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Asst.Prof.Rardchawadee Silapunt
Transformer
Full wave rectifier
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Digital logic gate
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1. Select components from Get New
Part.
2. Use wiring tool for drawing the line
between components.
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Transformer is an electrical device that transfer
energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic
induction. Transformer can convert both current and voltage.
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Draw a transformer circuit and modify the values of
components.
2. Add K_Linear element in order to create mutually
coupled inductors.
1.
In this schematic, transformer has a ratio of 1:1.
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Set up parameters in transient analysis.
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Put the voltage markers on input and output of the
transformer to compare input and output waveforms.
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You can vary output waveform by using N1 = L1
N2
L2
N1
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=
= 2. So, the output
N2
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From the schematic, there is
waveform has amplitude 50% less than input waveform
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Voltage at the primary inductor is 10V and at secondary
inductor is 5 V.
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Full wave Rectifier : Center Tap Transformer
Full wave Rectifier : Bridge Rectifier
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http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_6.html
A shape of the waveform before and after entering full
wave rectifier.
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http://www.docstoc.com/docs/15562456/Full-Wave-Bridge-Rectifier
http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_4.htm
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How does the center tap transformer create full wave?
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http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_3.htm
During a positive cycle, half of the voltage occurs between
the center tab and the top of the secondary transformer. D1
is the conducted current and current flows through load.
During a negative cycle, half of the voltage occurs between
the center tab and the bottom of the secondary transformer.
D2 is the conducted current and current flows through load.
Currents in both cycles flow in the same direction. Thus, the
output waveform is a full wave.
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Select Analysis ->setup
-> Transient
2. Set up Transient
Analysis
3. Measure waveform by
voltage marker
1.
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Output waveform is the full wave.
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Add capacitor C1 to lower the voltage ripple.
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Set up values in Transient and Fourier Analysis.
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Compare voltages between input and output.
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Plot -> Add plot to window
Trace -> Add trace -> I(Rinput)
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Change to the FFT function to observe harmonics.
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Delete step ceiling in order to see harmonic’s
response clearly.
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Plot -> Add plot to window
Trace -> Add trace -> I(Rinput)
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Full wave Rectifier : Center Tap Transformer
Select the FFT function and use cursor to measure
peaks of waveform.
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FFT function displays each harmonic in different
amplitude. We use this FFT to measure a distortion of
waveforms. Typically, Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) can be
determined from
∑ (I n )
THD =
n=2
(I1)
2
2
×100
In practice, we can calculate from 2nd to only 25th
harmonic but the ideal standard is from 2nd to 50th
harmonic.
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During the positive circle, D1
and D2 conduct current. Current
flows in full cycle. The potential
occurs at load.
Similar to positive, during the
negative circle, D3 and D4 conduct
current. Current flows through
load. Potential occurs.
The result of this operation is
the full wave.
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http://www.sptc.ac.th/prapruet/devicesweb/books/book_4.htm
Operation Amplifier
Operational Amplifier or Op-Amp is an electronic device
containing a transistor inside to increase the signal
amplitude.
Symbol of Op-Amp
http://www.markallen.com/teaching/ucsd/147a/lectures/lecture5/2.php
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Op-Amps are widely used in electronic circuits such as
•
Amplifier
•
Integrator
•
Differentiator
•
Voltage follower
•
Oscillator
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Symbol of Op-Amp : The Triangle is the symbol for
amplifier and displays the direction of a current flow.
Symbol of Op-Amp
Package :TO-5 and DIP
Package of Op-Amp – Usually found either in TO-5 or DIP.
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http://silp.elec-cm.com/opamp/book/lesson1.pdf
Code number– The first two letters indicate manufacturer.
Three numbers are type of Op-Amp. The follower letter
informs the temperature range. The last letter explains the
package.
Manufacturer code
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http://silp.elec-cm.com/opamp/book/lesson1.pdf
Code number– The first two letters indicate manufacturer.
Three numbers are type of Op-Amp. The follower letter inform
the temperature range. The last letter explain the package.
Latter
Meaning
Latter
C
commercial 0 to70 degree
Celcius
D
I
Industrial -25 to 85 degree
Celsius
J
M
Military -55 to 125 degree
Celsius
N,P
Temperature code
Meaning
Plastic dual in line for surface
mounting on PC board
Ceramic dual in line
Plastic dual in line for insertion
into sockets
Package code
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http://www.scribd.com/doc/19017130/Characteristics-of-Opamp
The usual way to classify amplifier is the phase relationship
of input and output signals which can be divided in to
Inverting Amplifier and Non-Inverting Amplifier.
http://www.elexp.com/t_gain.htm
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Inverting Amplifier
1. Draw a schematic and change values of components.
2. Use the voltage marker to measure input and output
voltage.
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The feedback is negative. So, the output waveform
inverts 180 degree compared to the input waveform and
the amplifying gain of this circuit can be calculated
ோ
from య .
ோమ
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Non-Inverting Amplifier
1.
2.
Draw a schematic and change values of components.
Use the voltage marker to measure input and output voltage.
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The output waveform is in-phase with the input waveform.
Gain can be calculated from 1 + R3 .
R6
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Half-bit adder
Half bit adder has a circuit and truth table as shown.
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http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/eng/staff/elh/es153/00/pspice/students_model_solution_pspiceassignment_report.pdf
Draw a circuit and select components as the
following.
http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/eng/staff/elh/es153/00/pspice/students_model_solution_pspiceassignment_report.pdf
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Double click at DigCLK
DigCLK1 and DigCLK2 have different ON-TIME
and OFF-TIME’s values. The result shows the difference
of digits over time.
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Select Analysis -> Setup ->Transient
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Select Digital Setup and set up parameters.
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Result of the simulated waveforms.
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To produce digital signal you can also use STIM1
STM1 can be found in Get New Part.
COMMAND in STIM1 can be used to
set up CLK
STMI1, STMI4, STMI16 are programmed
for 1,4,and 16 parallel and independent
digital signals.
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Use DSTM instead of DigCLK at point B
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Another method to set up CLK by users is to use a
command
Doubleclick DigCLK for setting parameter.
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Set the values at lines ‘COMMAND’ in DSTM.
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Run the simulation
After a user inputs values by COMMAND, the rest of the
input bit is set default at ‘0’.
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Full wave Rectifier
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Harmonic’s result
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