TOURISM
OBJECTIVES
 Define Tourism
 Outline the important international and domestic
tourism organizations.
 Describe the economic impact of tourism
 Identify promoters of tourism
OBJECTIVES
 List reasons why people travel
 Describe the sociocultural impact of tourism
 Describe ecotourism
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 The Great Wall of China was constructed and continued for
centuries until the 1600s
 Athletic cames where held in Olympia Greece in 776 B.C.
 The Romans liked to visit the Bay of Naples, so they built a
road in 312
 Religious pilgrimages to Rome and Holy Land began in
1200s
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 Marco Polo became the first noted business
traveler as he pioneered routes from Europe to
China, (Khans) 1275-1292
 1600s – Horse-drawn coach travel in England, Post
houses were set up
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 Thomas Cook organized a group tour for 570
people to a religious meeting in England
 In 1850, Monaco decided to cure its economic
woes by becoming a winter haven for the rich as a
health resort and casino
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 Cruising began in the 1840s with the Cunard Lines
crossing the Atlantic between England and North
America
 1840 – The Peninsula and Oriental Steam
Navigation Company cruised the Mediterranean
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 During the age of the grand tour from 1880 through
the 1930s, wealthy Europeans toured Europe as a part
of their education
 Rail travel began in the 1800s
 Auto travel began in the 1900s
 Air travel began in the 1900s
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 American Airlines’ first transcontinental flight between
New York and Los Angeles was introduced in 1959
 In 1970, Boeing 747 began flying 450 passengers across
the Antlantic and Pacific Oceans
 1970 – Ecotourism and sustainable tourism became
important topics
HIGHLIGHTS OF TOURISM
 In 1980s, cruising became popular
 In 1986, US established the Visa Waiver Program
(27 countries)
 2000 – Tourism temporarily declined as a result of
the September 11 attacks
WHAT IS TOURISM?
 Tourism is a dynamic, evolving, consumer-driven force
and is the world’s largest industry, or collection of
industries, when all its interrelated components are
placed under one umbrella: tourism, travel; lodging;
conventions, expositions, meetings, events; restaurants,
managed services; assembly, destination and event
management; and recreation.
TOURISM
 WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (WTO)
 Tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business, and other purposes.
WORLD TOURISM ORGANZATION
 Aims at stimulating economic growth and job
creation, providing incentives for protecting the
environment and cultural heritage, and promoting
peace, prosperity, and respect for human rights.
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION
 143 countries
 7 territories
 350 affiliate members
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
 World Tourism Organization (WTO)
 World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
 24 – 7 – 52 economic driver
 Responsible for 10.2 percent of world gross domestic
product (GDP)
 Employer of 214 million people or 7.8 % glabal
workforce
 Creation of 5.5 million jobs
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
 Spending of 72.3 billion dollars
 Leading producer of tax revenues
 Forecasted 4.6 % growth between 2006 and 2015
BENEFITS OF TOURISM
 Job creation
 Fastest-growing economic sector
 Stimulates enormous investment in infrastructure
BENEFITS OF TOURISM
 Provides governments with substantial tax
revenues
 Intercultural awareness and personal friendships
 Contributing to peace
CAUSE OF TOURISM TRENDS
 Opening of borders
 Increase in disposable income and vacation
 Reasonably affordable airfares
 Increase in the number of people with more time and
money to travel
 More people with the urge to travel
TOURISM 2020 VISION
 The World Tourism Organization’s long-term
forecast and assessment of the development of
tourism for the first twenty years of the new
millennium.
ACTUAL AND FORECAST TOURISM ARRIVALS
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
 Pre-Industrial Revolution (prior to 1840)
 The railway age
 The automobile age
 The jet aircraft age
 The cruise ship age
PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Pyramids – Nile river
 Queen Hatshepsut to the Land of Punt 1480 B.C.
– Luxor
 Phoenicians were among the first real travelers
 Travel was motivated by trade
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 Wealthy Romans traveled to Egypt and Greece for
baths and shrines and seaside resorts
 The town of Pompeii revealed restaurants and taverns
 The first Olympic games were held in 775 B.C.
 Medieval travel was mostly for religious or trade
reasons
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 The Crusades which began in 1195 lasted for 200 years
stimulated a cultural exchange that was in part responsible for the
Renaissance
 Marco Polo (1254-1324) traveled the Silk Road from Venice to
Beijing. Lasted for 24 years
 Kublai Khan gave Marco Polo a golden tablet
 “By the strength of the eternal Heaven, holy be the Khan’s name. Let
him that pays him not reverence be killed.” - VIP Passport
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE RAILWAY AGE
 The need to transports goods and people
 Quicker route to the west
 Train made mass travel possible
 Trail travel abroad
 Does the Train Have a FUTURE?
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE AUTOMOBILE AGE
 Automobiles were invented in Germany
 Henry Ford’s assembly line and construction of
good, solid roads
 Remains to be the most convenient and rapid form
of transportation for short and medium distances
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE AUTOMOBILE AGE
 Rental cars
 Traveling by Bus
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE JET AIRCRAFT AGE
 Made it possible to build great resorts on remote
islands
 Reasonable airfares make it possible for more
people to travel by air
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE HUB-AND-SPOKE SYSTEM
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE HUB-AND-SPOKE SYSTEM
 Airlines can service more cities at a lower cost
 Airlines can maximize passenger loads form small
cities, thereby saving fuel
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
NEW AIRPLANES
 Airbus A350
 Boeing 747-8
 Airbus A380
 Boeing 787
 Antonov An-148
 Bombardier CRJ-1000
 AVIC ARJ-21
 Embraer 195
 Boeing 737-900
 Evektor EV-55
 Sukhoi Superjet-100
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE JET AIRCRAFT AGE
 Components of airline profit and loss
 The load factor
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE CRUISE SHIP AGE
 More than 200 cruise lines offer a variety of
wonderful vacations
 The cruise market has increased dramatically in
recent years
THE FIVE AGES OF TOURISM
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
Country
Thailand
Japan
Hong Kong (China)
Philippines
Russia
Greece
Growth of
International Tourism
Receipts in 2013 (%)
27.5%
24.6%
20.6%
19.6%
15.3%
14.8%
Growth of
International Tourism
Arrivals in 2013 (%)
19.6%
24%
8%
11.2%
10.5%
15.5%
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
Country
Growth of International Tourism
Receipts in 2013 (%)
Growth of International
Tourism Arrivals in 2013 (%)
United Kingdom
Turkey
India
Taiwan
Indonesia
Saudi Arabia
Macao (China)
United States
14.7%
12%
12%
12%
11.9%
10.9%
10.7%
10.5%
5.4%
10.5%
4.1%
9.7%
9.1%
-7.2%
5.4%
4.2%
THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT
OTHERS IN THE COMMUNITY RECEIVE AND SPEND ON
RELATED PRODUCTS AND SERVICE AND SO ON
SUPPLIERS AND EMPLOYEES SPEND MONEY ON
ITEMS FOR THEIR WANTS AND NEEDS
SUPPLIER AND PAYROLL TO SUPPORT AND PROVIDE
PRODUCTION AND SERVICES
NEW MONEY IN THE
ECONOMY
PROMOTERS OF TOURISM
 Pacific Area Travel Association (PATA) - 34
countries
 National Tourism Organization
 Travel Industry of America (TIA)
PROMOTERS OF TOURISM
 State Offices of Tourism
 City-Level Offices of Tourism and Convention
Centers
 Tour Operators
 Travel Agencies
PROMOTERS OF TOURISM
 Commission Caps
 Tour Wholesalers and Consolidators
 National Offices of Tourism
 Destination Management Companies
WHY PEOPLE TRAVEL?
 Visit friends and relatives
 Health
 Enlightenment, education
 Beauty, nature, and
national parks
 Religion
 Indulgence
 Sports
 Festivals
 Shopping
 Fun of the
trip
 Gaming
 Adventure
 Heritage
 Ecotourism
 Attractions
LEISURE/PLEASURE TRAVEL
 82 % o fdomestic travel is leisure/pleasure travel
LEISURE/PLEASURE TRAVEL
 To experience new and different surroundings
 To experience other cultures
 To rest and relax
 To visit friends and family
 To view, or participate I sporting/recreational activities
INCREASE IN TRAVEL
 Longer life span
 Flexible working hours
 Early retirement
INCREASE IN TRAVEL
 Greater ease of travel
 Tendency to take shorter, more frequent trips
 Increase in the standard of living
PUSH/PULL MODEL
 Pull – attractions
 Push – personal needs
DIFFERENT PLACES FOR DIFFERENT PEOPLE
 Scenic beauty
 Pleasant attitudes of local people
 Suitable accommodations
 Rest and relaxation
 Airfare cost
DIFFERENT PLACES FOR DIFFERENT PEOPLE
 Historical and cultural interests
 Cuisine
 Water sports
 Entertainment
 Shopping facilities
 Sports
EXPECTATION VS REALITY
BUSINESS TRAVEL
 A high percentage of upscale hotel guests are
business travelers
 Business travel has declined in the recent years
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
 Can have a positive and negative impact on
communities
ECOTOURISM
 Focused more on individual values; it is “tourism with a
conscience”
 International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines
ecotourism as
 Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and improves well-being of local people
ECOTOURISM
 Minimize impact
 Build environmental and cultural awareness and
respect
 Provide positive experiences for both visitors and
hosts
 Provide direct financial benefits for conservation
ECOTOURISM
 Proved financial benefits and empowerment for local people
 Raise
 Sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental, and
social climate
 Support international human rights and labor agreements
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
 Places a broad-based obligation on society
especially those involved in making tourism policy;
planning for development; and harmonizing
tourism and tourism development by improving
the quality of a place’s environment and resources,
physical and sociocultural.
ARE YOU A TRAVELER?
 T means TOLERANCE
 R means RESPECT
 A means ADVENTURE
 V means VIABILITY
 E means ENDORSEMENT
 L means LEARNING
 E means ENVIRONMENTAL
 R means REPRESENTING
CULTURAL, HERITAGE, NATURE AND
VOLUNTEER TOURISM
 CULTURAL TOURISM
 These trips are motivated by interest in cultural events
 HERITAGE TOURISM
 This type of tourism is motivated by historic
prpeservation
CULTURAL, HERITAGE, NATURE AND
VOLUNTEER TOURISM
 NATURE TOURISM
 These trips are motivated by nature
 CULINARY TOURISM
 Gastronomic tours have an appeal to “foodies”
CULTURAL, HERITAGE, NATURE AND
VOLUNTEER TOURISM
 VOLUNTEER TOURISM
 One of the major attractions for those who
volunteer for overseas aid projects I the
opportunity to travel safely and cheaply
TRENDS IN TOURISM AND TRAVEL
TREND #1. IMPACT OF MILLENNIALS
 Millennials – 18- to 30-year-olds –
 “Millennials are a much more ethnically diverse group than other
generations and so are more interested in international travel,”
 Other characteristics of millennials:
• They’re more interested in urban than resort destinations.
• They’re more likely to travel in pursuit of favorite interests or activities.
• They’re more likely to travel with friends in organized groups.
SIX TRAVEL TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2014 & BEYOND
BY ROBIN AMSTER NOVEMBER 14, 2013
TREND #2. SENIORS ARE UNSTOPPABLE
 What Fair called the “unstoppable elders” are estimated to comprise 1.3 billion to
1.6 billion people worldwide.
 Customer service is crucial to this group, and they “show higher levels of frustration
that result in zero tolerance for poor service,”
 “Seniors are not only the world’s wealthiest group, they are also the most demanding
of travelers,”
 This group travels primarily for rest and relaxation on either short- or long-stay trips,
and they favor quieter, less congested destinations
SIX TRAVEL TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2014 & BEYOND
BY ROBIN AMSTER NOVEMBER 14, 2013
TREND #3. RISE OF CONSPICUOUS LEISURE
 “Conspicuous leisure,” defined as “the signaling of social status through consumption of
experience rather than through consumer goods.”
 “Unique experiences, and not just for the affluent, are social currency,”
 The preponderance of social media – and with it the widespread sharing of vacation photos
with friends, families and colleagues – has fostered the trend.
 Fair said the top five goods and experiences desired by the affluent are:
•
•
•
•
•
owning a smartphone
owning a vacation home
having the freedom to work from home
taking vacations to exotic destinations
taking extended time off from work
SIX TRAVEL TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2014 & BEYOND
BY ROBIN AMSTER NOVEMBER 14, 2013
TREND #4. GROWTH OF ‘CREATIVE TOURISM’
 Creative tourism is travel “directed toward an engaged and
authentic experience,” “It’s travel that provides a connection with
those who reside in the destination.”
 The creative tourist differs from a cultural tourist in that he or she
is active and interacts with the locals.
SIX TRAVEL TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2014 & BEYOND
BY ROBIN AMSTER NOVEMBER 14, 2013
TREND #5. STRENGTH OF LUXURY TRAVEL
 Luxury travel continues to be a robust segment of the industry.
 “There are millions of millionaires,” and the number of affluent U.S.
households is projected to increase from 10.5 million in 2012 to
20.5 million in 2020.
 “For all the chat about China, it’s still projected that the U.S., Japan
and Europe visitors will dominate the luxury travel space until
2020”
SIX TRAVEL TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2014 & BEYOND
BY ROBIN AMSTER NOVEMBER 14, 2013
TREND #6. MORE MULTIGENERATIONAL
TRAVEL
 Another trend with reliable staying power is multigenerational travel
 “The older the boomers get, the more family travel they’re doing,”
 “A lot of that travel is planned around milestone events.”
 This market is about “trading memories, convenience and value.
 On the supply side, destinations have lagged when it comes to providing
services and amenities that appeal both to young and old, but some
cruise lines have taken a leadership position in catering to the
multigenerational travel market.
SIX TRAVEL TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2014 & BEYOND
BY ROBIN AMSTER NOVEMBER 14, 2013
SUMMARY
 Tourism can be defined as the idea of attracting, accommodating,
and pleasing groups or individuals traveling for pleasure or
business. It is categorized by geography, ownership, function,
industry, and travel motive.
 Tourism involves international interaction and, therefore,
government regulation. Several organizations such as the World
Tourism Organization, promote environmental protection,
tourism development, immigration, and cultural and social aspects
of tourism.
SUMMARY
 Tourism is a collection of industries that, when
combined, form the world’s largest industry and
employer
 Travel agencies, tour operators, travel managers,
wholesalers, national offices of tourism and estination
management companies sere as middlepersons
between a country and its visitors.
SUMMARY
 Physical needs, the desire to experience other
cultures, and an interest in meeting new people are
some of the motives of travelers
 From a social and cultural perspective, tourism can
further international understanding and
economically improve poorer countries.
SUMMARY
 Business travel has increased in recent years as a result
of the growth of convention centers in several cities.
 Ecotourism is tourism with a conscience, or
responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and improves the well-being of the local
people
SUMMARY
 The concept of sustainable tourism places a broad-
based obligation on society, especially those
involved with tourism policy, planning, and
development.