Botany - Basic
Plant Science
Presentation modified
from “MG Botany 2009” by
Rebecca Jordi
Objectives:


Review Binomial
Nomenclature
Review Plant Parts &
Function:
–
–
–
–
–
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Fruit
Plant Taxonomy


Binomial
nomenclature
(2 name system)
Linnaeus
Plant Taxonomy

Genus:
–
–
–
One or more
characteristics the
same
Similar to family
name, always
capitalized
Acer - Maple
Sugar Maple
Plant Taxonomy

Species:
–
–
–
–
Interbreeding
organisms
Name is usually
descriptive
Never capitalized
rubrum (red)
Plant Taxonomy





Scientific name
includes:
Genus - Acer &
Species- rubrum
Acer rubrum
Red maple
Red Maple
Plant Taxonomy


Variety - subdivision of
species
Cultivar - cultivated variety
–
–
–
Most are clones - man-made
through asexual reproduction
(budding, grafting, cuttings)
Magnolia grandiflora
‘Gloriosa’ or
Magnolia grandiflora cv.
Gloriosa
Plant Cell



Cells are the smallest
unit of living matter
capable of continued life
and growth
All living things are made
of cells
Cells vary in size and
shape based on function

Cell growth occurs by
–
Mitosis - cell division
–
Cell differentiation
–
Cell enlargement


Nucleus contains DNA
Storage, Cork, Vascular
Meristematic Cells



Where plant growth occurs
Capable of cell division - mitosis
Located in
–
–
–
–
embryos
tips of roots & shoots
leaf & flower buds
vascular cambium
Gymnosperm



Produce “naked” seeds
Approximately
271
species
Cycad, ginkgo, pine &
podocarpus
Cycad
Podocarpus
Ginko
Awl-like




Gymnosperm
Leaves are evergreen vs
deciduous
Scale-like
Awl-like
Needles
Scale-like
Gymnosperm



Always woody
Naked seeds produced in
cones
Absent of flowers
Longleaf Pine
Needle
Angiosperm

Angiosperms Flowering plants
–
–
–

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
Over 250,000 species
Magnolia, fruit trees
Duckweed, grass, palm
Flowers are present
Seeds are enclosed
in fruits
Divided into monocots
and dicots
Monocot vs Dicot

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
Grasses, sedges
Corn, bananas
Lilies, agapanthus
Orchids

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Magnolia, Elm
Roses, plumbago
Carrots, sunflowers
Dandelions
Monocot vs Dicot


One cotyledon (seed leaf)
Cotyledon: Modified seed leaf

Two cotyledons (2 leaves)
Monocot vs Dicot

Flower parts in 3’s or
multiples of 3

Flower parts in 4s or
5s or multiples
Poppy, rose, ligustrum, Dicot
Grass, lily, iris or palm,
caladium - Monocot
Monocot vs Dicot

Parallel leaf veins

Network of veins
Dicot
Monocot
Monocot vs Dicot
Scattered vascular tissue
Vascular tissue in ring
pattern
Monocot vs Dicot

Pollen grain with 1
groove

Pollen grains with 3
grooves
Oak pollen grain
Lily pollen grain
Monocot vs Dicot


Fibrous roots
Single taproot
Grasses,
palms
Major Plant Parts
Roots
 Stems
 Leaves
 Reproductive
Structures

Most trees
& shrubs
Function of Roots




Anchor plant
Food storage
Propagation
Nutrient and water
absorption from soil
Types of Roots






Root hairs - Penetrate
openings in soil
Fleshy root - Sweet
Potato, carrot
Taproot - Dicot
Fibrous - Monocot
Aerial roots Philodendron
Knees - Bald cypress
Functions of Stems




Support & display leaves,
fruit, & flowers
Food & water conduction
Water storage
Food storage
–


tubers, corms, bulbs, or rhizomes
Propagation
Classified as annual, perennial, biennial
Stems


Annual – 1 yr
growing season
Examples:
–
–
–
–
Begonia
Coleus
Petunia
Salvia
Stems


Perennial – several
growing seasons
Examples:
–
–
–
–
Daylilies
African Iris
Butterfly bush
Phlox
Stems


Biennial – lasting
for 2 years
Examples:
–
Thistle
Parts of a Stem







Terminal bud
Axillary bud
Leaf scar
Node
Internode
Terminal bud scale
scar
Lenticil
Modified
Stems
Stolon
 Runner
 Rhizomes
 Tuber
 Tendrils &
thorns

Modified Stems



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Stolon: horizontal stem- grasses, some mints
Runner: specialized above ground stolon –
strawberry or spider plants
Rhizomes: horizontal stem just at or below surface
– iris, canna, ginger, bamboo
Tuber: swollen stem, storage: potato, caladium
Tendrils: Grapes
Thorns: some cacti
Functions of Leaves


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
Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Respiration
Propagation
Modified leaves
–
thorns, spines
Photosynthesis

Food production
Carbon dioxide +
water
+ light & chlorophyll
 sugar + water +
oxygen
–
Transpiration Rate



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
Dryness of soil
Winds
Temperature
Humidity in the air
Amount of light
Leaf Venation


Parallel - monocots
(lilies)
Pinnate - single
primary vein similar
to a feather (loquat,
camellia)
Parallel
Leaf Venation

Palmate - several
principal veins radiating
from the base of the
leaf blade (red maple)
Leaf Divisions

Simple - blade is one piece - red maple
Blade
Bud
Bristle tip
Midrib (vein)
Petiole
Lobe
Sinus
Leaf Divisions

Compound number of
separate
leaflets
Leaf Divisions


Type of Compound
Leaf:Pinnate: Leaflets
arranged on side of
main leaf stalk coontie
Leaf Divisions


Type of Compound:
Odd pinnate
–
–
–
end leaflet
wisteria
honeysuckle
Leaf Divisions
Type of
Compound:
 Palmate - Leaflets
are attached
directly to the
petiole - Virginia
creeper, schefflera

Leaf Arrangement on Stem

Alternate
–
–
One leaf at each
node
Examples:
Hibiscus, citrus
Birch
Leaf Arrangement on Stem

Opposite
–
–
Two leaves
at each node
Examples:
Viburnum,
Maple
Leaf Arrangement on Stem

Whorled
–
–
More than two leaves
at a node
Oleander
Leaf Shapes
Ovateoval w/
tapering
point
Lanceolate –
lance, long
and wider in
the middle
Ellipticaloval w/
short point
Cordate –
heart
shaped
Leaf Types: Margins
Entire – lacking
marginal
indentation
Serrate – sharp
straight edged
teeth pointing
apex
Double serrate –
primary teeth
have smaller
secondary teeth
Flowers


Function Reproduction
Parts of Flower:
–
Stamen (male)
–
Pistil (female)


Filament & anther
Stigma, style, ovary
Complete Flower
Floral Terms
Female Flower
Incomplete
Flower
Male
Floral Terms
Pistillate - Female
parts only
 Staminate - Male
parts only

Flora Terms

Monoecious
–
Pistil & stamen on
same plant - oak,
corn, pecan
Flora Terms

Dioecious
–
Pistil & stamen on
separate plants - holly,
cycads
Floral Terms
Umbel –
Queen
Anne’s Lace
Multiple
Flower
Arrangement
Spadix –
Peace Lily
Raceme –
Black Cherry
Types of Fruit

Legumes
Dry Fruit
Achene - buttercup or
sunflower
Legume - peas, beans
Silique - broccoli, cabbage,
radish
–
–
–
Silique – mustard family
Types of Fruit

Dry Fruit
–
–
Capsule - irises, lilies,
violets, orchids
Nuts - acorns, hazelnuts,
hickory nuts
Iris Capsule
Hickory Nut
Types of Fruit

Dry Fruit
–
–
Grain - wheat, oat, rice,
barley
Samaras - maples,
ashes, elms
Wheat
Samara
Types of Fruit

Fleshy Fruit
–
–
Drupe - peach, cherry, plum,
pecan
Pome - apple, pears
Peach
Apple
Types of Fruit

Fleshy Fruit
–
–
Berry- tomatoes, grapes,
persimmons
Pepo - pumpkins, squash,
watermelon
Types of Fruit

Fleshy Fruit:
–
–
–
Hesperidium - citrus
Aggregate - strawberry, blackberry
Multiple - pineapple
Erin Harlow
Commercial Horticulture Agent
University of Florida/ IFAS
Duval County Extension
1010 N McDuff Ave
Jacksonville, FL 32254
Ph - 904-255-7450
Fax – 904-387-8902
Email – erine@coj.net
http://duval.ifas.ufl.edu
Quiz Time!!
Quiz Time!!
1. Which name is the correct scientific name for
Live Oak?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Quercus virginiana
Quercus Virginiana
Quercus Virginiana
Quercus virginiana
Quiz Time!!
2. Which name is the correct scientific name
for Crepe Myrtle cultivar?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lagerstroemia indica “Biloxi”
Lagerstroemia indica Biloxi
Lagerstroemia indica ‘Biloxi’
Lagerstroemia Indica Biloxi
Quiz Time!!
3. Is this an
Angiosperm or
a
Gymnosperm?
Quiz Time!!
4. Are these flowers
monocots or
dicots?
Quiz Time!!
5. Is this a monocot
or a dicot?
Quiz Time!!
6. Give 2
functions of
roots:
A.
B.
__________
__________
Quiz Time!!
7. Give 2 functions
of stems:
A.
B.
____________
____________
Quiz Time!!
8. Name this modified stem:____________
Quiz Time!!
9. Name two functions
of this structure:
A.
B.
____________
____________
Quiz Time!!
10. Identify this leaf vein pattern:_________
Quiz Time!!
11. Identify this leaf
vein pattern:
________
Quiz Time!!
12. Is this leaf simple or
compound?
Quiz Time!!
13. Is this leaf simple or compound?
Quiz Time!!
14. Is this leaf
simple or
compound?
Quiz Time!!
15. Is this leaf simple or compound?
Quiz Time!!
16. Is this leaf even or odd pinnate?
Quiz Time!!
17. Is this leaf
arrangement
alternate,
opposite, or
whorled? (Circle
the correct
answer)
Quiz Time!!
18. Is this leaf
arrangement
alternate,
opposite or
whorled?
Quiz Time!!
19. Identify this
individual leaf
shape.
Lanceolate
Ellipical
Cordate
Ovate
Quiz Time!!
20. Identify this leaf shape
Lanceolate
Ellipical
Cordate
Ovate
Quiz Time!!
21. Identify this
leaf margin
Entire
Serrate
Quiz Time!!
22. Identify this
leaf margin
Entire
Serrate
Quiz Time!!
23. Identify this
reproductive
flower
structure:
Stamen
Pistil
Quiz Time!!
24. Identify this
reproductive
flower structure:
Stamen
Pistil
Quiz Time!!
25. Is this plant monecious or dioecious?
Quiz Time!!
26. Is this plant monecious or dioecious?
Quiz Time!!
27. Identify this flower arrangement:
Raceme
Spike
Umbel
Quiz Time!!
28. Identify this dried fruit:
Achene
Legume
Samara
Grain
Silique
Quiz Time!!
29. Identify this dried fruit:
Achene
Legume
Samara
Grain
Silique
Quiz Time!!
30. Identify this fleshy fruit:
Drupe
Pome
Berry
Multiple
Pepo
Hespiridium