Biology Lab Report: Blood Typing Lab Class: 3B Mr. Boyer Name: Simon Han Part 1: ABO and Rh Blood Typing Introduction: In this part 1 of the lab, we used 4 blood typing slides to classify different blood from Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, Mr. Green and Ms. Brown. We inserted drops of simulated anti-­‐A serum, anti-­‐B serum and anti-­‐Rh serum in each A, B and Rh Well. The purpose of this lab is to check the blood type and also whether the person has positive or negative blood. Materials: For this lab, we used these materials as listed below. • 4 Blood typing slides – This was used to classify different blood from different people. • 12 Toothpicks – Each of the toothpicks was used to stir the blood with the Rhs. Each toothpicks was used once only in one well. Method: To conduct this lab, we took steps as listed below. 1. Label each blood typing slide: Slide #1: Mr. Smith, Slide #2: Mr. Jones, Slide #3: Mr. Green, Slide #4: Ms. Brown 2. Place three to four drops of Mr. Smith’s blood in each of the A, B, and Rh wells of Slide #1 3. Repeat step 2 with Mr. Jones’s blood in slide #2 4. Repeat step 2 with Mr. Green’s blood in slide #3 5. Repeat step 2 with Ms. Brown’s blood in slide #4 6. Place three to four drops of the simulated anti-­‐A serum in each A well on the four slides 7. Repeat step 6 with simulated anti-­‐B serum in each B well on the four slides 8. Repeat step 6 with simulated anti-­‐Rh serum in each Rh well on the four slides 9. Use three toothpicks per blood typing slide and stir each well with a separate clean toothpick for 30 seconds (avoid splattering the simulated blood, do not press too hard on the typing tray) 10. Observe each slide and record your observation in Table 1 Data Collection: Figure 1This is the picture of all the slides and the bloods Figure 2 This is the picture of me stirring the blood. Table 1 This is the analysis table of all the results observed for each person. Anti-­‐A Serum Reaction (Type A) No Reaction Anti-­‐B Serum Anti-­‐Rh Serum Blood Type Slide #1 Mr. No Reaction Reaction Type A Positive Smith (positive) Slide #2 Mr. Reaction (Type No Reaction Type B Jones B) (negative) Negative Slide#3Mr. Reaction No reaction Reaction Type AB Green (Type A) (Positive) Positive Slide #4 Ms. No Reaction No Reaction No Reaction Type O Brown Conclusion: According to the reactions observed, Mr. Smith’s blood clotted in well A and Rh, but there were no reaction in B when each Anti-­‐A serum, Anti-­‐B serum and Anti-­‐Rh Serum was inserted. We can notice that Mr. Smith has a type A positive blood. Same steps taken, Mr. Jones’ blood was also easily obtained. Mr. Jones blood reacted only to Anti-­‐B serum. Therefore we can conclude that Mr. Jones has a Type B negative blood. Mr. Green’s blood was a little different from others’. It had reactions to all Anti-­‐A serum, Anti-­‐B serum and Anti-­‐Rh serum. Although the reaction to Anti-­‐B serum was minor, it was different from other non-­‐reacted slides. The blood had little clots which allowed us to conclude that Mr. Green has a Type AB Positive blood. Lastly, Ms. Brown’s blood did not react to any serums. Therefore we concluded that Ms. Brown had Type O blood. Evaluation: My experimental design (method): Generally the method seems to work well to get suitable results but part of it could be improved to get even better results. Limitation Improvement Not enough time Continued the next class Blood splattered Washed out and re-­‐do them Blood mixed Washed out and re-­‐do them Hard to identify results Asked teacher for help Reliability Generally the method seems to work well to get suitable results but parts of it were not reliable. We made an effort to make the experiment as accurate as possible. However, some factors led to unreliable results. Firstly, we did not have enough time to complete the lab. But we still had time the next day to record our results. However, we could not figure out which blood was whose. Ultimately, we had to re-­‐
do the experiment. It was more smoothly done the second time because the steps were easily followed having done twice. Another factor was that blood had splattered when stirring. Also, in this event, blood had mixed with other bloods. The outcome was chaos. All of the blood clotted. We eventually had to wash all the bloods out and do the experiment again. Lastly, some of the reactions were too minor that it was ambiguous. We could not differentiate between no-­‐reaction and reaction. Our solution was to ask for help from the teacher. With the teacher’s help, we were able to give conclusions to each reaction. Strengths Although we made mistakes such as mixing and splashing the blood, it came out as a benefit instead. Through these mistakes, we were able to learn how to fix them and improve. For example, when we stirred the blood with serum, we were more careful and avoided splattering. Also, we clearly marked which blood was whose. These mistakes ultimately became our strengths because we were clear and confident with our results. Relationship with the World Although this experiment was conducted with “fake blood”, it is originally used with real blood. Through this experiment, we are able to find one person’s blood type and also whether one has an Rh factor. The Rh factor can lead to serious medical complications. When a father of Rh+ blood meets a mother with Rh-­‐ blood and produces a baby, incompatibility occurs. The first time an Rh-­‐ mother becomes pregnant, there usually are not incompatibility difficulties. However, after the first birth, antibodies form within the mother’s body. Unfortunately, when the mother gets pregnant for the second time, the antibodies try to agglutinate and destroy the baby. This problem was serious before scientific development. Now, with medications, it is possible to kill off the antibodies formed in the mother. Suggestion For better quality of the experiment and for more exact, accurate results, we should have spent more time. Also, we should conduct the experiment many times to get more accurate results. Furthermore, next time when we have another lab, we should take more pictures to illustrate and describe the procedures we took. However, everything else seemed to work well to get accurate results. Part 2: Blood Cell Count Introduction: In this part 2 of the lab, we observed blood of Ms. Brown and count the number of red blood cells and white blood cells. Through this lab, we are able to find the number of red and white blood cells and also the concentration. Materials: These were the materials used to conduct part 2 of the lab • 1 Microscopic slide – Blood was placed on this slide to be observed. • 1 Cover slip – This was used to cover up the blood on top of the microscopic slide for observation. • Compound microscope (400X magnification) – This was used to magnify the blood and observe the blood to count the number of red and white cells. Figure 3 This is a picture of a microscope. We used this to observe the blood counts. Figure 4This is the picture of materials needed for part 2 of the lab. Method: For this lab, we took steps as stated below. 1. Pick one of the simulated blood and shake it 2. Add one drop of simulated blood to a microscope slide 3. Cover the slide up with the cover slip (Lower the cover slip slowly to avoid trapping air bubbles on the slide) 4. Examine the slide with the low power (10X) and find an area of the slide with an even distribution of cells 5. Switch to high power (40X), refocus and count the number of simulated red blood cells (red spheres) in the field of views (count any clump separately) 6. Count the number of simulated white blood cells (blue spheres) 7. Record the number in Table 2 8. Repeat steps 4-­‐6 with two other fields of view 9. Record the number in Table 2 10. Calculate the average of the three red blood cell counts and the white blood cell counts 11. Record the average in Table 2 12. Multiply the average number of red and white blood cells by the dilution factor to determine the number of red and white blood cells per cubic millimeter 13. Record each value in Table 2 14. Dispose of all materials according to your teacher’s instructions Data Collection: Table 2 This is an analysis table for lab 2, which organizes all the results observed. Blood Cell Cell Count Type 1 2 3 Red White Total # of Average # Dilution Cells Cells or Factor Total/3 64 46 52 162 9 5 6 20 54 6.7 150,000 5,000 Total # Blood Cells per mm3 or Average # Cells x Dilution Factor 8,100,000 33,500 Red Blood Cell count vs White blood cell count White blood cell Red blood cell 0 50 100 150 200 number of cells Figure 5 This is a picture of the graph of the total count of red blood cells and white blood cells. The first line shows the total count of all the 3 trials. The rest of the ones are different trials of cell counts. Conclusion: In this lab, we used some mathematical skills to find some results. After we counted the numbers of red cells and white cells, we added all the numbers for both red blood cells and white blood cells. So, we added 64, 46 and 52 and got a 162. After that, we found the average of the three numbers. Because three numbers were added, we divide the total number of cells by 3. The average number of red blood cells in one square area was 54. Similarly, for white blood cells, we also found the total number and the average number. The result was 20 total cells and an average of 6.7 cells. After we obtained the number of the average number of both red and white blood cells, we multiplied it by the dilution factor to find the concentration of blood cells. The dilution factor for the red blood cells and the white blood cells are different. For red blood cell, we multiplied the average by the dilution factor: 54 x 150,000 and got 8,100,000. For white blood cells, we multiplied 6.7 with 5,000 and got 33,500. Through this observation, we could conclude that red blood cells are much more concentrated than the white blood cells. Evaluation: My experimental design (method): Generally the method seems to work well to get suitable results but part of it could be improved to get even better results. Limitation Improvement Trapped air bubbles when placing the Tried to place the cover slip again more cover slip carefully Missed some cells in counting Tried 3~4 times to get as accurate results as possible Too small to observe Change the magnification to a higher power Too many cells to count Used different person’s blood Reliability We took many efforts to obtain reliable results. However, few factors led to unreliable results. Firstly, when we dropped the blood on the microscopic slide and put on the cover slip, the air bubbles were trapped, which interfered the view from the microscope. At first, we were flustered by what we saw, but we realized the cause and corrected our mistakes. When we got to the counting part, there were too many and the field of view was too small. We could fix the problem for the field of view by increasing the magnification. However, the number of cells was too much. We, therefore, had to change the person. We used Ms. Brown and luckily, there were much less cells to count. Strength With few changes made to improve our experiment, we could be confident with our results. Because we had little cells to count, it was easier and more straightforward. Furthermore, because we finished the experiment with in the time given, we could go over the experiment again. The second time we tried the lab, the results were similar, which reassured our reliability. Suggestion For better quality of the experiment and for more exact, accurate results, we should observe more than 3 squares. The more information obtained, the more reliable and more accurate the results.