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The Origins of
Hospitality and Tourism
Kevin D O’Gorman
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The Origins of
Hospitality and Tourism
Kevin D O’Gorman
Editing Consultant: John Cousins
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Never let the future disturb you.
For you will meet it, if you wish to,
with the same weapons of reason
which today, arm you against the present
Aurelius, Meditations, VII:viii
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (AD 121–180), Emperor of Rome from юё161
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Goodfellow Publishers Ltd
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Published by Goodfellow Publishers Limited,
Woodeaton, Oxford, OX3 9TJ
‘Ĵ™DZȦȦ ǯ˜˜Ž••˜ ™ž‹•’œ‘Ž›œǯŒ˜–
›’’œ‘ȱ’‹›Š›¢ȱŠŠ•˜ž’—ȱ’—ȱž‹•’ŒŠ’˜—ȱŠŠDZȱŠȱŒŠŠ•˜žŽȱ›ŽŒ˜›ȱ˜›ȱ
‘’œȱ’•Žȱ’œȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ›’’œ‘ȱ’‹›Š›¢ǯ
’‹›Š›¢ȱ˜ȱ˜—›ŽœœȱŠŠ•˜ȱŠ›ȱž–‹Ž›DZȱ˜—ȱꕎǯ
DZȱşŝŞȬŗȬşŖŜŞŞŚȬŖŞȬŜ
˜™¢›’‘ȱȚȱŽŸ’—ȱȱȂ˜›–Š—ȱȱŠ—ȱ˜‘—ȱ˜žœ’—œȱŘŖŗŖ
••ȱ›’‘œȱ›ŽœŽ›ŸŽǯȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ™ž‹•’ŒŠ’˜—ǰȱ˜›ȱŠ—¢ȱ™Š›ȱ‘Ž›Ž˜ǰȱ
–Š¢ȱ—˜ȱ‹Žȱ›Ž™›˜žŒŽȱ˜›ȱ›Š—œ–’ĴŽȱ’—ȱŠ—¢ȱ˜›–ȱ˜›ȱ‹¢ȱŠ—¢ȱ–ŽŠ—œǰȱ
Ž•ŽŒ›˜—’Œȱ˜›ȱ–ŽŒ‘Š—’ŒŠ•ǰȱ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ™‘˜˜Œ˜™¢’—ǰȱ›ŽŒ˜›’—ǰȱœ˜›ŠŽȱ’—ȱ
an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission
˜ȱ‘Žȱ™ž‹•’œ‘Ž›ȱ˜›ȱž—Ž›ȱ•’ŒŽ—ŒŽȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ˜™¢›’‘ȱ’ŒŽ—œ’—ȱ
Ž—Œ¢ȱ’–’Žǯȱž›‘Ž›ȱŽŠ’•œȱ˜ȱœžŒ‘ȱ•’ŒŽ—ŒŽœȱǻ˜›ȱ›Ž™›˜›Š™‘’Œȱ
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›Ž™›˜žŒ’˜—Ǽȱ–Š¢ȱ‹Žȱ˜‹Š’—Žȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ˜™¢›’‘ȱ’ŒŽ—œ’—ȱŽ—Œ¢ȱ
’–’Žǰȱ˜ȱŠě›˜—ȱ
˜žœŽǰȱŜȮŗŖȱ’›‹¢ȱ›ŽŽǰȱ˜—˜—ȱŗȱŞǯ
Žœ’—ȱŠ—ȱ¢™ŽœŽĴ’—ȱ‹¢ȱǯǯȱŒ›’Žȱ
›’—Žȱ‹¢ȱ’‘—’—ȱ˜ž›ŒŽǰȱ ǯ•’‘—’—œ˜ž›ŒŽǯŒ˜–
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Contents
1
Background to the book
Acknowledgements
vii
xii
Historical Perspectives
1.1 The phenomenon of hospitality
1.2 Hospitality is as old as recorded human history
1.3 Focusing on Classical Antiquity
1.4 The hospitality lexicon
1.5 Links between oral tradition and texts
1
1
3
6
11
15
2
Philosophical Perspectives on Hospitality
2.1 Individual moral philosophy: host
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2.2 Hospitality and the nation states
2.3 Hospitality and language
2.4 Potential for discontentment and bias
2.5 Summary philosophical issues identified
21
21
25
31
34
36
3
Judaeo-Christian Origins
3.1 The Old Testament
3.2 The New Testament
3.3 Biblical studies
3.4 Patristic theology
3.5 The Teleological Fallacy
3.6 Summary of issues identified in the Judaeo-Christian literature
39
39
43
47
50
53
56
4
Classical Greece
4.1 Domestic hospitality: the nomad and the homestead
4.2 Civic hospitality: communities and the emergent city
4.3 Commercial hospitality: the geneses of an industry
4.4 Summary of hospitality in Classical Greece
57
57
64
67
69
5
Classical Rome
5.1 Founding of Rome
5.2 Domestic hospitality: consolidation of power
5.3 Civic hospitality: growth of an empire
5.3 Commercial hospitality: diversified industry
5.4 Summary of hospitality in Classical Rome
71
71
76
79
81
92
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The Origins of Hospitality and Tourism
6
Through the Middle Ages towards the Renaissance
6.1 Towards the end of Classical Antiquity
6.2 Identifying the Five Dimensions of Hospitality
6.3 The Middle Ages
95
95
98
102
7
Charitable Hospitality
7.1 The Abrahamic model of hospitality
7.2 Hospitality to those in necessitudine
7.3 The evolving but unchanged essence of charitable hospitality
111
111
114
125
8
Monastic Hospitality
8.1 The Origins of Western Monasticism
8.2 The rule of Benedict and rise of Western monastic hospitality
8.3 Basis for religious hospitality
8.4 The legacy of mediaeval monasticism
8.5 Summary of the principles of hospitality
127
127
128
134
136
140
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9
Along the Silk Routes
9.1 Caravanserais
9.2 Iranian hospitality
9.3 Mongolian hospitality
9.4 Customs and practices of hospitality
9.5 The future of Mongolian hospitality
143
143
145
151
154
158
10
The Dynamic Model of Hospitality
10.1 Hospitality: a social lens
10.2 Dynamic model of hospitality
10.3 Further development of the dynamic model of hospitality
10.4 The key outcomes
10.5 The ultimate conclusion
161
161
177
184
185
189
Appendices
A Glossary of names and terms
B Frequently used Latin and Greek Terms
C Methodological issues
D Augmented bibliography
Classical sources
Modern sources
Index
vi
191
191
193
195
204
209
217
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Background to the book
ž›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’—’’Š•ȱ ›ŽŠ’—ȱ Š—ȱ ‹Ž˜›Žȱ ž—Ž›Š”’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ
ž—Ž›™’—œȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ǰȱ’ȱ‹ŽŒŠ–ŽȱŒ•ŽŠ›ȱ‘Šȱ’—ȱŒž››Ž—ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜ž›’œ–ȱ
•’Ž›Šž›Žǰȱ‘Žȱ‘’œ˜›¢ȱŠ—ȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ŠœȱŠ—ȱ˜ŸŽ›•˜˜”ŽȱŠ›ŽŠȱ
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›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘DzȱŠ—ȱ’—ȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱŒŠœŽœȱœ˜–Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠœœŽ›’˜—œȱ Ž›Žȱ–Š—’Žœ•¢ȱ ›˜—ǯȱ
‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱž—Ž›™’——’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱ’œȱŽœœŽ—’Š••¢ȱ‘Ž›–ŽȬ
—Žž’ŒŠ•Dzȱ‘Šȱ’œȱ’—ŸŽœ’Š’—ȱ Š¢œȱ˜ȱŽ—Š’—ȱ ’‘ȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›™›Ž’—ȱŽ¡žŠ•ȱ
ŠŠǯȱȱ‘Šœȱ˜ȱŽ™Ž—ȱž™˜—ȱ˜—ȱŽ¡žŠ•ȱŠŠǰȱŠœȱ‘Ž›ŽȱŠ›ŽȱŸŽ›¢ȱŽ ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ™›ŠŒȬ
’ŒŠ•ȱ Š¢œȱ ˜ȱ ŠŒŒŽœœ’—ȱ •Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ —’šž’¢ǯȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ Šœȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ŒŠ››’Žȱ
˜žȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›™›Ž’Ÿ’œȱ™Š›Š’–ȱŠœȱ’ȱ’œȱœŽŽ”’—ȱ˜ȱ˜‹œŽ›ŸŽȱ‘ŽȱŽ—Ž›Š•ȱ
›Ž—œȱ Š—ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ǯȱ ˜–Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱ ˜ȱ
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žœ’—ȱ•’Ž›Šž›ŽȱŠ—ȱ›Š—œ•Š’˜—ȱǻŒ˜–™˜ž—Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱŠŒȱ‘Šȱ‘’œȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ
’œȱ žœ’—ȱ Ž¡œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ ›’ĴŽ—ȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ •ŽŠœȱ œŽŸŽ—ȱ Š—Œ’Ž—ȱ ˜›ȱ –˜Ž›—ȱ
•Š—žŠŽœǼȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœž››˜ž—’—ȱŒ˜—›˜ŸŽ›œ’ŽœȱŠ›’œŽȱ›˜–ȱ˜ž›ȱ™›’—Œ’™Š•ȱ’Ȭ
ꌞ•’ŽœDZȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ ’—ȱ Š—Œ’Ž—ȱ –Š—žœŒ›’™œDzȱ ˜‹œŒž›Žȱ Ž¡ȱ Š—ȱ Ÿ˜ŒŠ‹ž•Š›¢Dzȱ
Ž—˜–’—Š’˜—Š•ȱ‹’ŠœDzȱŠ—ȱ›Š—œ•Š’˜—ȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ǯ
‘Šȱ™›˜ŸŽȱ˜ȱ‹Žȱ’–™˜›Š—ǰȱŠ•˜—ȱ ’‘ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱœ”’••œǰȱ ŠœȱŠ–’•’Š›’¢ȱ
’‘ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡œȱŠ—ȱ™Ž›’˜ȱ˜ȱ’–Žȱž—Ž›ȱ’—ŸŽœ’Š’˜—ȱŠ•‹Ž’ȱ˜›ȱ™›ŽŸ’˜žœȱŠ—ȱ
’쎛Ž—ȱ ™ž›™˜œŽœǯȱ ’‘˜žȱ ‘Žȱ —ŽŒŽœœŠ›¢ȱ •Š—žŠŽȱ Š—ȱ ›Š—œ•Š’˜—ȱ œ”’••œǰȱ
‘’œȱ™›˜“ŽŒȱ ˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žǯȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›’œŒ’™•’—Š›¢ȱŒ˜–‹’—Š’˜—ȱ
˜ȱ Œ•Šœœ’Œœǰȱ ‘Ž˜•˜¢ȱ Š—ȱ ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ȱ ’—ȱ Š—Ž–ȱ ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ Š–˜œ™‘Ž›Žȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ
‹žœ’—ŽœœȱœŒ‘˜˜•ȱ‹›˜ž‘ȱ˜Ž‘Ž›ȱŠȱž—’šžŽȱœŽȱ˜ȱ’—Ž›Žœœǰȱœ”’••œȱŠ—ȱŠ‹’•’’Žœȱ
˜ȱž—Ž›™’—ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯ
›Ž•’–’—Š›¢ȱ ꗍ’—œȱ ž—Ž›™’——’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹˜˜”ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ
presented in a variety of publications and conference papers at various
œŠŽœȱ™›’˜›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ȱ‹Ž’—ȱꗊ•’œŽǯȱ‘’œȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŸŠ•žŠ‹•Žȱ—˜ȱ
˜—•¢ȱ˜ȱŽœȱ‘Žȱ–Ž‘˜˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœŽœȱ‹žȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜ȱŽŸŽ•˜™ȱ‘Žȱꗍ’—œǯȱ
™Ž—’—ȱ ž™ȱ ‹˜‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›Ž•’–’—Š›¢ȱ ꗍ’—œǰȱ ’—ȱ
ŽœœŽ—ŒŽȱ›Žšž’›’—ȱ‘Žȱ—ŽŽȱ˜ȱŽ¡™•Š’—ȱŠ—ȱ“žœ’¢ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŠ—ȱ˜žŒ˜–Žœǰȱ
ŒŽ›Š’—•¢ȱŒ˜—›’‹žŽȱ˜ȱŽ—‘Š—Œ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœǯ
‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱ˜Œžœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ȱ’œȱ˜—ȱŽ¡™•˜›’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡ž›Š•ȱŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ›˜–ȱŠ—ȱ
Š‹˜žȱ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ—’šž’¢ȱ’—ȱ˜›Ž›ȱ˜ȱ’Ž—’¢ȱŠœ™ŽŒœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—œȱ˜ȱ‘˜œȬ
™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜ž›’œ–ǯȱ—ȱ—ŽŠ›•¢ȱŠ••ȱŒŠœŽœȱ‘Žȱ™›’–Žȱ™ž›™˜œŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡œȱ Šœȱ
—˜ȱ˜ȱ˜ȱ ’‘ȱ›ŽŒ˜›’—ȱ‘Žȱ‘’œ˜›¢ȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱ
vii
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The Origins of Hospitality and Tourism
˜ŒžœŽœȱ˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’—Œ’Ž—ŒŽœȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ‘Šȱ Ž›Žȱ’Ž—’ꮍǯȱ
˜—œŽšžŽ—•¢ȱ‘’œȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŠȱ‘’œ˜›¢ȱ‹˜˜”ǰȱŠ•‘˜ž‘ȱ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽœȱŠ›Žȱ–ŠŽȱŠ—ȱ
detail provided to help the reader to locate the incidences within the historic
›Š–Ž ˜›”ǯ
˜ ǰȱ ꗊ••¢ǰȱ œŠ—’—ȱ ‹ŠŒ”ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›”ȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ Š›Žȱ ”Ž¢ȱ Šœ™ŽŒœȱ ˜ȱ
hospitality that apparently are constant: it is only when the contents of the
‹˜˜”ȱŠ›ŽȱŽ¡Š–’—Žǰȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ›žŽȱ›Ž Š›’—ȱ›’Œ‘—Žœœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜žŒ˜–Žœȱ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ
ŽŸ’Ž—ǯȱ ‘Žȱ ™›’—Œ’™Š•ȱ ˜žŒ˜–Žȱ ’œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ ’—ȱ ’œȱ
‹›˜ŠŽœȱœŽ—œŽȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ›ŽŒ˜›Žȱœ’—ŒŽȱ‘Žȱ‹Ž’——’—ȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱ‘’œ˜›¢ȱŠ—ȱ
’ȱŽ–‹›ŠŒŽœȱŠȱ ’Žȱ›Š—Žȱ˜ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’’Žœȱ‹Ž¢˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱ™›˜Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ
˜˜ǰȱ›’—”ȱŠ—ȱŠŒŒ˜––˜Š’˜—ǯȱ—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ǰȱ‘ŽȱŽœœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ
™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ǰȱ ’‘’—ȱ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ—’šž’¢ǰȱ’œȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œŽȱ‹¢ȱŠȱ›ŽŒ’™›˜ŒŠ••¢ȱ
‹Ž—ŽęŒ’Š•ȱ ˜Ȭ Š¢ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ‘ŠȱŠ”Žœȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘›ŽŽȱ’œ’—ŒǰȱŠ—ȱœŽ™ŠȬ
rate, contexts: domestic, civil and commercial, which can also be summarised
Š—ȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ‹¢ȱ¢—Š–’ŒȱŸ’œžŠ•ȱ–˜Ž•œǯ
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¡™•˜›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›’’—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ Š’ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›ŠŒ’’˜—Ž›ȱ ’‘’—ȱ ‘Žȱ
‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ’—žœ›¢ȱ˜Š¢DzȱŠ Š›Ž—Žœœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™ŠœȱŒŠ—ȱŠ• Š¢œȱ‘Ž•™ȱ˜ȱž’Žȱ
‘Žȱžž›Žǯȱ‘ŽȱŒž››Ž—ȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœ’—ȱŽ‹ŠŽȱ˜—ǰȱŠ—ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ’—˜ǰȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—œȱ
˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ŒŠ—ȱ Ž—‘Š—ŒŽȱ ‘Žȱ žž›Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ’—žœ›¢ǯȱ ›˜Žœœ’˜—Š•’œ–ȱ Š—ȱ
›ŽŠŽ›ȱ Ž¡™Ž›’œŽȱ ŒŠ—ȱ œž›Ž•¢ȱ Œ˜–Žȱ ›˜–ȱ Šȱ ŽŽ™Ž›ȱ ž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ
’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ǰȱ‘Šȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŽŸ˜•Ÿ’—ȱœ’—ŒŽȱŠ—’šž’¢ǰȱŠ—ȱ˜—ȱ
‘’Œ‘ȱ‘Žȱ’—žœ›¢ȱ—˜ ȱ›Ž•’Žœǯ
Aims of the book
‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱŠ’–œȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱŠ›Žȱ˜DZ
ǐȱ ˜—œ’Ž›ȱ ‘Žȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ǰȱ ŽŒ˜—˜–’Œȱ Š—ȱ Ž˜›Š™‘’ŒŠ•ȱ ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽœȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ
development of hospitality principles and practices within Classical
—’šž’¢Dz
ǐȱ ›˜Ÿ’ŽȱŠȱœ›žŒž›ŽȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱŠ—ȱœž™™˜›’—ȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ˜›ȱ‘˜œŽȱ
Š—’—ȱ ˜ȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ Š—ȱ ž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™‘ŽȬ
nomenon of hospitality;
ǐȱ ›˜Ÿ’ŽȱŠȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ•’Ž›Šž›ŽȱŠœȱŠȱ‹˜˜”ȱŠ‹˜žȱ‘Žȱ›žŽȱ˜›’’—œȱ
˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ’Ž—’¢ȱ‘˜ ȱŠ—ȱž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ‘Žȱ™ŠœȱŒŠ—ȱ‘Ž•™ȱ’—ȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™’—ȱ –˜Ž›—ȱ Š™™›˜ŠŒ‘Žœȱ ˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ ˜ž›’œ–ȱ –Š—ŠŽȬ
ment, and
ǐȱ Meet the needs of students and practitioners of the hospitality, tourȬ
ism and leisure industries and provide a sound foundation on which
˜ȱ‹ž’•ȱžž›Žȱœž’Žœǯ
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Background to the book
Structure of the book
‘ŽȱŽ¡ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ȱŒŠ—ȱ‹ŽȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ŽȱŠœȱŠȱ ‘˜•Žȱ˜›ȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•ȱŒ‘Š™Ž›œȱŒŠ—ȱ
‹ŽȱŒ˜—œ’Ž›Žȱœ’—Š••¢ǯȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ȱ’œȱ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ’—ȱŽ—ȱŒ‘Š™Ž›œDZ
Chapter 1 Historical Perspectives presents the focus, content and coverȬ
ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ǯȱ‘Žȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ•Ž¡’Œ˜—ȱ’œȱ›ŠŒŽȱ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ‘Žȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—œȱ˜ȱ‘˜œȱŠ—ȱžŽœȱŠ—ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ˜›œȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š™Ž›ȱ
Ž—œȱ ’‘ȱŽ¡™•˜›’—ȱ‘Žȱ•’—”œȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ˜›Š•ȱ›Š’’˜—ȱŠ—ȱŽ¡œǯȱ
Chapter 2 Philosophical Perspectives on Hospitality presents a critical
Š—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž•Š’˜—œ‘’™ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ‘Žȱ
Š—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ”Ž¢ȱ ›’Ž›œȱŠ—ȱ’œŒžœœŽœȱ–˜›Š•ȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ‘˜œǰȱ—Š’˜—ȱ
œŠŽœǰȱ›ŽžŽŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ•Š—žŠŽǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š™Ž›ȱŽ—ȱ ’‘ȱŠȱ—˜Žȱ
˜—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ˜›ȱ‹’ŠœȱŠ—ȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽœȱŠȱœž––Š›¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘’ŒŠ•ȱ’œœžŽȱ
’Ž—’ꮍǯ
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Chapter 3 Judaeo-Christian Originsȱ ’Ž—’ęŽœǰȱ ‘›˜ž‘ȱ Šȱ ›ŽŸ’Ž ȱ ˜ȱ
žŠŽ˜Ȭ‘›’œ’Š—ȱ ‘Ž˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ Š—ȱ œŒ›’™ž›Š•ȱ ‘˜ž‘ǰȱ –Š—¢ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›Žœž™Ȭ
™˜œ’’˜—œȱ‘Šȱž—Ž›™’—ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŒ˜—ŸŽ—’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽœǯȱ‘Žȱ‘Š™Ž›ȱ
Š•œ˜ȱ’—Œ•žŽœȱŠȱœŽŒ’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ™›˜‹•Ž–œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ•Ž˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŠ••ŠŒ¢ȱ
Š—ȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽœȱŠȱœž––Š›¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱ’œœžŽœȱ’Ž—’ꮍȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ‹’‹•’ŒŠ•ȱŠ—ȱ
‘Ž˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ•’Ž›Šž›Žǯ
Chapter 4 Classical Greece explores hospitality in early Classical
—’šž’¢ȱ˜Œžœ’—ȱ˜—ȱ˜–Žœ’Œȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢DZȱ‘Žȱ—˜–ŠȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ‘˜–ŽœŽŠDzȱ
Œ’Ÿ’Œȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢DZȱŒ˜––ž—’’ŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ–Ž›Ž—ȱŒ’¢DzȱŠ—ȱŒ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱ‘˜œ™’Ȭ
Š•’¢DZȱ‘ŽȱŽ—ŽœŽœȱ˜ȱŠ—ȱ’—žœ›¢ǯ
Chapter 5 Classical Romeȱ™›ŽœŽ—œȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠȱ‘Žȱ‘Ž’‘ȱ˜ȱ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
—’šž’¢ǰȱ ˜Œžœ’—ȱ ˜—DZȱ ˜–Žœ’Œȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢DZȱ Œ˜—œ˜•’Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ™˜ Ž›Dzȱ Œ’Ÿ’Œȱ
‘˜œ™’Š•’¢DZȱ ›˜ ‘ȱ ˜ȱ Š—ȱ Ž–™’›ŽDzȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢DZȱ ’ŸŽ›œ’ꮍȱ
’—žœ›¢ǯ
Chapter 6 The Five Dimensions of Hospitality concludes the main
Ž¡™•˜›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ—’šž’¢ȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ••ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜–Š—ȱ–™’›Žȱ
Š—ȱœž––Š›’œŽœȱ‘Žȱ’Ž—’ꮍȱŠœ™ŽŒœȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ’—˜ȱ꟎ȱ’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ
‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ǯȱ˜ȱŒ˜–™•ŽŽȱ‘Žȱ˜ž—Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱž—Ž›™’——’—ȱ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ˜›ȱ
‘Žȱ ‘Ž–Š’Œȱ Œ‘Š™Ž›œȱ ‘Šȱ ˜••˜ ǰȱ ‘Žȱ Ž–Ž›’—ȱ ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽœȱ ‘›˜ž‘ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ
Š —ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ—Š’œœŠ—ŒŽȱŠ›ŽȱŽ¡™•˜›Žǯȱ
Chapter 7 Charitable Hospitality explores caritable perspectives of
‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠœȱŠȱŒ›˜œœȬœŽŒ’˜—Š•ȱ‘Ž–Žǯȱȱ‹›’Žȱ‘’œ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱœž––Š›¢ȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•Ȭ
ity, based on the Abrahamic model, is presented and the development of
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The Origins of Hospitality and Tourism
Œ‘Š›’Š‹•Žȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ’œȱŽ¡™•˜›ŽǯȱȱŒ˜—Œ•žŽœȱ‹¢ȱ›ŽĚŽŒ’—ȱ˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—œŠ—•¢ȱ
ŽŸ˜•Ÿ’—ȱ›Ž•’’˜žœȱ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ˜ȱ™›˜Ÿ’’—ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘˜œŽȱ’—ȱ–˜œȱ—ŽŽǯȱ
Chapter 8 Monastic hospitality explores the Western European monasȬ
Ž›¢ȱ ›Š’’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ’•ŽȱŽœǰȱ œŠ›’—ȱ ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ž•Žȱ ˜ȱ Ž—Ž’Œȱ Š—ȱ
’Ž—’ęŽœȱ‘˜ ǰȱž›’—ȱ‘ŽȱŗŖŖŖȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ˜ȱ–Ž’ŠŽŸŠ•ȱ’–Žœȱž™ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹Ž’——’—ȱ
˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž—Š’œœŠ—ŒŽǰȱ ‘Žȱ –˜—Šœ’Œȱ ›Š’’˜—œȱ Ž›Žȱ ŠěŽŒŽȱ Šȱ ‘Žȱ ’–Žȱ Š—ȱ
œž‹œŽšžŽ—•¢ȱ Š—ȱ Ž–™‘Šœ’œŽœȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ŒŽȱ ’—ȱ •Š¢’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ž—Š’˜—œȱ
˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ •ŠŽ›ȱ ˜›–Š•’œ’—ȱ ˜ȱ –˜Ž›—ȱ Œ’Ÿ’Œȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ǯȱ ‘Žȱ
Œ‘Š™Ž›ȱŒ˜—Œ•žŽœȱ ’‘ȱŠ—ȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™›’—Œ’™•Žœȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ‘Šȱ
‘Šȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŽœŠ‹•’œ‘Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘Žȱ›Š’’˜—œȱ˜ȱ ŽœŽ›—ȱ–˜—Šœ’Œ’œ–ǯ
Chapter 9 Along the Silk Routes examines examples of hospitality
™›ŠŒ’ŒŽœȱŠ•˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’•”ȱ˜ŠȱŠ—ȱ’—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱ˜ŒžœŽœȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž•’’˜žœȦŒ˜–Ȭ
–Ž›Œ’Š•ȱŒŠ›ŠŸŠ—œŽ›Š’œȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ‘˜–ŽȱǻŽ›œȱŠ—ȱ¢ž›œǼȱ’—ȱ›Š—ȱŠ—ȱ˜—˜•’Šǯ
Chapter 10 The Dynamic Model of Hospitality With the phenomenon
˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ‹ŽŒ˜–’—ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’œŽȱŠœȱŠȱꎕȱ˜ȱœž¢ǰȱ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱ’œȱ
intended to contribute, this chapter considers the implications of the publiȬ
cation of Hospitality: A Social LensȱŠ—ȱ‹›’—œȱ’—˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘Ž–Š’Œȱ›Š–Ž ˜›”ȱ
‘Žȱ Šœ™ŽŒœȱ ˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ’Ž—’ꮍȱ ‘›˜ž‘˜žȱ ‘Žȱ ›’’—œȱ ˜ȱ •Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ
—’šž’¢ǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š™Ž›ȱ‘Ž—ȱ™›ŽœŽ—œȱŠȱ¢—Š–’Œȱ–˜Ž•ȱ˜›ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ
Ž—œȱ ’‘ȱ Š—ȱ ˜ŸŽ›Š••ȱ ›ŽĚŽŒ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›’’—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ ˜ž›’œ–ȱ
’‘’—ȱ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ—’šž’¢ǯ
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˜ž›ȱŠ™™Ž—’ŒŽœȱŠ›Žȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ˜ȱœž™™˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š™Ž›œDZ
A Glossary of names and termsȱ Ȯȱ ™›˜Ÿ’Žœȱ šž’Œ”ȱ ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽȱ ž’Žȱ ˜ȱ
—Š–ŽœȱŠ—ȱŽ›–œȱžœŽȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ǯ
B Frequently used Latin and Greek termsȱȮȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽœȱŠȱšž’Œ”ȱ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽȱ
ž’Žȱ˜ȱŽ›–œȱžœŽȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜˜”ǯ
C Methodological issuesȱȮȱ™›ŽœŽ—œȱŠȱœž––Š›¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ”Ž¢ȱ–Ž‘˜˜•˜’Ȭ
ŒŠ•ȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘Žœȱ‘Šȱ Ž›ŽȱžœŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱž—™’——’—ȱ–žŒ‘ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ
Œ˜—Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ǯȱ
D Augmented bibliography – contains all references (both classical and
modern) within the text and more and also provides a standalone useful
›Žœ˜ž›ŒŽȱ˜›ȱŠŒŠŽ–’Œœǰȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘Ž›œǰȱ™›ŠŒ’’˜—Ž›œȱŠ—ȱœžŽ—œǯ
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Background to the book
Further work
‘Žȱ Œ˜—Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’œȱ ‹˜˜”ȱ ›Š’œŽœȱ ’œœžŽœȱ ‘Šȱ œ‘˜ž•ȱ ›Žšž’›Žȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ Œ˜—œ’Ȭ
Ž›Š’˜—ȱŽ’‘Ž›ȱ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ‘Ž¢ȱ ’••ȱŽ¡Ž—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡’œ’—ȱ ˜›”ȱ˜›ȱ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱž›‘Ž›ȱ
’—ŸŽœ’Š’˜—ȱŒ˜ž•ȱ›Žę—Žȱ’ǯȱ
‘’œȱ ˜›”ȱ Šœȱ ›Žœ›’ŒŽȱ ™›’–Š›’•¢ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽŒ˜Ȭ˜–Š—ȱ Œ’Ÿ’•’œŠ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ
•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ—’šž’¢ǰȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ™›˜“ŽŒœȱ‘ŠȱŽ¡™•˜›Žȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ‹žȱŒ˜—Ȭ
Ž–™˜›Š—Ž˜žœȱ Œ’Ÿ’•’œŠ’˜—œȱ œ‘˜ž•ȱ ‹Žȱ ™˜œœ’‹•Žǯȱ ž›‘Ž›ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ Œ˜ž•ȱ ‹Žȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱ‘˜›’£˜—Š••¢ǯȱ˜›ȱŽ¡Š–™•ŽǰȱŠ—ȱŽ¡™•˜›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ—Œ’Ž—ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ
™›ŠŒ’ŒŽœȱ ˜žœ’Žȱ ž›˜™Žȱ Œ˜ž•ȱ ‹Žȱ ™Š›’Œž•Š›•¢ȱ Ž—•’‘Ž—’—ǰȱ Šœȱ ’ȱ ˜ž•ȱ
™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ Šȱ žœŽž•ȱ Œ˜–™Š›’œ˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽœȱ ˜ȱ ŽŠ›•¢ȱ ž›˜™Žǯȱ
‘’œȱŒ˜–™Š›Š’ŸŽȱœž¢ȱŒ˜ž•ȱ‘Ž•™ȱ˜ȱŠ—œ Ž›ȱ‘ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ™˜œŽȱŽŠ›•’Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ
further explore the view that hospitality is inherently a basic human trait
Š—ȱ—˜ȱ‹˜›—ȱ˜žȱ˜ȱŠȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱŠ’‘ȱŠ—ȱœ¢œŽ–ȱ˜ȱ‹Ž•’Žǯ
Another option would be to develop the research vertically into other
™Ž›’˜œȱ ˜ȱ ’–Žȱ ’‘’—ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ Ž˜›Š™‘’ŒŠ•ȱ ›Ž’˜—ǯȱ ˜›ȱ Ž¡Š–™•Žǰȱ ’ȱ ‘Žȱ
›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ Ž›Žȱ™›˜›ŽœœŽȱ’—˜ȱ‘Žȱ–˜Ž›—ȱŠŽȱ˜ȱž›˜™ŽŠ—ȱ‘’œ˜›¢ȱ’ȱ ˜ž•ȱ
‹ŽȱŠœŒ’—Š’—ȱ˜ȱœŽŽȱ‘˜ ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŒ˜—’—žŽȱ˜ȱŽŸŽ•˜™ȱŠ—ȱŽŸ˜•ŸŽȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱ
Šȱ •˜—Ž›ȱ ™Ž›’˜ȱ ˜ȱ ’–Žǯȱ ‘’œȱ Œ˜ž•ȱ Š•œ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ›žŽȱ ’ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ Šœȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ
ŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱ‘˜›’£˜—Š••¢ȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ’–Žȱ™Ž›’˜ǯȱ
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—Žȱꗊ•ȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ˜›ȱž›‘Ž›ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘DZȱœȱ‘Ž›Žȱ›ŽŠ••¢ȱŠ—¢‘’—ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ
’—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜Ž›—ȱ—˜’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ‘Šȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŒ˜—Š’—Žȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—œȱ
’Ž—’ꮍȱ ’‘’—ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ǵȱ
ŽŸ’—ȱȂ˜›–Š—ǰȱŠ›Œ‘ȱŘŖŗŖȱ
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The Origins of Hospitality and Tourism
Acknowledgments
‘Žȱ™›Ž™Š›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‹˜˜”ȱ‘Šœȱ›Š —ȱž™˜—ȱŠȱŸŠ›’Ž¢ȱ˜ȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽœȱŠ—ȱ
’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ‹žȱŒ˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱž—Ž›Š”Ž—ȱ ’‘˜žȱ‘ŽȱŠœœ’œŠ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱŠȱ
ŸŠ›’Ž¢ȱ˜ȱ™Ž˜™•Žǯȱ—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱȱ ˜ž•ȱ•’”Žȱ˜ȱ‘Š—”ȱ˜‘—ȱ˜žœ’—œǰȱ’›ŽŒ˜›ȱ
˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜˜ȱŠ—ȱŽŸŽ›ŠŽȱ›Š’—’—ȱ˜–™Š—¢ǰȱ˜—˜—ǰȱ˜›ȱŠŒ’—ȱŠœȱŽ’’—ȱ
Œ˜—œž•Š—ǯȱ
ȱ ˜ž•ȱŠ•œ˜ȱ•’”Žȱ˜ȱŽ¡™›Žœœȱ–¢ȱ‘Š—”œȱ˜ȱ–¢ȱŒ˜••ŽŠžŽœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱžœ’—Žœœȱ
Œ‘˜˜•ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ—’ŸŽ›œ’¢ȱ˜ȱ›Š‘Œ•¢ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱ‘Š—”œȱ˜ȱ–¢ȱœž™Ž›Ÿ’Ȭ
œ˜›œȱŠ—ȱŽ¡Š–’—Ž›œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—Š•ȱ‘Žœ’œȱ˜›ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŠŸ’ŒŽȱŠ—ȱœž™™˜›DZȱŠ’•Ž’—ȱ
’••Žœ™’Žȱ‘Š›•Žœȱ
Š›ŸŽ¢ǰȱ˜—›ŠȱŠœ‘•Ž¢ǰȱŠž•ȱ¢—Œ‘ǰȱ•’œ˜—ȱ˜››’œ˜—ȱŠ—ȱ
’Œ‘Š›ȱ›Ž—’ŒŽǯȱ
’’˜—Š••¢ȱ ȱ ˜ž•ȱ •’”Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘Š—”DZȱ ‘Žȱ “˜ž›—Š•ȱ Ž’˜›œȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—Ž›Ž—ŒŽȱ
˜›Š—’œŽ›œȱ ‘˜ȱ™ž‹•’œ‘Žȱ ˜›”œȱŒ˜–’—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœǰȱ’—ȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱ‘Žȱ
˜›Š—’œŽ›œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–Š—¢ Œ˜—Ž›Ž—ŒŽœȱŠ—ȱŠ—˜—¢–˜žœȱ›ŽŽ›ŽŽœDzȱŠŸ’ȱ›˜˜”œȱ
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˜›ȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Ž•™ȱ ’—ȱ ›Š ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ¢—Š–’Œȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ –˜Ž•œDzȱ Š’—ȱ ŠŒŠ›Ž—ȱ
˜ȱ ¢•’Žȱ ‘Š—”œȱ›Œ‘’ŽŒœǰȱ Š—ȱ –˜œȱ ’–™˜›Š—•¢ǰȱ •Š¢œȱ ‘Š™–Š—ȱ ǻ–¢ȱ
–˜‘Ž›Ǽȱ˜›ȱ›ŽŠ’—ȱŽ—•ŽœœȱŠ›’Œ•ŽœȱŠ—ȱ™›˜˜œǯ
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About the author
›ȱ ŽŸ’—ȱ Ȃ˜›–Š—ȱ ’œȱ ’›ŽŒ˜›ȱ ˜ȱ ž—Ž›Ȭ
›ŠžŠŽȱ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜ž›’œ–ȱ™›˜›Š––Žœȱ
’—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ™Š›–Ž—ȱ˜ȱŠ—ŠŽ–Ž—ǰȱ›Š‘Œ•¢Žȱ
žœ’—ŽœœȱŒ‘˜˜•ǯȱ
’œȱ˜Œ˜›ŠŽȱ’œȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ‘’œ˜›¢ȱŠ—ȱ™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ȱ
˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽŒ˜Ȭ˜–Š—ȱ ˜›•ȱ ˜ȱ
Œ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱŠ—’šž’¢ǯȱ
Žȱ‘Šœȱ™ž‹•’œ‘ŽȱŽ¡Ž—œ’ŸŽ•¢ȱ
˜—ȱ ˜™’Œœȱ ›Ž•Š’—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘’œ˜›¢ǰȱ ™›ŠŒ’ŒŽȱ Š—ȱ
™‘’•˜œ˜™‘¢ȱ ˜ȱ ‘˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ –Š—ŠŽ–Ž—ǯȱ Žȱ ’œȱ
Š•œ˜ȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ‘Žȱ žŽœȱ Ž’˜›ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ œ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ ’œœžŽȱ
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of the International Journal of Contemporary
˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱŠ—ŠŽ–Ž—ȱ‘Šȱ’œȱ’—ŸŽœ’Š’—ȱ‘Žȱ
’œ˜›¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱ
˜œ™’Š•’¢ȱ—žœ›¢ȱ›˜–ȱ•Šœœ’ŒŠ•ȱ—’šž’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱŗş‘ȱŽ—ž›¢ǯ
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Chapter extract
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