Chemistry Essentials
Final Exam Review Assignment Fall, 2013
Answers
Chapter 1
6.
Answers vary
10 a. Between 8 AM and 9 AM b. Between 12 AM and 1 AM c. The number of cars starts out low, increases until early morning, and then decreases and levels off. The number of cars then increases toward 5PM and then drops off quickly. d. Between 8AM and 9AM many people are going to work and between 5PM and
6PM they are returning home. e. Check traffic patterns on weekends and holidays. If the hypothesis is correct, you would expect not to see dramatic changes at 8AM and 5PM on these days.
11. a. quantitative b. qualitative c. quantitative d. qualitative e. quantitative f. qualitative g. quantitative
14. “Every time we let go of something heavy, it falls to the ground” is a law. “For example…. ground.” is an observation. “ This happens because…earth” is a theory.
16. Chemistry is based on applying concepts.
Chapter 2
2.
Atoms are too small to see with the naked eye.
3.
a. compound b. compound c. molecular(diatomic) element d. atomic element e. molecular(diatomic) element f. compound g. atomic element
4. The molecules of that compound always contain the same number and types of atoms
5. In general, the properties of a compound are very different from the properties of the elements that formed the compound. Examples vary.
7. The particles in a gas are far apart, and have little interaction, so a gas is mostly empty space. In solids and liquids, the particles are closer together and have more interaction, so there is less empty space.
8. physical
9. chemical
10. The orange color
11. The substance reacts with iron(II) sulfate
13. a. chemical b. physical c. chemical d. chemical e. chemical f. chemical
g. chemical h. chemical i. physical
16. a. mixture b. mixture c. mixture d. pure substance
17.a. homogeneous b. heterogeneous c. heterogeneous d. homogeneous
e. heterogeneous
18. a. element b. compound

21. Add water to the sample and heat the sample to boiling. The benzoic acid will dissolve, but the charcoal will not dissolve. Filter the charcoal out, and evaporate the water to recover the benzoic acid.
23. Compound X is a compound. Two different substances were formed when it was separated.
28. physical
29. chemical
Chapter 3
2. They discovered many new elements
6. C, H, O, N. No, the most abundant elements in the nonliving world are O, Si, Al, and Fe.
9.a. Ne b. Ni c. K d. Si e. Ba f. Ag
10.
Symbol Name
Fe
Cl
S
U iron chlorine sulfur uranium
Ne
K neon potassium
11. a. copper b. cobalt c. calcium d. carbon e. chromium f. cesium g. chlorine
h. cadmium
12. a. False. Most substance occur as mixtures b. False A given compound always has the same relative numbers of atoms of its various elements c. False Molecules are made up of atoms.
14. A compound is a substance composed of two or more atoms of different elements that are bonded together.
15. If a given compound always contains the same relative numbers of atoms of each kind, and those atoms always have the same masses, then the compounds made from those elements always contain the same relative masses of its elements.
16. a. PCl
3
b. B
2
H
6
c. CaCl
2
d. CBr
4
e. Fe
2
O
3
f. H
3
PO
4
17. a. False Thomson always beams of identical particles b. True c. False The atom was a sphere of positive charge in which negatively charged electrons were randomly distributed.
18. a. False A small, positively charged nucleus b. False the proton and electron have opposite charges, but very different masses c. True
22. electrons
23. False
24. False
25. All atoms of a given element are not identical
26. All atoms of a given element are not identical. Different atoms of the same element may have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. These are called isotopes.
27 a. 32 b. 30 c. 24 d. 74 e. 38 f. 27 g. 4 h. 3

28. a.
17
8
O b.
37
17
Cl c.
60
27
Co d.
57
26
Fe e.
111
53
I f.
7
3
Li
29. a. 94 p, 94e, 150 n b. 95 p, 95 e, 146 n c. 89p, 89e, 138n d. 55p, 55e, 78n e. 77p, 77 e, 116 n f. 25p, 25e, 31 n
30.
Name Symbol Atomic
Number
Mass
Number
Neutrons sodium nitrogen barium lithium boron
23
11
15
7
9
3
N
136
56
11
5
Na
Li
B
Ba
11
7
56
3
5
23
15
136
9
11
12
8
80
6
6
31. Increasing atomic number – number and arrangement of electrons
32. vertical, families or groups
33. metals –, excellent conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile.
Nonmetals – not good excellent conductors of heat and electricity, not malleable, not ductile.
34. metals – to the left of the stairstep, Nonmetals – to the right of the stairstep more metals
35. Mercury is a liquid
37. Mercury is a liquid metal, and bromine is a liquid nonmetal
38. An element with characteristics of both a metal and a nonmetal. They touch the stairstep .
39. a. 17, halogen b. 2, alkaline earth metals c. 1, alkali metals d. 1, alkali metals e. 18, noble(inert) gas f. 1, alkali metals g. 18, noble(inert) gas
40. a. Rb, 37, 1, metal b. Ge, 32, 14, metalloid, c. Mg, 12, 2, metal d. Ti, 22, 4, metal e. I, 53, 17, nonmetal
41. Most are found combined in compounds because they are too reactive to remain in their elemental state.
42. They do not form compounds with other elements.
43. H
2
, F
2
, O
2,
N
2,
Cl
2
– diatomics, He, Ne, Kr, Xe, Rn, Ar – monatomic
45. [1] b [2] d [3] b [4] h [5] f [6] e [7] a [8] c [9] g [10] i
46 a. cation # protons # electrons Formula w/O
2-
K
+
19 18 K
2
O
Co
2+
27 25 CoO
Al
3+
13 10 Al
2
O
3
b. anion
Cl
S
P
2-
1-
3-
# protons # electrons Formula w/Ca
2+
17
16
15
18
18
18
CaCl
2
CaS
Ca
3
P
2

47. a) Ca: 20 p, 20 e Ca
2+
20 p, 18 e b) P 15p, 15 e P
3-
15 p, 18 e
c) Br 35 p, 35 e Br
1-
35p, 36e d) Fe 26 p, 26 e, Fe
3+
26p, 23 e e) Al 13p, 13e Al
3+
13 p, 10 e f) N 7p, 7e N
3-
7p, 10e
48. a) I
1-
b) Sr
2+
c) Cs
1+
d) Ra
2+
e) F
1-
f) Al
3+
50. In the liquid state, the ions can move around, allowing the electricity to conducted.
52. a) FeP b) Fe
2
S
3
c) FeCl
3
d) MgCl
2
e) MgO f) Mg
3
N
2
g) Na
3
P h) Na
2
S
54. Neutrons, electrons
55. Yes. Yes, for example carbon and oxygen can form CO and CO
2
.
56. a) CO
2
b) AlCl
3
c) HClO
4
d) SCl
6
57. a) +1 b) -2 c) +2 d) -1
59. a)
23
11
Na b)
24
11
Na c)
24
12
Mg