................................................ 277 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 280 State v. Forrest ................................................................................. 280 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 283 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. C. D. xxix Manslaughter: “Heat of Passion” Killings ...................................... 285 a. Common Law Principles .......................................................... 285 Girouard v. State ...................................................................... 285 Notes and Comments ............................................................... 289 Joshua Dressler—Rethinking Heat of Passion: A Defense in Search of a Rationale ................................................... 292 Joshua Dressler—Why Keep the Provocation Defense?: Some Reflections on a Difficult Subject ........................... 294 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 296 b. The “Reasonable Person”: Provocation Law and Beyond ....... 297 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 298 c. Model Penal Code and Beyond ................................................ 303 People v. Casassa ...................................................................... 303 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 308 3. Murder Versus Manslaughter: A Literary Problem ....................... 313 Willa Cather—O Pioneers ................................................................ 313 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 316 Unintentional Killings: Unjustified Risk-Taking ................................... 316 Introduction: A Road Map ....................................................................... 316 People v. Knoller....................................................................................... 318 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 322 State v. Williams ...................................................................................... 325 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 328 Unintentional Killings: Unlawful Conduct............................................. 333 1. The Felony-Murder Rule .................................................................. 333 a. The Doctrine: In General ......................................................... 333 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 210.2 ................................ 334 People v. Fuller ......................................................................... 335 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 336 b. The Policy Debate ..................................................................... 337 Nelson E. Roth & Scott E. Sundby—The Felony-Murder Rule: A Doctrine at Constitutional Crossroads .............. 337 David Crump & Susan Waite Crump—In Defense of the Felony Murder Doctrine ................................................... 340 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 344 c. Limitations on the Rule ............................................................ 345 i. Overview ............................................................................ 345 James J. Tomkovicz—The Endurance of the FelonyMurder Rule: A Study of the Forces That Shape Our Criminal Law ..................................................... 345 ii. The “Inherently Dangerous Felony” Limitation ............. 346 People v. Howard .............................................................. 346 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 351 iii. The “Independent Felony” (or Merger) Limitation ......... 353 People v. Smith ................................................................. 353 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 357 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxx iv. E. Killings “in the Perpetration” or “in Furtherance” of a Felony ............................................................................. 359 State v. Sophophone ......................................................... 359 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 362 2. Unlawful-Act Manslaughter (The “Misdemeanor Manslaughter” Rule) .................................................................................................. 363 3. A Brain Teaser to End All Brain Teasers ....................................... 364 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 365 Capital Murder ......................................................................................... 365 1. The Constitutional and Policy Debate ............................................ 365 Introductory Comment ..................................................................... 365 Gregg v. Georgia ............................................................................... 366 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 374 2. The Quest for Reliable Procedures .................................................. 382 Introductory Comment ..................................................................... 382 a. The Lingering Question of Racial Discrimination .................. 383 McCleskey v. Kemp .................................................................. 383 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 389 b. Victim Impact Evidence ........................................................... 390 Payne v. Tennessee ................................................................... 390 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 397 3. Substantive Limitations on the Death Penalty .............................. 399 Tison v. Arizona ................................................................................ 399 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 405 Chapter 8. Rape and Related Sexual Offenses ...................................... 407 A. Overview ................................................................................................... 407 1. Rape (Sexual Assault) Statistics ..................................................... 408 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics—Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994–2010 ................................... 408 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 411 2. Social Context ................................................................................... 413 Susan Estrich—Rape ....................................................................... 413 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 414 Joshua Dressler—Where We Have Been, and Where We Might Be Going: Some Cautionary Reflections on Rape Law Reform ....................................................................................... 417 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 419 3. Variations on the Theme: Selected Sexual Offense Statutes ........ 421 4. Proposed Model Penal Code Sexual Offense Provisions ................ 427 B. Forcible Rape ............................................................................................ 433 1. In General ......................................................................................... 433 State v. Alston .................................................................................. 433 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 437 Rusk v. State ..................................................................................... 440 State v. Rusk ..................................................................................... 446 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 447 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxi 2. C. D. E. Moving Beyond Traditional Concepts of “Forcible Rape” .............. 450 Susan Estrich—Rape ....................................................................... 450 Susan Ager—The Incident ............................................................... 451 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 453 Commonwealth v. Berkowitz ........................................................... 454 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 463 State of New Jersey in the Interest of M.T.S. ................................ 464 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 472 3. Mens Rea ........................................................................................... 477 Commonwealth v. Lopez .................................................................. 477 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 482 Others Forms of Sexual Assault .............................................................. 485 Boro v. Superior Court ............................................................................. 485 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 489 Rape Shield Laws ..................................................................................... 490 State v. Herndon ...................................................................................... 490 People v. Wilhelm ..................................................................................... 492 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 495 Statutory Rape ......................................................................................... 496 Garnett v. State ........................................................................................ 496 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 496 Chapter 9. General Defenses to Crimes .................................................. 501 A. Categories of Defenses ............................................................................. 501 Paul H. Robinson—Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis ............................................................................................. 501 Joshua Dressler—Justifications and Excuses: A Brief Review of the Concepts and the Literature ............................................................ 504 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 507 B. Burden of Proof ......................................................................................... 508 Patterson v. New York ............................................................................. 508 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 517 C. Principles of Justification ........................................................................ 517 1. Structure and Underlying Theories of Justification Defenses ...... 517 1 Paul H. Robinson—Criminal Law Defenses ................................ 517 Joshua Dressler—Understanding Criminal Law ........................... 518 2. Self-Defense ...................................................................................... 521 a. General Principles .................................................................... 521 United States v. Peterson ........................................................ 521 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 527 b. “Reasonable Belief” Requirement ............................................ 533 i. In General ......................................................................... 533 People v. Goetz .................................................................. 534 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 539 ii. The “Reasonable Person”: Objective, Subjective, or a Mixed Standard? ............................................................... 548 State v. Wanrow ................................................................ 548 xxxii D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes and Questions ......................................................... 552 iii. Battered Women, Battered Woman Syndrome and Beyond ............................................................................... 556 State v. Norman ................................................................ 556 State v. Norman ................................................................ 562 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 565 Stephen J. Morse—The “New Syndrome Excuse Syndrome” ................................................................. 572 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 574 3. Defense of Others ............................................................................. 575 People v. Kurr ................................................................................... 575 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 578 4. Defense of Habitation/Property and Law Enforcement Defenses ............................................................................................ 579 State v. Boyett .................................................................................. 580 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 584 5. Necessity (“Choice of Evils”) ............................................................ 586 a. General Principles .................................................................... 586 Nelson v. State .......................................................................... 586 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 3.02 .................................. 590 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 591 b. Civil Disobedience .................................................................... 595 United States v. Schoon ........................................................... 595 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 599 c. Defense to Murder? .................................................................. 601 The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens ........................................ 601 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 605 Principles of Excuse ................................................................................. 609 1. Why Do We Excuse Wrongdoers? .................................................... 609 Sanford H. Kadish—Excusing Crime .............................................. 609 Joshua Dressler—Understanding Criminal Law ........................... 610 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 612 2. Duress ............................................................................................... 613 a. General Principles .................................................................... 613 United States v. Contento-Pachon .......................................... 613 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 616 b. Necessity Versus Duress .......................................................... 622 People v. Unger ......................................................................... 622 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 626 c. Defense to Murder? .................................................................. 628 People v. Anderson ................................................................... 628 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 634 3. Intoxication ....................................................................................... 634 United States v. Veach ..................................................................... 634 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 637 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4. E. xxxiii Insanity ............................................................................................. 642 a. Some Preliminaries .................................................................. 642 i. Competency to Stand Trial............................................... 642 ii. Pre-Trial Assertion of the Insanity Plea ......................... 644 iii. Burden of Proof at Trial ................................................... 645 iv. Post-Trial Disposition of Insanity Acquittees ................. 646 b. Why Do We Excuse the Insane?: Some Initial Thoughts ....... 646 United States v. Freeman ........................................................ 646 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 647 c. Struggling for a Definition: The Tests of Insanity ................. 649 State v. Johnson ........................................................................ 649 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries Comment to § 4.01 ................................... 653 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 654 d. M’Naghten and the Model Penal Code in Greater Detail ...... 663 State v. Wilson .......................................................................... 663 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 670 e. An Insanity Problem ................................................................ 673 Yates v. State ............................................................................ 673 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 675 f. Should the Defense Be Abolished? .......................................... 676 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries Comment to § 4.01 ................................... 676 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 677 g. One Final Problem .................................................................... 679 Edgar Allan Poe—The Tell-Tale Heart ................................... 679 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 683 5. Diminished Capacity ........................................................................ 683 Stephen J. Morse—Undiminished Confusion in Diminished Capacity ..................................................................................... 683 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 685 Clark v. Arizona ................................................................................ 689 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 698 6. Infancy............................................................................................... 699 In re Devon T. ................................................................................... 699 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 706 New Defenses? .......................................................................................... 707 1. Euthanasia ........................................................................................ 707 Latimer v. The Queen ...................................................................... 710 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 715 Yale Kamisar—Physician Assisted Suicide: The Problems Presented by the Compelling, Heartwrenching Case ............ 722 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 727 2. Addiction/Alcoholism Constitutional Defense ................................ 728 Robinson v. California ...................................................................... 728 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 733 Powell v. Texas ................................................................................. 733 xxxiv 3. 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 744 “Severe Environmental Deprivation” Defense ............................... 745 Richard Delgado—“Rotten Social Background”: Should the Criminal Law Recognize a Defense of Severe Environmental Deprivation? ................................................... 746 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 747 Cultural Defense............................................................................... 748 State v. Kargar ................................................................................. 749 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 753 The Cultural Defense in the Criminal Law .................................... 753 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 758 Chapter 10. Inchoate Offenses .................................................................. 761 A. Overview ................................................................................................... 761 American Law Institute—Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to Article 5 ....................................................................... 761 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 762 B. Attempt ..................................................................................................... 764 1. General Principles ............................................................................ 764 Ira P. Robbins—Double Inchoate Crimes ....................................... 764 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 764 Andrew Ashworth—Criminal Attempts and the Role of Resulting Harm Under the Code, and in the Common Law ............................................................................................ 765 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 768 2. Grading Criminal Attempts ............................................................. 769 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 5.05 .................................................................... 769 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 770 3. Mens Rea ........................................................................................... 771 People v. Gentry ............................................................................... 771 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 773 Bruce v. State.................................................................................... 775 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 777 4. Actus Reus ........................................................................................ 779 a. General Principles .................................................................... 779 United States v. Mandujano .................................................... 779 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 780 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 783 b. Distinguishing Preparation from Perpetration: The Tests at Work ...................................................................................... 783 Commonwealth v. Peaslee ....................................................... 783 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 785 People v. Rizzo .......................................................................... 787 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 788 People v. Miller ......................................................................... 789 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 790 TABLE OF CONTENTS C. D. xxxv State v. Reeves .......................................................................... 792 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 797 5. Special Defenses ............................................................................... 800 a. Impossibility .............................................................................. 800 People v. Thousand ................................................................... 800 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 808 b. Abandonment ............................................................................ 816 Commonwealth v. McCloskey .................................................. 816 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 819 6. Assault............................................................................................... 820 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 211.1 .................................................................. 820 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 821 7. Punishing Pre-Attempt Conduct ..................................................... 823 United States v. Alkhabaz ............................................................... 823 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 828 Solicitation ................................................................................................ 830 State v. Mann ........................................................................................... 830 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 830 State v. Cotton .......................................................................................... 831 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 833 Conspiracy ................................................................................................ 836 1. General Principles ............................................................................ 836 People v. Carter ................................................................................ 836 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 836 Pinkerton v. United States .............................................................. 840 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 842 2. Mens Rea ........................................................................................... 844 People v. Swain ................................................................................. 844 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 848 People v. Lauria ................................................................................ 850 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 855 3. Actus Reus ........................................................................................ 856 Abraham S. Goldstein—Conspiracy to Defraud the United States ......................................................................................... 856 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 857 Commonwealth v. Azim ................................................................... 857 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 858 Commonwealth v. Cook.................................................................... 859 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 863 4. Conspiracy: Bilateral or Unilateral? ............................................... 864 People v. Foster ................................................................................ 864 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 867 5. Scope of an Agreement: Party and Object Dimensions .................. 870 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to § 5.03 .................................................................... 870 Kilgore v. State ................................................................................. 871 xxxvi 6. TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 874 Braverman v. United States ............................................................ 877 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 878 Defenses ............................................................................................ 879 Iannelli v. United States .................................................................. 879 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 884 Gebardi v. United States .................................................................. 884 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 886 People v. Sconce ................................................................................ 886 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 888 Chapter 11. Liability for the Conduct of Another ................................ 891 A. Accomplice Liability ................................................................................. 891 1. General Principles ............................................................................ 891 a. Common Law Terminology and Its Significance .................... 891 State v. Ward ............................................................................ 891 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 893 b. Theoretical Foundation: Derivative Liability ......................... 893 2. Accomplice Liability: In General ..................................................... 895 State v. Hoselton .............................................................................. 895 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 897 3. Mens Rea ........................................................................................... 899 a. Intent: “Purpose” or “Knowledge”? .......................................... 899 People v. Lauria ........................................................................ 899 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 899 b. When Is “Intent” Not Required? .............................................. 901 i. Offenses Not Requiring Intent ......................................... 901 Riley v. State ..................................................................... 901 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 906 ii. Attendant Circumstances ................................................. 908 iii. Natural-and-Probable-Consequences Doctrine ............... 909 State v. Linscott ................................................................ 909 Notes and Questions ......................................................... 912 4. Actus Reus ........................................................................................ 913 State v. V.T. ...................................................................................... 913 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 915 Wilcox v. Jeffery ............................................................................... 915 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 917 State v. Helmenstein ........................................................................ 918 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 920 People v. Genoa................................................................................. 923 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 924 5. Distinguishing Direct from Accomplice Liability ........................... 925 Bailey v. Commonwealth ................................................................. 925 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 928 TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxvii 6. B. C. D. Relationship of the Liability of the Accomplice to the Principal ............................................................................................ 929 a. If the Principal Is Acquitted .................................................... 929 United States v. Lopez ............................................................. 929 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 931 b. If the Principal Is Convicted .................................................... 932 People v. McCoy ........................................................................ 932 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 934 7. Limits to Accomplice Liability ......................................................... 935 In re Meagan R. ................................................................................ 935 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 936 State v. Formella .............................................................................. 937 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 940 Conspiracy Liability ................................................................................. 940 Pinkerton v. United States ...................................................................... 940 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 940 Vicarious Liability .................................................................................... 940 Commonwealth v. Koczwara ................................................................... 940 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 946 Corporate Liability ................................................................................... 946 State v. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc.......................................................... 946 Pamela H. Bucy—Corporate Ethos: A Standard for Imposing Corporate Criminal Liability ........................................................... 950 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 952 John C. Coffee, Jr.—“No Soul to Damn: No Body to Kick”: An Unscandalized Inquiry Into the Problem of Corporate Punishment ....................................................................................... 953 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 958 Chapter 12. Theft .......................................................................................... 961 Introductory Comment .................................................................................... 961 A. Larceny ..................................................................................................... 962 1. Actus Reus ........................................................................................ 962 a. “Trespassory Taking (Caption) and Carrying Away (Asportation) * * * ” .................................................................. 962 Lee v. State ............................................................................... 962 Rex v. Chisser ........................................................................... 963 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 963 United States v. Mafnas ........................................................... 964 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 965 Topolewski v. State ................................................................... 968 Rex v. Pear ................................................................................ 971 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 972 Brooks v. State .......................................................................... 972 Notes and Questions ................................................................. 974 b. “ * * * of the Personal Property of Another * * * ” .................. 975 Lund v. Commonwealth ........................................................... 975 xxxviii TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes and Questions ................................................................. 978 Mens Rea: “ * * * With the Intent to Steal the Property” .............. 979 People v. Brown ................................................................................ 979 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 980 People v. Davis .................................................................................. 983 Notes and Questions ........................................................................ 987 Embezzlement .......................................................................................... 988 Rex v. Bazeley ........................................................................................... 988 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 991 False Pretenses......................................................................................... 992 People v. Ingram....................................................................................... 992 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 993 People v. Whight....................................................................................... 993 Notes and Questions ................................................................................ 997 Federal Mail, Wire, and Computer Fraud .............................................. 997 United States v. Czubinski ...................................................................... 997 Notes and Questions .............................................................................. 1004 2. B. C. D. Appendix. American Law Institute Model Penal Code ..................... 1007 INDEX ............................................................................................................... 1085
