American University
School of International Service
4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington DC 20016-8071
BUSINESS IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
SIS 102-N01U & N02U
SIS 102-N03U & N04U
SIS 102-N05U & N06U
SIS 102-N63 & N64
Summer, 2010
Professor:
Tamara A. Trownsell
Coordinator:
Page Hogan
NSLC Headquarters (Chicago):
NSLC Website:
AU College Credit option Website:
profetamara@gmail.com
collegecredit@american.edu
1-800-994-NSLC or 1-800-994-6752
http://www.nslcleaders.org
http://www.american.edu/registrar/nslc/
Topic Outline
This course explores the character of our contemporary condition, which some call globalization, as it relates
to the making and selling of products and services. Understanding what globalization entails is crucial
because, whether we like it or not, it impacts our everyday lives in a very profound manner. Typically this
course focuses on the economic dimensions of globalization and how it has shaped the ways in which
businesses operate.
Specifically, the course explores current patterns and their roots in international trade, manufacturing,
finance, and consumption. We situate these patterns in the context of economic and political changes
referred to as “globalization” and identify the key actors involved in spurring and managing these patterns.
Using relevant case studies and contemporary controversies, the course aims to provide you with an overall
framework for understanding how webs of global manufacturing, marketing, and consumption underpin
today's urgent economic and political questions.
Since you will be visiting the heart of the financial center of the United States in New York, I will encourage
you to contemplate the role of financial markets and the roots of the economic crisis in the United States as
they respond to and shape the context in which international business must function. Being close to Ground
Zero will also allow us to contemplate more deeply the risks involved with globalization. The idea would be to
look starkly at the current reality so as to generate better strategies for your future endeavors.
1
Course Content
Because the scheduling of this course depends on the particular summer-session schedule of the National
Student Leadership Conference and the classroom schedule at Fordham University, this syllabus lists the main
areas of discussion without defining the exact session sequence:
-
-
-
-
Course introduction
Logistics (getting connected to the AU system)
Economic integration and capitalism
o Overview – Economics
o Major debate: state-led or market-led economy? ( = to regulate or not to regulate?)
Video and discussion
o Basics of economic integration – the elements of capitalism that drive toward integration
Competition, efficiency, specialization and comparative advantage
Global integration: Risks and Implications
o Actors
Mapping the actors of the global economy (macroeconomics)
The international system and sovereignty
• Corporate might
• Global commons
• Global governance: IFIs and intergovernmental trade organizations
o Unprecedented levels of interconnectedness and instability
The big players and power
• The case of Wal-Mart
Emerging markets
• The rise of China
International finance flows, fluctuations and crisis
The post-industrial economy – U.S. competitiveness
New interpretations of capitalism
Regulation in the new era
Globalized supply chains, risks
o Not everyone starting on the same foot social, cultural and economic implications
Globalization and Integration (and its counterpart – fragmentation / tribalism)
o What is globalization?
o Where does it come from?
o What are some of its effects?
Integration v. fragmentation (Jihad v. McWorld)
o Reactions against globalization
Reflections
o What role has international business played in this process?
o How have sports changed because of it?
o The way ahead in economic integration: Strategies / ideas
2
Assignment Grading
Your assignments’ due date depends on the NSLC session in which you are participating.
NSLC Session
Fordham #1: June 24 – July 3
Fordham #2: July 7 – July 16
Fordham #3: July 20 – July 29
Geneva: July 31 – August 11
Journals Due Date
July 9, 2010
July 25, 2010
August 5, 2010
August 16, 2010
Paper Due Date
August 2, 2010
August 15, 2010
August 28, 2010
September 5, 2010
Your assignments must be submitted via the Assignments Manager on Blackboard. (See instructions below.)
Your grade (A to F) will be based on successful and timely completion of the written assignments listed below.
An “A” grade will only be awarded for superior work that demonstrates a mastery of the concepts discussed in
class and reflects thorough and thoughtful research conveyed in well written assignments. A “B” grade will be
awarded for good work, and a “C” grade for average work. Substandard, incomplete, or otherwise
unacceptable work will received either a “D” or “F”.
As an American University independent-study student, you may ask that your work be graded on a “pass/fail”
basis. See the Frequently Asked Questions sheet attached to this syllabus for further information about this
option.
On the first day of class you will be asked to complete a transcript request form. Please be sure that you fill
this form out carefully and accurately. Once your work has been graded, you will be sent an official American
University transcript.
The Grading Schedule and Your Assignments
One-Credit Option
Two-Credit Option
Three-Credit Option
Grade Weights – Percentage of Final Grade
Participation
Reflexive Journal
15%
35%
15%
30%
15%
25%
Essay
50%
55%
60%
Participation
Attendance will be taken at each class. You will receive a weighted grade for the quality of your participation
as student for each hour of class. This means the following: If we’re watching a movie, you must be attentive.
If you are asked to prepare to speak about something for class (even on the first day), you will be graded on
the level of preparation of the response. I expect active participation during lectures and group activities.
Furthermore, you can improve your participation grade by participating in the online discussions that will be
held on the Blackboard course website.
Reflexive Journal
For your reflexive journal, you should reflect upon your visits to the trade-relevant institutions that we will be
visiting during the trip. Better journals will attempt to analyze how these institutions and factories relate to
3
the concepts that we cover in class. You can write up to one page per institutional visit.
The journal should adhere to the following instructions:
- All of your journal entries should fit into a single document, with each journal entry separated by a page
break. Be sure to put the place visited or the activity and the date as the title to each journal entry.
- The document should be saved with a title with the following format:
o “LastnameFirstInitial - journal”: e.g. SmithM - journal
- At the top of the first page on the right-hand side, be sure to include the following information:
o Your name
o Course name
o Dates of Session
o Professor’s Name
o Date on which you are turning in the work
- Each page, except the first, needs to be numbered.
- Papers should have no grammatical or spelling errors. Try to convey your ideas in simple sentences, and
proofread your work carefully before uploading it.
The Essay
You are required to elaborate a research paper to fulfill the course requirements. Please see the Assignments
Section on Blackboard for the range of topic possibilities. In the table below, please find the approximate
word requirement and the expected number of texts to be cited from the various reading folders on the
Blackboard course page plus other sources that you will research on your own that are pertinent to the
selected topic.
One-Credit Option
Two-Credit Option
Three-Credit Option
Essay Requirements
Number of Words
1000
2000
3000
Number of readings to cite
3 texts + outside sources
4 texts + outside sources
5 texts + outside sources
All papers must meet the following minimum standards:
- Your document should be saved with a title with the following formats:
o “LastnameFirstInitial – essay”: e.g. SmithM - essay
- At the top of the first page on the right-hand side, be sure to include the following information:
o Your name
o Course name
o Dates of Session
o Professor’s Name
o Date on which you are turning in the work
- The title to your work should be centered at the top of the essay after your personal identification
information
- Each page, except the first, needs to be numbered.
- Papers should have no grammatical or spelling errors. Try to convey your ideas in simple sentences, and
proofread your work carefully before turning it in.
- Academic journals and books are priorities in terms of sources for your analysis. If you use the Internet for
research, then use either official organization websites or reputed websources for analysis. (Wikipedia
4
-
and Microsoft Encarta are not considered reputable sources for this class.)
References to authors must be cited using a standard citation method. (See the online resources listed in
the bibliography at the end of this syllabus or on the course website on Blackboard for guidelines for
appropriate citation formats.) Either footnotes or endnotes are acceptable. When an author's work is
paraphrased, credit must still be given to the author, preferably in the body of your paper and in a
footnote/endnote. Anything quoted must be indicated with quotation marks and a citation. A quote used
without quotation marks is plagiarism, even if the author is cited. Any form of plagiarism will result in a
zero in the course.
How to turn in work electronically
All assignments should be turned in via Blackboard’s Assignment Manager.
1. Sign on to Blackboard.
2. Go to the course webpage.
3. Click on “Assignments”
4. Scroll down to the respective assignment link to upload your work.
The program can accept a document that is prepared using either Microsoft Word or Corel Word Perfect, or
that has been formatted as an Adobe PDF file. Please remember to write down the date and time that you
made the submission for your records.
To be extra sure that your professor gets your work, you can also send the work via e-mail to:
profetamara@gmail.com. For the assignment to count, however, it must be submitted through the Blackboard
system. Otherwise the system will automatically give you a failing grade.
Academic Integrity
All students are governed by American University's Academic Integrity Code. The Academic Integrity Code
details specific violations of ethical conduct that relate to academic integrity. By registering, you have
acknowledged your awareness of the Academic Integrity Code, and you are obliged to become familiar with
your rights and responsibilities as defined by the code. All of your work (whether oral or written) in any and all
classes is governed by the provisions of this Code. Academic violations include but are not limited to:
plagiarism, inappropriate collaboration, dishonesty in examinations whether in class or take-home, dishonesty
in papers, work done for one course and submitted to another, deliberate falsification of data, interference
with other students' work, and copyright violations. The adjudication process and possible penalties are listed
in American University's Academic Integrity Code booklet, and is also available on the American University
website. Being a member of this academic community entitles each of us to a wide degree of freedom and the
pursuit of scholarly interests; with that freedom, however, comes a responsibility to uphold the high ethical
standards of scholarly conduct.
The full code is available on-line at http://www.american.edu/academics/integrity/code.htm
5
READINGS
Please note that a few readings more specific to the issues covered in class will be posted on Blackboard.
Please refer to the “Readings” folder on the course website under the section entitled “Course Documents.”
KEY:
o
o
o
o
Those articles with a URL are obviously available directly online.
Green = The link to getting to the online journal has been made available in the section on Blackboard entitled eReserves. Note that all of these articles come from the same issue of the Harvard Business Review.
Orange = You will find these articles under the e-Reserves section of the course site on Blackboard.
All other articles in black are available within the Course Readings folder under Course Documents on
Blackboard.
Required Readings
Abdelal, Rawi and Adam Segal. “Yes, Globalization Has Passed Its Peak: Will it Ever Come Back?” Foreign Affairs, 17
March 2009. Available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64856/rawi-abdelal-and-adam-segal/yesglobalization-passed-its-peak
Adams, Nassau. Worlds Apart: The North-South Divide and the International System. London: Zed Books, 1997. (Chapter
2)*
Alexander, Marcus and Harry Korine. “When You Shouldn’t Go Global.” Harvard Business Review (Dec 2008) 70-77.*
Altman, Daniel. “Managing Globalization: The integrated economy as a cause of war.” The International Herald Tribune,
20 February 2007. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/worldbusiness/20ihtglob21.4664354.html?scp=1&sq=manaing%20globalization,%20altman,%20war&st=cse
Anderson, Sarah and John Cavanaugh. “Top 200: The Rise of Global Corporate Power.” Corporate Watch, 2000. Available
at http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/221/47211.html
Ariely, Dan. “The End of Rational Economics” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 78-84.*Auguste, Byron. “What’s
So New About Globalization?” New Perspectives Quarterly, 1 January 1998.*
Barber, Benjamin R. “Jihad vs. McWorld.” The Atlantic Monthly 269:3 (March 1992): 53-65.*
Barrionuevo, Alexei. “Globalization in Every Loaf.” The New York Times, 16 June 2007. Available at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/16/business/worldbusiness/16food.html?_r=1&scp=13&sq=globalization&st
=cse
Beinhocker, Eric, Ian Davis and Lenny Mendonca. “The 10 Trends You Have to Watch.” Harvard Business Review (JulyAugust 2009) 55-60.*
Bernstein, Peter L. “The Moral Hazard Economy.” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 101-103.*
Bhattacharya, Arindam and David Michael. “How Local Companies Keep Multinationals at Bay.” Harvard Business Review
(Mar 2008) 85-95.*
Crook, Clive. “Small World.” The Atlantic, 24 December 2008. Available at:
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/12/small-world/7231/
Drucker, Peter. “The Global Economy and the Nation-State.” Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997.*
The Economist. “The Fragile Web of Foreign Trade.” 28 May 2009.*
The Economist. "The Fragility of Perfection: When supply chains go wrong." 1 May 2008.*
The Economist. “Idea: Globalisation.” 20 July 2009.*
The Economist. “Turning Their Backs on the World.” 19 February 2009.*
Ferguson, Niall. “The Descent of Finance.” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 45-53.*
Florida, Richard. “Megaregions: The Importance of Place.” Harvard Business Review (Mar 2008) 18-19.*
Friedman, Thomas. “It’s a Flat World After All.” New York Times Magazine, 3 April 2005.*
Gelb, Betsy and Partha Krishnamurthy. “Protect Your Product’s Look and Feel from Imitators.” Harvard Business Review
(Oct 2008) 36.*
6
Ghemawat, Pankaj and *Thomas Hout. “Tomorrow’s Global Giants? Not the Usual Suspects.” Harvard Business Review
(Nov 2008) 80-88.
Gross, Daniel. “Invest Globally, Stagnate Locally.” New York Times, 2 April 2006. Available at
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/221/46982.html
Haas, Richard. “Sovereignty and Globalization.” Council on Foreign Relations, 16 February 2006. Available at:
http://www.cfr.org/publication/9903/sovereignty_and_globalisation.html
Henisz, Witold and Bennet Zelner. “The Hidden Risks in Emerging Markets.” Harvard Business Review (Apr 2010) 88-95.*
Isenberg, Daniel J. “The Global Entrepreneur.” Harvard Business Review (Dec 2008) 107-111.*
Janszen, Eric. “Welcome to the False Recovery.” Harvard Business Review (Apr 2010) 19-21.*
Lamy, Pascal. “Humanising Globalization.” WTO News, 30 January 2006. Available at
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/209/43807.html
Malcomson, Scott L. “The Higher Globalization.” The New York Times Magazine, 12 December 2008. Available at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/14/magazine/14Ideas-Section2-C-t002.html?scp=29&sq=globalization&st=cse
Martin, Roger. “The Age of Customer Capitalism” Harvard Business Review (Jan-Feb 2010) 58-65.*
Meredith, Robyn, and Suzanne Hoppough. "Why Globalization is Good." Forbes (16 Apr. 2007). Available at:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0416/064.html
Moore, Karl and Alan Rugman. “Globalization is about Regionalization.” McGill International Review (Fall 2005): 27-30.*
Mussa, Michael. "Factors Driving Global Economic Integration." Paper presented in Jackson Hole, Wyoming at a
symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City on “Global Opportunities and Challenges,” 25
August 2000. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2000/082500.HTM
Nunes, Paul and Narendra Mulani. “Can Knockoffs Knock Out Your Business?” Harvard Business Review (Oct 2008) 4150.*
Pfeffer, Jeffrey. “Stakeholders First? Not So Fast…” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 90-91.*
Pisano, Gary and Willy Shih. “Restoring American Competitiveness.” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 114-125.*
Raman, Anand. “The New Frontiers.” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 130-137.*
Reich, Robert. “Government in Your Business.” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 94-99.*
Roggof, Kenneth. “Globalization and Interdependence: Speech to the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly.”
The United Nations, New York, New York, 9 October 2006. Available at:
http://www.un.org/ga/61/second/kenneth_rogoff_globalization.pdf
Scheve, Kenneth F. and Matthew J. Slaughter. “A New Deal for Globalization.” Foreign Affairs 86:4 (July/August 2007).
Online: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/62641/kenneth-f-scheve-and-matthew-j-slaughter/a-new-dealfor-globalization
Speth, James Gustave. “Doing Business in a Postgrowth Society.” Harvard Business Review (Sept 2009) 18-19.*
Stalk Jr., George. “The Threat of Global Gridlock” Harvard Business Review (July-Aug 2009) 126.*
Stiglitz, Joseph. Freefall: America, Free Markets and the Sinking of the World Order. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010.
(Chapters 1, 7, 8)*
Suranovic, Steven M. "Economic Integration: Overview." International Trade Theory and Policy, chapters 110-2. Last
updated 1 April 1998. Available at: http://internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch110/T110-2.php
Tse, Edward. “Is It Too Late to Enter China?” Harvard Business Review (Apr 2010) 96-101.*
Wallerstein, Immanuel. “2008: The Demise of Neoliberal Globalization.” Yale Global 4 February 2008. Available at:
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27984.html
Warnholz, Jean-Louis. “Even the Poorest Can Be a Thriving Market.” Harvard Business Review (May 2008) 26.*
Watts, Duncan. “Too Big to Fail? How About Too Big to Exist?” Harvard Business Review (June 2009) 16. *
Wolf, Martin. “Financial Crisis Tests Globalization,” Financial Times, October 10, 2008. Available at:
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/af94290a-972b-11dd-8cc4-000077b07658.html
Yaziji, Michael. “Time to Re-think Capitalism?” Harvard Business Review (Nov 2008) 27-28.*
7
Recommended Readings
Dicken, Peter. Global Shift. London: New Guilford Press, 2003. (pp. 7-31)*
Foer, Franklin. "Soccer v. McWorld." Foreign Policy, Jan./Feb. 2004.*
Freidman, Thomas L. The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Anchor Books, 2000.
Held, David and Anthony McGrew. Globalization/Anti Globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002 (pp. 1-8)*
Kaul, Inge, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A. Stern. Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Klein, Naomi. No Logo. New York: Picador, 1999.
Larmer, Brook. "The Center of the World." Foreign Policy, Sept./Oct. 2005.*
Lawler III, Edward E. and Christopher G. Worley. Built to Change: How to Achieve Sustained Organizational Effectiveness.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006.
Mittelman, James H. The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2000. (pp. 15-30)*
Scaturro, Peter K. “The New Hegemony.” Foreign Affairs 86:1 (Jan/Feb 2007) 90-94.*
Stiglitz, Joseph. Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2003. (Chapters 1, 2, 8)*
* Readings will be made available on Blackboard.
BIBLIOGRAPHY – VIDEO RESOURCES
Peter G. Peterson Foundation. “I.O.U.S.A.,” 2010. http://www.iousathemovie.com/
While this movie is focused much more on domestic politics and the national debt, this 30minute synopsis offers another perspective on the U.S. financial predicament. Moreover, you
can continue to see the same debate on the appropriate level of state intervention in it.
Public Broadcasting Services. Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. Heights Productions
Inc., 2002. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/index.html
Each of the three episodes is 2 hours in length. You can access all of them online.
Index of all three episodes of “Commanding Heights”:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/story/index.html
Episode 1 “The Battle of Ideas” – downloads by chapter:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/story/ch_menu.html
Episode 2 “The Agony of Reform” – downloads by chapter:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/story/ch_menu_02.html
Episode 3 “The New Rules of the Game” – downloads by chapter:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/story/ch_menu_03.html
Glossary of Important Terms:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/glossary/index.html
8
Public Broadcasting Services. Frontline. WGBH Educational Foundation, 2009.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/view/
All of the following episodes are approximately 1 hour in length. You can access all of them
online.
“Breaking the Bank,” 16 June 2009:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/breakingthebank/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage
&utm_medium=grid&utm_source=grid
“The Card Game,” 24 November 2009:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/creditcards/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage&utm_
medium=grid&utm_source=grid
“Inside the Meltdown,” 17 February 2009:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meltdown/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage&utm_
medium=grid&utm_source=grid
“The Madoff Affair,” 12 May 2009:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/madoff/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage&utm_me
dium=grid&utm_source=grid
“Ten Trillion and Counting,” 24 March 2009:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tentrillion/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage&utm_
medium=grid&utm_source=grid
“The Warning,” 20 October 2009:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/?utm_campaign=viewpage&utm_me
dium=grid&utm_source=grid
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY – ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
American University’s Academic Integrity Code:
http://www.american.edu/academics/integrity/code.htm
American University’s full publication on Academic Integrity (27-page .pdf file):
http://www.american.edu/academics/integrity/academic_integrity07.pdf
Plagiarism Resources
Avoiding Plagiarism
http://www.writing.northwestern.edu/avoiding_plagiarism.html
Plagiarism.org
http://www.plagiarism.org/
What is Plagiarism?
http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_what_is_plagiarism.html
Preventing Plagiarism
http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_educational_tips_on_plagiarism_prevention.html
Online Citation Style Resources
Turabian Citation Style
Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations
This is the official Turabian website that includes a quick guide that clearly distinguishes
between types of citations as well as explaining what is new in the 7th edition. Almost all of the
information below is based on the 6th edition.
http://www.turabian.org/turabian_citationguide.html
University of Chicago Press – Turabian Quick Guide
Another way to get to the resource listed above.
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html
University of California-Berkeley Library Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations
This 6-paged .pdf file focuses on the difference between using footnotes/endnotes and
parenthetical citation. I prefer parenthetical in-text citations.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Chicago-Turabianstyle.pdf
Resources on citing Internet sources
Bedford / St. Martin’s Guide to citing on-line sources in all three styles
From this webpage you can find the correct citation format for 7 different kinds of Internet
sources for each kind of citation style – MLA, APA and Turabian. You will find the Turabian style
under the Chicago Style links.
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/
The Ohio State University Quick Guide: Citing Net Sources
http://liblearn.osu.edu/tutor/les7/guide.html
APA’s authoritative website on how to cite web resources in correct APA format
This is a very good source to go to first if you are using APA as your citation style before visiting
Bedford/St. Martin’s. If you do not find what you are looking for here then visit the others.
http://www.apastyle.org/
Their tutorial for beginners:
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
10
MLA/APA styles
Landmarks Son of Citation Machine
This “citation machine” allows you to enter in your bibliographic source information into a form
and then it gives you the correct citation format in the Turabian, MLA, APA formats.
http://citationmachine.net/
University of Maryland University College Citation Guides
On this website, in addition to being able to access their citation guides for each style, you can
go through a citation tutorial.
http://www.umuc.edu/library/citationguides.shtml
The University of California Berkeley Library Guide on the importance of citing your sources
This is a brief overview of the UC-Berkeley system’s explanation of why and how to cite sources
in your papers.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/citations.html
MLA Citation Style
Purdue University Owl MLA Formatting and Citation Guide
This resource provides information on how to format according to the MLA style as well as how
to make in-text citations as well as footnotes according to MLA.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/printable/557/
APA Citation Style
APA Style Essentials from Vanguard University
This is a good guidelines page for most of the APA-style rules. You can also download it in .pdf
format.
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796
St. Cloud State University Literacy Education Online – APA In-text citations
This resource only covers how to do in-text (parenthetical) citations according to APA style
http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/research/apaintext.html
Concordia University Libraries (Canada) – APA Citation Guide (2007)
This is a basic guide with examples of how to apply the APA-style format to your bibliographic
sources.
http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/apa.php
Purdue University Owl APA Formatting and Citation Guide
This particular page only covers APA formatting, however at the end you will find links for how
to do in-text citations, footnotes, endnotes, reference lists according to APA style.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
11