Histology and physiology
of
cartilage and bone
Korakot Nganvongpanit
B.Sc. (animal science), Post. grad., D.V.M., Ph.D.
Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University
วัตถุประสงค
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รูจักและสามารถจําแนกประเภทของ กระดูกออน และกระดูกได
บอกลักษณะโครงสรางของกระดูกออน และกระดูกได
บอกขบวนการเกิดกระดูกและกระดูกออนได
บอกกระบวนการสรางและซอมแซมกระดูกและกระดูกออนได
เพื่อใหนกั ศึกษาสามารถประยุกตเอาความรูที่เรียนไปใชใหเกิด
ประโยชนในการเรียนวิชาทางคลินิกตอไป
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Cartilage
• Supporting tissue
• Avascular tissue
• Extracellular metrix
– Proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan)
– Collagen fiber
– Elastic fiber
• Cartilagenous cell
– Chondroblast
– Chondrocyte
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Cartilage
Proteoglycan
Articular cartilage
Keratan
sulfate
Link
protein
Chondroitin
sulfate
Core
protein
Hyaluronan
Chondrocyte
Collagen fiber
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Aggrecan
Glycoprotein
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Type of cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
• Elastic cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
Found at;
• Nasal septum
• Larynx
• Tracheal ring
• Articular surface
Composition
• Chondrocytes
• Collagen type 2
• Proteoglycan
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Elastic cartilage
Found at;
• External ear
• External auditory canal
• Epiglottis
• Laryngeal cartilage
Composition
• Elastic fibers
• Collagen fibers
• Chondrocytes
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Fibrocartilage
Found at;
• Intervertebral disk
• Pelvic symphysis
Composition
• Dense collagen fiber
• Chondrocytes
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Articular cartilage
Articular cartilage
Bony end plate
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Articular cartilage
Hyaluronan
receptor
Hyaluronan
Chondrocyte
Link
protein
Integrin
receptor
Achorin
Type VI collagen
COMP
Fibronectin
Bioglycan
Decorin
Type IX collagen
Aggrecan
Chondroitin
sulfate
Fibromodulin
Keratan
e
sulfate
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Type II collagen
Type XI collagen
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Articular cartilage layer
Superficial layer
Intermediate layer
Chondrocyte
Collagen
Calcium
Deep layer
Tidemark
Calcified layer
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Loading of articular cartilage
Loaded
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Chondrocyte
Collagen
II
I
Calcium
II
III
III
IV
IV
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Bone
• Bone is the major structural and supportive connective
tissue of the body.
• Bone directly or indirectly contributes to some very
important body functions that include:
1. supportion - for muscles, organs, and soft tissues
2. leverage and movement - joints
3. protection - for critical organs
4. mineral balance -calcium phosphate storage
5. hemopoitic tissue - formation of blood cells
• Bone comprise of cell and extracellular matrix (osteoid)
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Cells of bone
Osteoprogenitor cells
• Osteoblast
• Osteocyte
Phagocytic cell
• Osteoclast
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Osteoblast
• Osteoblasts are specially cells
for the formation of bone
• The cells are typically oval,
with a large eccentric nucleus,
and the cytoplasm is fairly
basophilic
• They line the surfaces of bone
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Osteocyte
• Mature bone cells that develop from osteoblasts
• Osteocytes are housed in lacunae and send long cytoplasmic
processes through small tunnels called canaliculi to contact
those of adjacent osteocytes.
• Osteocytes embedded in the dense bone matrix can not divide
to produce interstitial (expansile) growth.
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Osteoclast
• Osteoclasts are cells specialized for the removal of bone tissue
during the process of bone remodeling
• The cells are the largest of the bone cell and multinuclear 9
with up to 50 nuclei
• They are recognized on bone surfaces both by their appearance
and by the notch of bone tissue adjacent to them which they
removed from the bone surface
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Cells of bone
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Composition of bone
Wet weight basis
• Water
• Inorganic or mineral
– Calcium
– Phosphorus
37%
18.5%
– Collagen
– Cell
– Proteoglycan
90%
5%
5%
• Organic matter
25 %
45%
30%
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Structure of bone
Bone or osseous tissue is found in two different forms:
- Dense bone or compact bone
- Cancellous bone or spongy bone
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Structure of bone
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Microscopic structure of bone
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Microscopic structure of bone
Mature compact bone is composed of 3 lamellar arrangement:
• Haversian systems (Osteone)
• Circumferential systems
• Interstitial systems
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Haversian systems (Osteone)
Haversian systems are called osteons:
- Concentric lamellae surrounding a haversian canal (central canal)
containing blood vessels
- Haversian canals are connected by volkman's canals
- Osteocytes are embedded in gaps in the lamellae called lacunae.
- Cytoplasmic processes from each osteon communicate with others
through microscopic channels called canaliculi
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Haversian systems (Osteone)
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Volkmann’s canal
Haversian canal
Lamellae
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Circumferential systems
Circumferential lamellae; the
external and internal borders of
cortical bone
• Outer circumferential lamellae;
occur adjacent to the periosteum
• Inner circumferential lamellae;
occur adjacent to the endosteum
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Interstitial systems
Interstitial Lamellae:
- Remnants of older haversian lamellae
- Not concentrically arranged, but line between the haversian
systems
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Periosteum
• Periosteum is dese conective tissue that covers bone, except
where it is cover by articular cartilage
• Consist of; osteogenic layer (osteoblast or chondroblast
cells) and fibrous layer (collagen fiber)
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Periosteum
Marrow cavity
periosteum
Fibrous layer
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chondrogenic layer
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Osteogenesis
• Intramembranous ossification
• Endochondral ossification
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Intramembranous ossification
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The bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Results in the formation of flat bone such as skull
Bony spicules
Trabecular
Spongy
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Intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells
Osteoblasts
Collagen
Other organic matric
Osteoid
Osteocytes in lacune
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Intramembranous ossification
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Intramembranous ossification
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Intramembranous ossification
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Intramembranous ossification
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Intramembranous ossification
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Endochondral ossification
• Bone is formed on a cartilage model
• Such as; long bone, vertebral, pelvic
• Consist of;
1. Primary center of ossification
2. Secondary center of ossification
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Primary center of ossification
• Occurs in the center of hyaline cartilage following extend
toward both epiphyses
• Chondrogenic layer of perichondrium
• Periosteal band (bony collar)
• Perichondrium……Periosteum
• Periosteal bud
• Primary Ossification Centers close around the time of birth.
Thereafter, long-bone growth occurs from the secondary
ossification centers
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Primary center of ossification
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Secondary center of ossification
• Epiphysis
• Articular cartilage
• Physis or epiphysial plate
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Secondary center of ossification
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Endochondral ossification
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Epiphysial plate
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Epiphysial plate
R=Reserve cartilage
P= Proliferation
M= Maturation
H= Hypertrophy and calcification
D=degeneration
O=Osteogenic zone
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Longitudinal growth
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Factors involved bone growth
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Growth hormone
Glucocorticoid
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Estrogen
Testosterone
Vitamin D
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Hormonal controls of blood calcium
Tyroid gland
Calcitonin
Calcium deposit
in bone
Imbalanc
e
Calcium homeostasis of blood
Calcium release
from bone
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PTH
Imbalanc
e
Tyroid gland
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End of lecture
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มาทดสอบ
กันหนอย
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Hyaline cartilage
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Chondrocyte
2 Fibrous layer
3 chondrogenic layer in lacuna
4 matrix
1
perichondrium
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Elastic cartilage
1 Chondrocyte
in lacuna
2 Elastic fiber
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Elastic cartilage
1 Elastic fiber
2 chondrocyte
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Fibrocartilage
3 matrix
2 Collagenous fiber
1 chondrocyte
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4 matrix
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2 Collagenous fiber
2
Fibrocartilage
3
1 chondrocyte
3 matrix
3
1
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4 volkmann’s canal
3 haversian canal
2 lacuna
1 haversian system
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1 Zone of reserve cartilage
2 Zone of multification
3 Zone of hypertrophy
4 Zone of calcification
5 Zone of ossification
Epiphyseal disc
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Have to know
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Cartilage
Perichondrium
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoid
Dr. Korakot Nganvongpanit
• Haversian system
• Haversian canal
• Lamellae
• Volkmann’s canal
• Canaliculi
• Interstitial system
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• Periosteum
• Epiphysial growth plate
• Articular cartilage
•Intramembranous
ossification
• Endochondral
ossification
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Lab Histology
of bone and cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
• Elastic cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Haversian system
• Haversian canal
• Lamellae
• Volkmann’s canal
• Canaliculi
• Interstitial system
• Epiphysial growth plate
• Articular cartilage
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